Duck Farming Research Articles

Study on Heat Stress Behavior and Blood H/L Ratio of Ducks Fed Diets Containing Mix Strains of Probiotics in Commercial Farms

An experiment has been conducted with the purpose of examining the effect of two kinds of probiotic on the behavior and blood H/L ratio of local ducks kept in commercial farms. The study was conducted in collaboration with the ‘Berkah Abadi’ duck farmer group which keeps the bird under an intensive dry system. The intensive system refers to the ordinary way done by the farmers in which ducks were confined around the farmer’s village with a closed fence so the birds had no access to the outside area, and the amount of feed provided could be controlled and measured. The location was in the coastal area of Tegal City as one of the most famous duck centers in Indonesia. The materials used were 13.4+1.3 months old local laying ducks which were reared by the farmer group. The study used a Completely Randomized Design with treatments consisting of 3 doses of P and P+ probiotics respectively. P contained Lactobacillus sp. combined with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, whereas P+ comprised Lactobacillus sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. There were 6 treatment units which were replicated 4 times, so in total there were 24 flocks. Each flock had 50 female ducks; therefore this study involved 1,200 ducks. The treatments were applied each morning, and mixed thoroughly in duck ration. Data collected were heat stress-related behavior, body temperature, and H/L ratio. It was concluded that P and P+ had similar effects on the behaviour and H/L ratio of local ducks kept under commercial management.

Peningkatan Produktivitas Pakan Ternak Itik Kelompok Usaha Bersama di Magelang

The Joint Business Group “Makmur Abadi” is situated around 0.5 km from Tidar University, is focused in duck farming. The processing of animal feed, in this case the pounding of egg shells as the main raw material, is still done manually with a limited capacity using a pestle and mortar. It causes the size of the feed produced is not uniform. The aim of this activity was to improve the capacity and quality of animal feed produced by partners. The ctivities was done in two phases. The first stage was started with data collection and discussions with partners. The second stage was comtinued with coordination to develop the stage of solving the problem through the application of an egg shell flour machine. Measuring the effectiveness of animal feed production was carried out by quantifying the capacity and quality of the animal feed generated and measuring the increase in residents' knowledge pre and post the implementation of the machine. The primary output of this activity was an egg shell flour machine which is made with a capacity of 20 kg/hour, consumes 367.75 watts of power, and is equipped with various filter sizes that can be customized to the need of partners. The use of an egg shell flour machine was able to increase production capacity from only 10 kg/day to 20 kg/hour with a more uniform size that is easily digested by livestock. This activity was also able to increase public awareness up to 90%.

Sustainability Analysis of Intensive Duck Farming System in Sliyeg District, Indonesia: MDS and MICMAC Analysis Approach

Sustainability Analysis of Intensive Duck Farming System in Sliyeg District, Indonesia: MDS and MICMAC Analysis Approach

Mobile genetic elements facilitate the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes in multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from duck farms

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacteriaceae critically threaten duck farming and public health. The phenotypes, genotypes, and associated mobile genetic elements (MGEs) of MDR Enterobacteriaceae isolated from 6 duck farms in Zhejiang Province, China, were investigated. A total of 215 isolates were identified as Escherichia coli (64.65 %), Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.09 %), Proteus mirabilis (10.23 %), Salmonella (8.84 %), and Enterobacter cloacae (4.19 %). Meanwhile, all isolates were resistant to at least two antibiotics. Most isolates carried tet(A) (85.12 %), blaTEM (78.60 %) and sul1 (67.44 %) resistance genes. Gene co-occurrence analysis showed that the resistance genes were associated with IS26 and integrons. A conjugative IncFII plasmid pSDM004 containing all the above MGEs was detected in Proteus mirabilis isolate SDM004. This isolate was resistant to 18 antibiotics and carried the blaNDM-5 gene. MGEs, especially plasmids, are the primary antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) transmission route in duck farms. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the rational use of antibiotics in farms which are substantial for evaluating public health and food safety.

Pelatihan Manajemen Pemasaran Telur Bebek Di Desa Sebalik

Sebalik village is a village located in a water area with the potential to raise laying ducks. In fact, selling duck eggs has quite a high potential for interest because they have a lot of nutrition and fresh duck eggs are rarely found in many places, unlike chicken eggs. On the other hand, for egg-laying duck breeders, marketing and distribution of duck eggs is still an obstacle in egg-laying duck farming because if they are not sold, egg-laying duck breeders cannot generate additional income to support the family economy. From the results of the interviewed it was discovered that laying duck breeders did not know about marketing management as evidenced by the lack of knowledge regarding brands, sales distribution channels and other management functions in marketing. For this reason, marketing management training is carried out. The training was held for one day with 30 participants. From the results of this training, laying duck breeders gained knowledge regarding marketing management and continued with discussions by deepening the obstacles faced when marketing duck eggs by duck egg breeders. Pre-test and post-test were carried out. From the post test results it was found that laying duck breeders already knew and were able to explain marketing management for their duck eggs

Pendampingan Usaha Budidaya Bebek Berbasis Tiga Pilar Peternakan di Kecamatan Cileungsi

This business assistance is part of productive community service which aims to provide entrepreneurial knowledge in the field of animal husbandry using the three pillars. Partner, namely the Cuan Barokah duck farming business located in Cileungsi District, Bogor. Partner is provided with socialization and business assistance so it can conduct business analysis and find solutions to create increased business. In the aspect of feeding, partner is equipped with knowledge so the feeding process is more efficient. In the managing aspect, partner is provided with easy financial recording training and better sanitary system. In the breeding aspect, partner is trained so it can carry out nurseries independently. The existence of this training is expected to help create an increase in sustainable business capacity on Cuan Barokah duck farming in Cileungsi District, Bogor Regency

Multivariate and multi-interface insights into carbon and energy recovery and conversion characteristics of hydrothermal carbonization of biomass waste from duck farm

High lipid, high nitrogen duck manure (DM) with high lipid, high lignocellulosic litter materials (LM) are the main wet biomass wastes from duck farms and both are naturally abundant carbon resources. The synthesis of duck farming biomass waste into carbon-rich materials for high value utilization by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), which can directly treat wet biomass, has not been investigated. In this study, the physicochemical properties of hydrochar derived from co-HTC of DM and LM and its carbon and energy recovery patterns were systematically investigated under multivariate conditions of raw materials ratios, solids contents, temperatures and residence times. The application of synchrotron-based near-edge X-ray adsorption fine structure technique (C K-edge NEXAFS) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to the hydrochar and hydrothermal liquid, respectively. At multiple interfaces provided an in-depth analysis of the important material transformations of the co-HTC process and the structure of the hydrochar. Extending residence time (180 min) and increasing LM ratio (M@4%) in co-HTC reaction of DM and LM is beneficial to achieve hydrochar containing higher carbon content (44.84%) at lower reaction temperatures (180 °C). The heating value (HHV) of the hydrochar ranges between 17.12 and 25.05 MJ/kg. The carbon recovery rate of the co-HTC of DM and LM all exceeded 55% and was more closely related to the carbon content of the hydrochar than to its yield. Additionally, the model ERR=0.97±0.01CRR+2.40±0.71 (R2 = 0.99, P < 0.01) was developed to predict energy recovery rate (ERR) based on carbon recovery rate (CRR). Esters were an important intermediate during co-HTC of DM and LM, and the derived hydrochar consisted of a wide range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkanes and N-aromatic heterocycles as well as polyfuran, pyrrole and pyridine structures.

High rate of multidrug resistance and integrons in Escherichia coli isolates from diseased ducks in select regions of China

With the increasing number of ducks being raised and consumed, it is crucial to monitor the presence of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria in duck farming. Waterfowl, such as ducks, can contribute to the rapid dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance (AMR), ARGs, and mobile genetic elements (MGEs), such as IS26, tbrC, ISEcp1 in Escherichia coli(E. coli) isolated from the intestinal contents of diseased ducks between 2021 and 2022 in Sichuan, Chongqing and Anhui, China. The AMR phenotypes of 201 isolated E. coli strains were determined using the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) method. Subsequently, polymerase chain reaction and sequencing techniques were employed to screen for integron-integrase genes (intI1, intI2, intI3 genes), gene cassettes (GCs), MGEs, and ARGs. The results demonstrated that 96.5% of the E. coli isolates were resistant to at least 1 antibiotic, with 88.1% of the strains displaying MDR phenotype. The highest AMR phenotype observed was for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (88.1%). Furthermore, class 1 and class 2 integrons were detected in 68.2% and 3.0% of all the isolates, respectively, whereas no class 3 integrons were found. Ten types of GCs were identified in the variable regions of class 1 and class 2 integrons. Moreover, 10 MGEs were observed in 46 combinations, with IS26 exhibiting the highest detection rate (89.6%). Among the 22 types of ARGs, tetA (77.1%) was the most frequently detected. In the conjugational transfer experiment, transconjugants were found to carry specific ARGs and MGEs, with their MIC values were significantly higher than those of recipient E. coli J53, indicating their status as MDR bacteria. This study emphasizes the necessity of monitoring MGEs, ARGs, and integrons in duck farms. It provides valuable insights into the complex formation mechanisms of AMR and may aid in preventing and controlling the spread of MDR bacteria in waterfowl breeding farm.

Financial Literation and Business Resilience of Alabio Duck Farmers to Support the Industrial Sustainablity Era

Purpose: This study purpose was to analyze the financial planning literacy and business resilience of alabio duck farmers community in North Hulu Sungai District. Design/Methodology/Approach: The informants are alabio duck farmers community in North Hulu Sungai District. The Schutz phenomenological approach is used to explore and analyze the data. Findings: The research results showed that motivations to make financial planning are based on desire to plan the business process systematically. The cause motive of alabio duck farmers to become resilient is to get optimum profit and the effect motive is to create sustainable business for their children and grandchildren. Research limitations/Implications: This research is limited to alabio duck farmers North Hulu Sungai District. Future researcher should expand the location to improve the generalization. Practical implications: The trainer should make simpler financial reporting to shows details of their financial position. Social implications: Alabio duck farmer’s community in North Hulu Sungai District do not understand well the financial literacy. Originality/Value: It is a research to examine the Financial Literation and Business Resilience of Alabio Duck Farmers.

The Effectiveness of Duck Farming as A Psychosocial Recovery and Economic Empowerment of People with Schizophrenia (ODS) and Their Family

Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder, one type of mental disorder that experiences distortions (deviations) of thought due to a chemical balance disorder in the brain that causes sufferers to experience disturbances in thinking, perception, time and speech orientation, feelings, and even behavior disorders. People who experience or suffer from it are called ODS (People with Schizophrenia). Their strange and deviant behavior even has some ODS who have violent behavior that endangers themselves and those around them, making the community afraid and not daring to take risks to employ them. When ODS conditions are unstable, their behavior causes them to be unable to work productively and concentrate, so their performance is low and not working. This condition makes it difficult for ODS to get a job. Pioneering and owning a duck farming business or operating in a duck farming business for business owners who understand the conditions of ODS is one of the alternative earning businesses that can be a source of income for ODS families and families. In addition, duck farming has a recreational element that can help the psychological recovery process for ODS. This study uses qualitative research methods. This study interviewed the market people of ODS, families, mental hospital staff, and business partners.

Financial Technology and Bandura's Social Learning at Alabio Duck Farmers in Upper North River in Supporting Food Security to Realize Business Sustainability

Purpose: This study aims to examine the financial technology and Bandura’s social learning of Alabio Duck Farmers to support food security and realizing the business sustainability Design/methodology/approach: Garfinkle Ethnometodology Methods is done by data triangulation and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) to reveal the regeneration breeding business and the implementation of financial technology concept. Findings: The alabio duck breeders community in North Hulu Sungai District understand and apply the financial technology. The management regeneration is done by directly invites their children and nephews to cultivate alabio duck and taught it like in the Bandura social learning method and indirectly has supported the food security and economic resilience program in South Kalimantan. Research limitations/implications: This research is done at duck breeder community in North Hulu Sungai District . It has limitation of small samples. Practical implications: Related government agencies should give counseling or training activities in financial technology, including the training in simple financial reporting for alabio duck farmers in North Hulu Sungai District to make the details of their financial position. Social Implications: This research is is consistent with Albert Bandura's social learning. Management regeneration of Alabio farmers indirectly support the program of food security of the community and national economy. Originality/value: The alabio duck breeders community in North Hulu Sungai District is not researched by the previous researcher. This is the first research to increase the comprehension and implementation of financial technology to compete with other duck breeders at local level in South Kalimantan and outside the Kalimantan Island.

THE INFLUENCE OF BREEDER BEHAVIOR ON LOCAL DUCK (Anas Domesticus) INCOME IN LANGSA LAMA DISTRICT, LANGSA CITY

This study aims to analyze the effect of farmer behavior on the income of local duck farmers in Langsa Lama District, Langsa City. The sampling technique used purposive sampling technique with a total sample of 39 people. The data used in this study are primary data and secondary data. To determine the effect of farmer behavior on the income of local duck farmers in Langsa Lama District, Langsa City, statistical analysis was used with multiple linear regression methods. Data processing is carried out using SPSS software. The results of this study indicate that the attitude variable has a significant effect on the income of local duck farmers in the Langsa Lama District, Langsa City, the skill variable has a very significant effect on the income of local duck farmers in the Langsa Lama District, Langsa City, and the knowledge variable has no significant effect on the income of local duck farmers in the Langsa Lama District, Langsa City.

Antimicrobial resistome during the transition from an integrated to a monoculture aquaculture farm in southern China

Integrated and monoculture freshwater aquaculture systems are often regarded as important reservoirs for antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and antimicrobial resistance bacteria (ARBs), yet only a few studies have assessed differences in the antimicrobial resistome and antibiotic residues between aquaculture modes. In this study, a metagenomic approach was used to comprehensively explore the dynamic patterns and potential transmission mechanisms of ARGs in ducks, human workers, fish, water and sediments during the transition from an integrated to a monoculture freshwater aquaculture mode and to investigate the associations of ARGs with potential hosts in microbial communities using network analysis and a binning approach. The results showed that the abundance and diversity of ARGs were higher under integrated fish–duck farming than in single fish ponds. During the transition from an integrated to a monoculture aquaculture farm, ARGs in workers and sediments were not easily removed. However, ARGs in the aquatic environment underwent regular changes. In addition, duck manure was probably the most dominant source of ARGs in the duck farm environment. Network analysis indicated that Escherichia spp. were the most dominant hosts of ARGs. Variation partitioning analysis (VPA) showed that in water samples, the bacterial community played an important role in the ARG profile. In addition, we identified a potential risk of the presence of highly virulent and antimicrobial-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in workers. These results help assess the risk of ARG transmission in integrated and monoculture aquaculture farms and suggest that we should strengthen the monitoring of long-term resistance in integrated aquaculture environments.

Optimization of hatchability and survivability traits of indigenous duck managed under backyard farming system

ABSTRACT An extensive field study was made in subtropical hot humid climate of north-east India to identify the most influencing climatic and human-made environmental factors and their effects on hatchability of eggs and survivability of indigenous ducklings hatched through indigenous broody hen (chicken) managed under a backyard farming system. Hatchability and survivability ratio was estimated from 858 batches duck eggs recorded from 220 marginal/landless duck farmers over a period of 24 months. Statistical analysis by fitting fixed effect general linear models revealed that the ambient temperature and relative humidity were the most critical climatic factors that affect the hatchability ratio of duck eggs and survivability ratio of ducklings. Besides, the human-made factor was also found to be associated with variations of the hatchability and survivability performances of duck under broody hen incubation. Thus identification of these factors and their effects on the studied traits would be helpful to provide appropriate season-based management strategies for economic and sustainable duck production in rural backyard farming systems. The present finding could be a valuable insight for duck farmers not only in north-east India but also in other developing countries with a subtropical hot humid climate with prevailing backyard duck production systems.

ANALYSIS OF THE POULTRY MEAT MARKET AND JUSTIFICATION OF EXPANDING ITS RANGE

Based on marketing research, it has been proven that a third of consumers in the world prefer poultry meat. It is established that the investment attractiveness of the poultry business, the construction of modern large poultry farms and the creation of powerful vertically integrated companies are due to the speed of return on capital investments and the high profitability of the industry. In order to determine the position of Ukraine on the world market, the rating of 45 countries by the level of consumption and production of poultry meat in 2021 was summarized. The traditional leaders in the production and consumption of meat products are the USA, Brazil and China. Ukraine ranks 21st in terms of production and 23rd in consumption of poultry meat. Most countries have a hortage of meat products and can be potential buyers of Ukrainian meat. Ukraine has all the opportunities and prospects for expanding the export of its own products. It is justified that duck farming is one of the modern dynamic areas of poultry farming and a competitive type of agribusiness, as evidenced by its dynamic development. The perspective and dynamism of this poultry farming area is determined by the high fertility and precociousness of poultry. Duck meat markets are not monopolized by large industrial players, which makes it possible to diversify business and avoid excessive competitive pressure. Export opportunities of niche meat producers to EU countries are significantly inferior in terms of volumes to traditional chicken meat, but this market is distinguished by its ability to pay. Ukraine is one of the largest producers of duck meat in Europe. On a global scale, the duck market is 5% of the chicken market. The low level of duck meat production in the world (except Asia) is explained by the seasonality of consumption. The priority task of the development of duck farming in Ukraine is the protection of the domestic market and the development of the export of products to world markets. Industrial production of duck meat in Ukraine should focus on export to Asian and European countries, where this product is in greater demand than at home. It is established that with proper organization the business of raising ducks is economically feasible and practically waste-free. The main products of production are meat, eggs, down and feathers, droppings and duck liver.

SISTEM PERTANIAN TERPADU TANAMAN PADI DAN BEBEK PETELUR

ABSTRACTThe integrated farming system is an effort to take advantage of the linkages between food crops, horticulture, plantations with livestock and fisheries. One of the activities carried out by the Benteng Mikro Indonesia Sharia Cooperative is through member empowerment activities, namely rice cultivation and duck farming. Rice cultivation activities carried out on an area of 10 hectares. The yield obtained during the cultivation period was 32 tons, of the 32 tons of GKP produced as many as 27 tons of GKG. Laying duck feed is obtained from the bran produced from the grain milling process using a micro-scale milling machine. The micro-scale machine used has a capacity of 1 ton per hour to produce rice into rice, with the production of 1 ton of milled dry grain can produce 30-40% bran. The bran is used by farmers to feed laying ducks, the aim is to minimize production costs, especially feed costs. The need for bran in 100 ducks per day is 15 kg to 20 kg, so the costs incurred are Rp. 30.000/day for feed. Other feed is in the form of snails which are also obtained from rice fields cultivated by farmers. The income of duck egg farmers is Rp. 78,000,00. If it is assumed for 30 days then per month the income received by the farmer is Rp. 2,340,000,00. The role of the integrated farming system in the Indonesian Benteng Mikro Syariah Cooperative in empowering members of farmers or breeders through production cost efficiency and increasing daily income by combining rice cultivation and laying ducks..Keywords: paddy, duck

Serological Detection of Toxoplasma gondii among Free-Grazing Ducks from Central and Western Thailand-A One Health Perspective on Integrated Farming.

Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common zoonotic parasitic diseases infecting nearly all warm-blooded animals, including poultry (geese, turkeys, chickens, and ducks). It is caused by Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), which is an obligate intracellular protozoan belonging to the Apicomplexa group. In Thailand, duck meat production for domestic consumption and international trade is mainly bred and produced in the central and western parts of the country. Free-grazing ducks in integrated duck-rice production have significant benefits in rice cultivation, accounting for the popularity of this farming system in Thailand. However, ducks are considered particularly susceptible to consuming T. gondii oocysts from water contaminated with cat feces due to the fact of their feeding habits of free-grazing and dabbling. Hence, the prevalence of this zoonotic parasite in a large-scale integrated farming context is particularly challenging with respect to the contamination of the food chain of humans and farm animals. In the present study, we examined the overall prevalence of T. gondii infection in slaughtered free-grazing ducks originating from Central and Western Thailand, setting the stage for an in-depth One Health approach to assess and manage the risks of integrated farming practices. A representative sample size of 161 ducks was calculated using a two-stage sampling method. Specifically, serum samples were collected from 217 slaughtered free-grazing ducks originating in six provinces in Central and Western Thailand. Serum antibodies against T. gondii were detected using an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). The positive control serum samples were prepared from ducks experimentally immunized with T. gondii. Sixty-eight (31.3%) of the two hundred and seventeen ducks were seropositive with T. gondii. Two groups of fattening ducks and spent layers showed similar seropositivity rates at 29% and 32.3%, with the majority of positive samples being found in the low titer. In addition, a wide distribution of positive serum samples was observed in all six provinces in the present study. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on a serological prevalence snapshot in commercially produced duck populations that have high interaction with farmed environments in Thailand, revealing a high infection pressure in areas of integrated duck-rice farming. Importantly, contaminated duck meat for commercial use, as well as offal and carcasses from slaughterhouses, completes the transmission of T. gondii from the environment into the food chain of humans and domestic animals. Hence, from a One Health perspective, it is important to clarify whether this transmission chain extends further to the wild, i.e., predator-prey cycles that are independent of duck farming or are self-contained.

PERFORMA FINANSIAL ITIK PETELUR POLA PEMELIHARAAN SEMI INTENSIF (Survey Di Kecamatan Sukra Kabupaten Indramayu)

The laying duck business has the potential to be developed, so that it can provide additional income in its business. This study aims to analyze the average cost, revenue, income and business efficiency of laying ducks in Sukra District, Indramayu Regency. This research was conducted in April 2022. The research method used in this study was a survey method for 41 respondents. The data used are primary data and secondary data, where primary data is intended to obtain data information from the main source, namely laying duck farmers as respondents through interviews using questionnaires. Secondary data were obtained from the study of literature related to the research. The results showed that with an average ownership of 345 laying ducks, the average cost was 122,638,091 IDR per year, the average income was 153,148,244 IDR per year, the average income is 30,510,153 IDR per year and the level of business efficiency obtained is 1.25

Pelatihan Penggunaan Aplikasi Mobile Pajak untuk Kelompok Ternak Itik “Manunggal Lestari” di Desa Duwet Kecamatan Wates Kabupaten Kediri

The "Manunggal Lestari" Duck Farming Group was established in 2010 but is still on a small scale and the number of members is limited, and then the number of members increases and the turnover generated from duck farming is also large. The “Manunggal Lestari” Duck Breeders Group, most of its members have not fulfilled their tax . Most of them said that because they did not know or were blind to the science of taxation, they did not know how the process of calculating taxes, paying taxes and reporting taxes. The method used for this research was descriptive qualitative by explaining the ease of fulfilling tax obligations with Mobile Tax. the result of this service is that duck breeders are able to operate Mobile Tax in carrying out their tax.

Profile and business performance of people’s laying ducks in Harapan Mulya II farmers’ group in Bekasi Regency of West Java Province

One of the many farm enterprises in urban and rural locations is raising ducks. Duck farming provides both a source of income and a source of animal protein in the form of meat and eggs. This study aims to evaluate the performance and analysis of the laying duck business in the Pahlawan Setia Village, Tarumajaya District, Bekasi Regency, West Java Province. The study was conducted in the Harapan Mulya II Farmer Group. Surveys and in-depth interviews were used in the investigation. It was found that there are two main types of farmers in the duck industry: large-scale farmers with flocks of 1,000–2,000 ducks and small-scale farmers with herds of 25–100 birds/household flocks. The feed ingredients are primarily rejected bread and shrimp processing wastes (SPW); the average production rate is between 40 and 55 per cent. One of the feed formulations used is 42.86% SPW and 57.14% rejected bread; the feed price was IDR 1,800/kg. It was found that the R/C value for the small-scale farmers was 1.42 and 1.31 for the large-scale. It can be concluded that the laying duck business in the Bekasi Regency region is fruitful and worthwhile.