Dual-wavelength Mode Research Articles

Characteristics analysis of digital image-plane holographic microscopy.

We utilize digital image-plane holographic microscopy (DIPHM) to achieve the real-time surface profile measurement of microstructure. The impulse response functions of DIPHM and traditional digital holographic microscopy (DHM) are both derived. The theoretical derivations indicate that the differences between the two techniques are caused by the diffraction effect of the recording plane with a finite size. The diffraction effect would introduce an unstable factor to the wavefront reconstruction. Therefore, the DIPHM has the characteristics of totally full field of view and low measuring noise compared to DHM. In addition, we take DIPHM and DHM in dual-wavelength mode as a special example to confirm the points above. From both experimental results and theoretical analysis, DIPHM is demonstrated to be an optimized technique with high-quality imaging, especially benefiting the situation where multi-wavelength measurement is required. This method is robust against environmental noise. SCANNING 38:288-296, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Switchable dual-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser with tunable wavelength

A switchable dual-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) with tunable wavelength is demonstrated. The ring cavity consists of two branches with a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and a spherical-shape structure as fiber filters, respectively. By adjusting the variable optical attenuator (VOA), the laser can be switched between the single-wavelength mode and the dual-wavelength mode. The spherical-shape structure has good sensitivity to the temperature. When the temperature changes from 30 °C to 190 °C, the central wavelength of the EDFL generated by the branch of spherical-shape structure varies from 1 551.6 nm to 1 561.8 nm, which means that the wavelength interval is tunable.

Tunable and switchable dual-wavelength Tm-doped mode-locked fiber laser by nonlinear polarization evolution.

We propose and demonstrate a tunable and switchable dual-wavelength ultra-fast Tm-doped fiber laser. The tunability is based on nonlinear polarization evolution (NPE) technique in a passively mode-locked laser cavity. The NPE effect induces wavelength-dependent loss in the cavity to effectively alleviate mode competition and enables the multiwavelength mode locking. The laser exhibits tunable dual-wavelength mode locking over a wide range from 1852 to 1886 nm. The system has compact structure and both the wavelength tuning and switching capabilities can be realized by controlling the polarization in the fiber ring cavity.

Actively Q-switched dual-wavelength laser with double-cladding Er/Yb-doped fiber using a Hi-Bi Sagnac interferometer

An actively Q-switched double-wavelength Er/Yb fiber laser is experimentally demonstrated. The linear cavity is formed by a pair of fiber Bragg gratings on one side and a Sagnac interferometer (SI) with high birefringence fiber in the loop on the opposite side. A 3 m of double-cladding Er/Yb-doped fiber used as a gain medium is pumped by a 978 nm laser diode. The SI is used to adjust the internal cavity losses for simultaneous dual-wavelength laser generation. The adjustment is performed by temperature variations of the high birefringence fiber in the SI loop. The maximum average output power for the Q-switched laser operation in dual-wavelength mode was around 68 mW with a repetition rate of 40 kHz for 2 W of pump power. The minimum pulse duration was around 280 ns. The maximum pulse energy was 1.75 µJ.

Efficient multi-wavelength lasers made of Nd:GdLuAG crystal

Owing to the small differences between the cross-sections of the four emission peaks around 1.3 μm, an efficient four-wavelength synchronous launched laser is demonstrated using a Nd:GdLuAG crystal. The laser has no special resonator design. The maximum output power is 4.28 W, which corresponds to a conversion efficiency of 45.6%. For the Q-switching, the laser operated in dual-wavelength mode, and the single pulse energy is maintained at ∼80 μJ. By calculating the population inversion density, multi-wavelength emission characteristics in both continuous wave and Q-switching lasers are discussed.

Random Laser With Multiphase-Shifted Bragg Grating in Er/Yb-Codoped Fiber

A random fiber laser is demonstrated based on a 25-mm-long multiphase-shifted fiber Bragg grating fabricated in a highly Er/Yb-codoped fiber with the beam-scanning method. By inserting 20 phase errors with random amplitudes along the grating length and pumping it with a 980-nm laser diode, we achieved random laser output with high-optical signal-to-noise ratio up to 65 dB. The laser can be operated at either single- or dual-wavelength modes with changeable lasing wavelengths depending on the power of pump laser. The pump threshold is only 28 mW, and the output stability is greatly improved by immersing the active fiber in water. It is, to the best of our knowledge, the shortest random fiber laser reported so far, if only the effective part of the fiber is considered.

Dual-wavelength single longitudinal mode fiber laser for microwave generation

Abstract A simple dual-wavelength single longitudinal mode (DW SLM) fiber laser for microwave generation is proposed and demonstrated. Simultaneous oscillation of dual-wavelength with a wavelength spacing of 0.2124 nm is realized, the output peak power of the lasing dual-wavelength is equalized by adjusting polarization controller at room temperature. Birefringent fiber filter and saturable absorber are utilized to guarantee the SLM operation of dual-wavelength fiber laser. A microwave signal at 26.49 GHz is successfully obtained in the experiment, the laser is proved to be effective in the application of microwave generation.

Efficient dual-wavelength excitation of Tb3+ emission in rare-earth doped KYF4 cubic nanocrystals dispersed in silica sol–gel matrix

Energy transfer from Ce3+ to Tb3+ ions under UV excitation, giving rise to visible emissions, is investigated in sol–gel derived transparent nano-glass–ceramics containing cubic KYF4 nanocrystals, for different doping concentrations of rare-earth ions. Moreover, visible emissions of Tb3+ are also obtained under near-infrared excitation through energy transfer from Yb3+ ions by means of cooperative up-conversion processes. Thus, Ce3+–Tb3+–Yb3+ doped nano-glass–ceramics can be activated in a dual-wavelength mode yielding efficient blue–green emissions of particular interest in photovoltaic silicon solar cells and white-light emitting diodes.

Short monolithic dual-wavelength single-longitudinal-mode DBR phosphate fiber laser.

We propose and demonstrate a 5-cm-long monolithic dual-wavelength single-longitudinal mode distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) all-phosphate fiber laser. Strong UV-induced fiber Bragg gratings are directly written in highly Er/Yb codoped phosphate fiber. The separation between gratings is selected as 1cm to only excite two longitudinal modes in the DBR cavity. By exploiting the spatial hole burning effect and the polarization hole burning effect, stable narrow-linewidth dual-wavelength lasing emission with 38pm wavelength spacing and a total emitted power of 2.8mW is obtained from this DBR fiber laser. A microwave signal at 4.58GHz is generated by the heterodyne detection of the dual-wavelength laser.

Switchable Single-Polarization Dual-Wavelength Ring Laser Based on Structured PM-CFBG

A switchable single-polarization dual-wavelength single-longitudinal mode (SLM) erbium-doped fiber (EDF) ring laser is proposed and demonstrated. For the first time, the structured polarization-maintaining chirped fiber Bragg grating (PM-CFBG) filter, which has ultranarrow transmission band is created by tapering directly on the PM-CFBG. Then, the stable SLM operation of the fiber laser is guaranteed by the structured PM-CFBG filter and 20-cm unpumped EDF acting as a saturable absorber. Meanwhile, the stable dual-wavelength fiber laser with a wavelength spacing of ~0.41 nm and stable single polarization state is experimentally realized. The measured linewidth of the fiber laser for each wavelength is <;8 kHz with a 20-dB linewidth.

Widely tunable wavelength spacing dual-wavelength single longitudinal mode erbium doped fiber laser

A simple widely tunable wavelength spacing dual-wavelength single longitudinal mode (SLM) erbium doped fiber laser (EDFL) based on cascaded fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) and birefringent fiber filter is proposed and demonstrated. Experimental results show that the lasing wavelength spacing is widely tunable in a range from 2nm to 18nm, which has potential to generate frequency tunable terahertz (THz) waves by beating the lasing dual-wavelength in a high speed photodetector. The birefringent fiber filter acts as an ultra-narrow bandpass filter and benefits the simultaneous oscillation of dual-wavelength in a single laser cavity. The output peak power of the lasing dual-wavelength is approximately equalized at room temperature, and a high optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) is realized in the whole tuning range. The SLM operation of dual-wavelength fiber laser is verified by Fabry–Perot (F–P) scanning interferometer, and the clear eye diagram proves that the proposed fiber laser is effective in the application of fiber optic communication system.

Switchable quadruple-wavelength erbium-doped photonic crystal fiber laser based on a polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber Sagnac loop filter

Abstract A switchable quadruple-wavelength erbium-doped photonic crystal fiber laser is proposed and demonstrated experimentally by employing a simple linear cavity configuration incorporating a polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber Sagnac loop filter. The laser can be switched flexibly from single-wavelength to quadruple-wavelength by adjusting a polarization controller and all of lasing lines locate at fixed wavelength positions in the range of 1556 nm to 1560 nm. The laser individually has a kind of single wavelength and quadruple-wavelength output mode. It also has three and two kinds of dual-wavelength and triple-wavelength output modes, respectively. The laser with good intensity uniformity exhibits excellent wavelength and power stabilities in the experiment.

Non-invasive and in situ characterization of the degradation of biomaterial scaffolds by volumetric photoacoustic microscopy.

Degradation is among the most important properties of biomaterial scaffolds, which are indispensable for regenerative medicine. The currently used method relies on the measurement of mass loss across different samples and cannot track the degradation of an individual scaffold in situ. Here we report, for the first time, the use of multiscale photoacoustic microscopy to non-invasively monitor the degradation of an individual scaffold. We could observe alterations to the morphology and structure of a scaffold at high spatial resolution and deep penetration, and more significantly, quantify the degradation of an individual scaffold as a function of time, both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the remodeling of vasculature inside a scaffold can be visualized simultaneously using a dual-wavelength scanning mode in a label-free manner. This optoacoustic method can be used to monitor the degradation of individual scaffolds, offering a new approach to non-invasively analyze and quantify biomaterial-tissue interactions in conjunction with the assessment of in vivo vascular parameters.

Non-Invasive and In Situ Characterization of the Degradation of Biomaterial Scaffolds by Volumetric Photoacoustic Microscopy

Degradation is among the most important properties of biomaterial scaffolds, which are indispensable for regenerative medicine. The currently used method relies on the measurement of mass loss across different samples and cannot track the degradation of an individual scaffold in situ. Here we report, for the first time, the use of multiscale photoacoustic microscopy to non-invasively monitor the degradation of an individual scaffold. We could observe alterations to the morphology and structure of a scaffold at high spatial resolution and deep penetration, and more significantly, quantify the degradation of an individual scaffold as a function of time, both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the remodeling of vasculature inside a scaffold can be visualized simultaneously using a dual-wavelength scanning mode in a label-free manner. This optoacoustic method can be used to monitor the degradation of individual scaffolds, offering a new approach to non-invasively analyze and quantify biomaterial–tissue interactions in conjunction with the assessment of in vivo vascular parameters.

Simultaneous determination of nanomolar nitrite and nitrate in seawater using reverse flow injection analysis coupled with a long path length liquid waveguide capillary cell

A reverse flow injection analysis (rFIA) method coupled with 1m liquid waveguide capillary cell and spectrophotometric detection for simultaneous determination of nanomolar nitrite and nitrate in seawater was developed. The design of two analytical channels sharing the same detection system in the proposed method allowed the analysis of both nitrite and nitrate with single sample injection. Different strategies of reagent injection were investigated to obtain a higher sensitivity and a better peak shape. A dual-wavelength detection mode was chosen to eliminate the light source shifting and sample matrix interference. Experimental parameters were optimized based on a univariate experimental design and the matrix effect from seawater was preliminarily investigated. The proposed method had high sensitivity with detection limit of 0.6 nmol L(-1) for both nitrite and nitrate. The linearity was 2-500 nmol L(-1) for both analytes, and the upper limit could be extended by choosing a lower sensitivity detection wavelength. The analytical results of 26 surface seawater samples obtained with the proposed method showed good agreement with those using a reference method operated using an automated segmented flow analyzer. The proposed method could greatly minimize the trouble introduced by bubbles in the segmented flow analyzer. It also had the advantages of high precision and high sample throughput (nitrite and nitrate detected in triplicate; 5 h(-1)). Compared to normal flow injection analysis, the rFIA method is superior due to its lower reagent consumption, less dispersion of sample, as well as higher sensitivity.

Reflective graphene oxide absorber for passively mode-locked laser operating at nearly 1 μm

A low cost and simply fabricated reflective graphene oxide is successfully made. By using this absorber, as well as an end reflector, we obtain a passively mode-locked Yb:LuYSiO5 laser operating at nearly 1 μm. When the pump power is increased up to 5.73 W, stable mode locking is achieved. The central wavelength of the laser spectrum is 1043.2 nm with a pulse duration of 5.0 ps. When the pump power reaches 8.16 W, dual-wavelength mode locking laser pulses at 1036.3 nm and 1043.5 nm are simultaneously detected.

An HPLC-UV method for the simultaneous quantification of vemurafenib and erlotinib in plasma from cancer patients

Vemurafenib and erlotinib are two oral kinase inhibitors approved for the treatment of metastatic melanoma and advanced non-small cell lung cancer, respectively. In contrast with erlotinib, the single published method for analysis of vemurafenib in human plasma is based on mass spectrometry. The purpose of the present study was to develop an HPLC-UV method to simultaneously quantify these two drugs in plasma. Following liquid-liquid extraction, vemurafenib, erlotinib and sorafenib (internal standard) were separated isocratically on a C8 Xterra(®) MS using a mobile phase of glycine buffer (pH 9.0, 100mM)/acetonitrile (45:55, v/v). Samples were eluted at a flow rate of 0.9mL/min throughout the 12-min run. Dual UV wavelength mode was used, with vemurafenib and sorafenib monitored at 249nm, and erlotinib at 331nm. The calibration was linear in the range 1.25-100mg/L and 50-4000μg/L for vemurafenib and erlotinib, respectively. Inter- and intra-day precision was less than 6.7% and 6.6% for vemurafenib and erlotinib, respectively. This analytical method was successfully applied to assess the steady state plasma exposure of these drugs in cancer patients. This accurate method can be used in routine clinical practice to monitor vemurafenib or erlotinib concentrations in plasma from cancer patients.

二维随机介质中双波长辐射及模式竞争特性

二维随机介质中双波长辐射及模式竞争特性

Photonic generation of microwave signal by beating a dual-wavelength single longitudinal mode erbium-doped fiber ring laser based on the polarization maintaining fiber bragg grating

A single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) dual-wavelength erbium-doped fiber (EDF) ring laser based on one polarization maintaining fiber Bragg grating (PMFBG) is demonstrated.Due to the polarization hole burning enhanced by the PMFBG, the laser can be designed to operate in stable dual-wavelength oscillation with a wavelength spacing of 0.182 nm at room temperature by adjusting a polarization controller. A section of unpumped EDF acting as a saturable absorber and a feedback fiber loop is used to ensure SLM operation in each of the two lasing lines. A microwave signal at 22.807 GHz is obtained by beating the dual-wavelength fiber laser at a photodetector. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:347–351, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27280

Study of Dual-Wavelength Mode Competition in an Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser (EDFL) Produced by Acoustic Waves

Distributed sensing using all-fiber laser-based acoustic sensors has been demonstrated recently for large area sensing. However, the sensitivity of this type of sensor has so far been much lower by comparison with currently available optical microphones. This paper studies the use of controlled interaction between the modes of oscillation in a fiber laser to enhance the sensitivity of acoustic wave detection. The responses of individual longitudinal modes to acoustic waves in a dual-wavelength fiber laser are demonstrated. With the experimental setup that has been developed, observation of a single wavelength output from the dual-wavelength laser shows optical responses to acoustic waves at 23 dB below the triggering threshold of laser dynamics, when compared with the previous scheme based on uncontrolled multimode operation.