Dual Systems Model Research Articles

Employees’ Improvisational Behavior: Exploring the Role of Leader Grit and Humility

ABSTRACT In spite of a growing interest for improvisation in organizations, the microfoundations of improvisation have not been theorized yet. Exploring these microfoundations, we study how employees’ psychological capital (PsyCap) acts as a critical cluster of resources to face improvisational challenges and how leaders who convey grit (operationalized as perseverance of effort: Grit-PE), counterbalanced with humility, create conditions to develop those resources. By building upon the conservation of resources and the dual-systems model of self-regulation theories, our empirical studies suggest that the interaction between two leader-conveyed resources (Grit-PE and humility) creates a contextual resource that helps employees develop PsyCap, thus making them more likely to improvise. The positive effect of high Grit-PE in leaders on employees’ improvisation materializes mainly when leaders also are humble.

Age-Graded Salience of Exposure to Violence as Predictive of Dual Systems Model Development: Examining Direct Victimization vs. Witnessed Violence

Age-Graded Salience of Exposure to Violence as Predictive of Dual Systems Model Development: Examining Direct Victimization vs. Witnessed Violence

Dual Banking System Stability Index in the Shadow of COVID-19 Pandemic

The financial system is categorized as stable if there is no excessive volatility from financial pressures or crises. The IMF indicates that the crisis is not only related to one element but more than two or three elements of the crisis. The banking system's stability is measured by the banking stability index, gauging the effectiveness of monetary policy and financial risk. This study aims to measure the stability of the Indonesian banking system in the dual banking system model. The indicator to measure banking stability used the Z-score statistic based on fluctuations of Return on Assets for each type of bank. The Markov Switching Vector Autoregressive (MSVAR) model method was used to analyze the volatility of banking stability. Independent variables used included credit risk (NPL), Loan to Deposit Ratio, Liquidity Risk, Net Interest Margin, Capital Adequacy Ratio, Money Market Rate, Inflation, Gross Domestic Product, Federal Reserve rate, and Exchange Rate. The results of the regime switch analysis concluded that Indonesia's banking stability experienced a structural break due to the effects of the pandemic in April 2020. Based on the average Z-score value, the Islamic banking stability index was higher than conventional banking. In other words, Islamic banking was more stable than the conventional banking system. The Islamic banking stability index (iZscore) was significantly influenced by the level of Net Operating Margin, Financing to deposit ratio, Potential Loss Profit Sharing, Islamic Money Market Rate, and Exchange Rate. However, non-performing financing did not affect Islamic banking stability since the profit-sharing system implemented by Islamic banking stability was more influenced by the ratio of potential loss and profit-sharing system.

Explicit/Implicit Teachers’ Professional Identity and Learning Engagement of State-Financed and Non-State-Financed Normal Students Majoring in PE: A Comparative Study

Based on the dual-systems models in cognition, the differences of explicit. implicit teachers’ professional identity and learning status between state-financed and non-financed funded normal students majoring in Physical Education are compared. A total of 354 students majoring in Physical Education in a normal university (including 136 state-financed students and 218 non-state-financed students, 297 males and 57 females) participated in the study. Results show that the overall level of teachers’ professional identity of all students is medium to high, the overall level of learning engagement is medium to slightly high, and the overall level of implicit teachers’ professional identity is also higher than the theoretical median. However, there is no significant difference in explicit, implicit teachers’ professional identity and learning engagement between state-financed students and non-state-financed students (ps >.05); but there is a significant positive correlation between explicit teachers’ professional identity and learning engagement (r=.69.p<.01), and the correlation between implicit teachers’ professional identity and learning engagement is of critical significance(r=.15, p=.057), suggesting the need to strengthen and improve students' vocational spirit, enhance their professional identity of physical education teacher and promote learning engagement.

Mindfulness-Informed Guided Imagery to Target Physical Activity: A Mixed Method Feasibility and Acceptability Pilot Study.

Physical activity offers substantial mind-body health benefits and reduced mortality, yet many individuals are chronically underactive. Physical activity interventions may benefit from integrative approaches that join components of mindfulness and neurobiological models of behavior. Mindfulness increases one’s awareness of cognitions and physical sensations to potentially facilitate self-regulation, while neurobiological models such as the dual system model of health behavior offer guidance on improving physical activity intervention targets. This 2-phase study includes an initial development process to create brief (∼4 min) mindfulness informed guided imagery audio files that target distinct cognitive and affective processes to promote physical activity. In the second phase, participants completed a 2-week pilot intervention study to gather qualitative and quantitative data on intervention feasibility and acceptability. Participants endorsed the mindfulness informed guided imagery as easy to use, enjoyable and helpful. Over a 2-week intervention period participants reported positive shifts in behavior change, physical activity enjoyment, increased mindfulness during physical activity, and increased physical exercise self-efficacy and satisfaction. Interview data revealed that participants increased their frequency of physical activity and tended to experience positive affect during physical activity, engaged in future oriented thinking and were able to view physical activity in a more positive light. Findings support the feasibility and acceptability of an integrative online mindfulness informed guided imagery intervention to promote physical activity enjoyment and engagement. This study extends health behavior change intervention research and provides supporting evidence for a flexible and tailorable online mindfulness-based intervention.

The Relevance of the Dual Systems Model for Predicting Offending Among College Students: The Moderating Role of Deviant Peer Influence

Past research as indicated the relevance of the dual systems model for understanding offending. However, there is a dearth of research focused on how deviant peer influence may condition the relationships between dual systems constructs (impulsivity and sensation seeking) and offending. The present study utilized data from 248 undergraduate students to better understand these relationships. A series of logistic regression models first examined the direct effects of these three constructs and then predicted interactions. Deviant peer influence interacted significantly with both dual systems constructs, indicating that the greatest risk of offending was observed among participants reporting high levels of all of these constructs. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the impulsivity interaction may be more relevant. This indicates the importance of screening college students in psychosocial domains upon entrance into college and providing opportunities for mentorship among those who may be at high risk of offending.

Self-Control at 220 Miles per Hour: Steering and Braking to Achieve Optimal Outcomes During Adolescence

Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by heightened attraction to rewards and risk-taking propensities. Dual-systems models portray the adolescent brain in terms of a maturational mismatch whereby brain systems involved in sensitivity to incentives become potentiated before impulse-control systems have matured. That perspective implies that relying on impulse inhibition to overcome temptation is likely to yield uneven success during adolescence. Using the analogy of practice driving a race car, we propose another process that leads to achieving healthy outcomes: steering aimed at limiting or preventing motivational conflict and thereby lessening reliance on impulse control (termed braking). The focal idea is that the more adolescents can avoid troublesome contexts, the less they will need to depend on their relatively weak impulse-control abilities to avert problems and danger. Recent work links dispositional differences in self-control to indicators of steering, such as situation selection, habit cultivation, and proactive responding. Steering to curb or avoid motivational conflict could be key to promoting healthy outcomes during adolescence, a developmental period characterized by vulnerability to risk, and could have lasting importance given that enduring patterns of unhealthy, dangerous, and self-defeating behaviors often start during this period.

Relevance of the dual systems model for predicting drug/alcohol dependence in early adulthood among previously adjudicated young adults

BackgroundWhile the dual system model has been found to have utility for predicting drug use, examinations have yet to extend to the clinically relevant issue of drug/alcohol dependence. This study sought to provide better understanding of how the dual systems model constructs (impulse control and sensation-seeking) predicted risk for drug/alcohol dependence in early adulthood among a sample of young adults who were adjudicated for a serious offense as minors. MethodsData from several waves of the Pathways to Desistance data were used in analyses. Logistic regression was used to model covariate effects on drug/alcohol dependence risk. ResultsFindings indicated that lower impulse control predicted increased odds of meeting criteria for drug/alcohol dependence in early adulthood. Sensation-seeking was not a significant predictor of drug/alcohol dependence risk at follow-up. ConclusionsLower impulse control was predictive of drug/alcohol dependence risk. Prevention programming should seek to boost impulse control during adolescence to mitigate this risk and treatment programming should focus on impulse control training in order to treat drug/alcohol dependence in inpatient and outpatient contexts.

The Relevance of the Dual Systems Model for Social Learning Theory: Testing for Moderation Effects

Social learning theory is one of the most prominent criminological theories of the 20th century. The dual systems model represents an emerging framework in recent years, which may help to better understand how social learning processes are influenced by sensation-seeking and impulse control. This study utilized data from all waves of the Pathways to Desistance study. A series of mixed-effects models were utilized to test for moderating effects of these constructs on offending outcomes. Impulse control moderated the relationship between deviant peer association and offending frequency, indicating that high levels of both constructs predicted increased offending frequency. Sensation-seeking moderated the relationship between deviant peer association and odds of offending, indicating that high levels of both constructs were associated with greater odds of offending although this moderation effect was only marginally significant.

Understanding How Cumulative Victimization Predicts Future Victimization Risk: Relevance of Cognitive Versus Social Mediation

Cumulative victimization represents the summation of victimization experiences across multiple contexts, with greater accumulation generally predicting greater dysfunction than less accumulation of exposures. Past research has indicated that cumulative victimization predicts increased risk for future revictimization also. The dual systems model may help to understand this relationship. This framework comprises constructs of sensation-seeking and impulse control in developmental context. Deviant peer association may provide a social factor that helps to understand this relationship. Victimization has been found to influence all of these constructs identified here. It is predicted that increased accumulation of victimization experiences may drive variation in these constructs that results in elevated risk for revictimization. This study sought to test the theory that each of these three constructs independently mediated the cumulative victimization–revictimization relationship. The Pathways to Desistance data were used in analyses. This sample was comprised of 1,354 juvenile offenders followed for 7 years after a recent adjudication prior to baseline measurements. The first three waves of data were used in analyses. Generalized structural equation modeling was used to test for the relationships of interest. A bootstrapping process of computing standard errors was carried out to determine significance of mediation effects. Results indicated that increased cumulative victimization scores at baseline predicted increased probability of experiencing victimization at Wave 3. This relationship was attenuated by about 15% when all mediators were added to the model and the relationship remained significant. Further analyses indicated that the specific indirect effect running through deviant peer association was significant, as was the total indirect effect. Findings indicate that increases in cumulative victimization may result in increased affiliation with deviant peers that further increases their future victimization risk. Service providers for survivors of violence should focus on screening of social relationships of those they provide care for in order to assess safety concerns.

On Imbalance of Impulse Control and Sensation Seeking and Adolescent Risk: An Intra-individual Developmental Test of the Dual Systems and Maturational Imbalance Models

Heterogeneity in development of imbalance between impulse control and sensation seeking has not been studied until now. The present study scrutinized this heterogeneity and the link between imbalance and adolescent risk. Seven-wave data of 7,558 youth (50.71% males; age range from 12/13 until 24/25) were used. Three developmental trajectories were identified. The first trajectory, “sensation seeking to balanced sensation seeking”, included participants with a higher level of sensation seeking than impulse control across all ages. The second trajectory, “moderate dominant control”, included participants showing moderate and increasing impulse control relative to sensation seeking across all ages. The third trajectory, “strong late dominant control”, included participants showing the highest level of impulse control which was about as strong as sensation seeking from early to middle adolescence and became substantially stronger from late adolescence to early adulthood. Although the systematic increase of impulse control in all subgroups is in line with both models, neither of these combined trajectories of control and sensation seeking was predicted by the Dual Systems Model or the Maturational Imbalance Model. Consistent with both models the “sensation seeking to balanced sensation seeking” trajectory showed the highest level of substance use. It can be concluded that, even though both theories adequately predict the link between imbalance and risk, neither the Dual Systems Model nor the Maturational Imbalance Model correctly predict the heterogeneity in development of imbalance between impulse control and sensation seeking.

Development of a 3D dual pore‒system leaching model: Application on metal extraction from oxide copper ore

Leaching from packed ore beds in hydrometallurgical operations involves various sub-processes, including flow of solution, transport of leaching agent and leached product, liquid-solid reactions at the mineral surface and transfer of reaction heat, in heterogeneous multi-scale porous media. A 3D dual pore‒system leaching model based on heterogeneous ore pack geometry reconstructed from X-ray computed tomography (CT) images was developed to account for the coupled flow–transport–reaction–heat transfer processes across the pore scales of inter-particle macro-pore and intra-particle micro-pore. The model was deployed to investigate the leaching kinetics of an oxide copper ore by sulphuric acid. Ultimately, the velocity field, mineral leaching rate, concentration of leached ions, concentration of leaching agent and temperature were solved numerically by finite element method. The influence of leaching agent concentration, irrigation rate and environment temperature on the competitive leaching of malachite and gangue minerals was revealed. The dual pore‒system model is able to provide insights into the heterogeneous leaching behaviours that otherwise cannot be revealed by models built on basis of uniform geometries.

New Leakage Model for Naturally Fractured Formations Considering the Effects of Dual-System Hydro-Mechanical Coupling

Within the existing leakage model accounting for drilling mud loss in naturally-fractured formations, the leak-off velocity is assigned to a fixed value or described by the Cater model, which does not consider the influence of dual-system hydromechanical coupling effects between fracture-wall and fracture-inner systems. The dual-system between the formation and fracture is controlled by the flowing net pressure inside the fracture, which determines the dynamic width of the natural fracture and leak-off velocity. In this study, first, the leak-off velocity under the hydromechanical coupling of the fracture-wall system was obtained based on the coupled governing equations of the solid and liquid phases of the natural fracture-wall, as well as Darcy’s law. Second, the leakage-front invasion velocity, leakage rate, and leakage volume under the hydromechanical coupling of the fracture-inner system were clarified according to the geometric governing of the natural fracture morphology. Finally, the dual-system coupling leakage model was developed considering the continuous equation, while the numerical solution was obtained through a time-step deduction. Results show that at a given time, a greater formation permeability leads to a greater leakage rate and volume, with a smaller leakage front distance. The leakage rate increases with an increase in formation permeability, well bottom differential pressure, and initial width of the natural fracture, while it decreases with an increase in the fracture normal stiffness, yield stress, and plastic viscosity. The new leakage model and numerical method concerning time-step deduction are assessed by solving the issues of fully coupled fracture-wall and fracture-inner systems considering drilling fluid leak-off. The new model may be utilized to simulate various problems related to the invasion of drilling fluids into the fractures, including predicting the dynamic width of natural fracture and borehole ballooning/breathing phenomena.

Calculation of Systems with Electric Machines and Solid-State Converters on High-Speed Dual Models

To cut the amount of machine time spent on designing systems with electric machines and semiconductor converters, it is proposed to describe processes using smooth current and voltage constituents. It is also proposed to use dual system models that combine the simulation using smooth components of curves with the simulation of systems by interconnected subsystems. This allows reconciling the requirements on the speed and accuracy of calculating long-time processes. An example of creating a dual solid-state drive model with a PMAC motor is provided.

Mediation service in special closed-type educational institutions (SCTEI)

The purpose of the research is to study the influence of the mediation service on the correction of SCTEI trainees, highlight their main differences with the psychological and pedagogical service, and conduct a comparative analysis of similar services abroad. Such fundamental methods of scientific knowledge as general methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy), as well as special methods (comparative legal and formal legal), provided the methodological basis for this research. The work used the published data from the Pathways to Desistance studies; in relation to 1,354 juvenile offenders. The data from a survey of 100 minors held in SCTEI of the Siberian Federal District were used. The research results concluded that the creation at SCTEI of mediation services engaged in constructive conflict resolution and ensuring effective achievement of mutual understanding between the parties to the conflict determine the humanity of education, the priority of human life and health, the rights and freedoms of an individual. It was also found by the authors that it had had a positive effect on the creation of a culture of safe and trusting communication between students, their parents and the teaching staff of the institution, on the prevention of violent, aggressive approaches in interpersonal interaction, the prevention of manifestations of antisocial behaviour, professional and emotional burnout of employees. In addition, it was found that with the functioning of the mediation service, students at SCTEI would also get an idea of how to become a part of society. The novelty of the research is due to the author’s approach to the problem under study as well as the fact that during the research it was found that it is mediation that makes it possible to create a dual system model of self-control for students at SCTEI.

Instrumental behavior in humans is sensitive to the correlation between response rate and reward rate.

Recent theories of instrumental behavior postulate that the correlation between response and reward rate is a critical factor in instrumental goal-directed performance. However, it is still not clear whether human actions can be sensitive to rate correlation. Using a novel within-subject design, participants were trained under ratio and interval contingencies of reinforcement matching both reward probabilities and reward rates between conditions. The impact of rate correlation on performance was evident in the higher performance observed under ratio contingencies for both types of matching. Moreover, there was no difference in performance between two classes of interval schedules with equivalent correlational properties but different reward probabilities. These results are discussed in terms of a recent dual-system model of instrumental behavior.

Law Breaking and Law Bending: How International Migrants Negotiate with State Borders

AbstractMany countries have become increasingly aggressive in their efforts to stop unauthorized migration, but most evidence suggests that immigration enforcement policies do not effectively deter migrants. We draw on literature from social psychology, specifically the dual-system model of decision-making, which differentiates between judgments that are subject to considerations of risks and costs and judgments that are “non-consequentialist.” Non-consequentialist decision-making is founded in moral intuition and rejects rational considerations of costs and benefits. This mental process would render the deterrence tools of the state powerless. We posit that some, but not all, forms of unauthorized migration will invoke non-consequentialist decision-making. When considering semi-legal strategies, which individuals may perceive as “bending the law” rather than breaking it, aspiring migrants are likely to weigh the risks and costs of enforcement policies. Meanwhile, when considering fully illegal migration strategies, aspiring migrants will prioritize moral considerations for breaking the law rather than the consequences of breaking the law. We find evidence for our theory using original population-based list experiments along with focus groups of aspiring migrants in an origin country.

A theory of actions and habits: The interaction of rate correlation and contiguity systems in free-operant behavior.

Contemporary theories of instrumental performance assume that responding can be controlled by 2 behavioral systems, 1 goal-directed that encodes the outcome of an action, and 1 habitual that reinforces the response strength of the same action. Here we present a model of free-operant behavior in which goal-directed control is determined by the correlation between the rates of the action and the outcome whereas the total prediction error generated by contiguous reinforcement by the outcome controls habitual response strength. The outputs of these two systems summate to generate a total response strength. This cooperative model addresses the difference in the behavioral impact of ratio and interval schedules, the transition from goal-directed to habitual control with extended training, the persistence of goal-directed control under choice procedures and following extinction, among other phenomena. In these respects, this dual-system model is unique in its account of free-operant behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

The Development of Impulsivity and Sensation Seeking: Associations with Substance Use among At-Risk Adolescents.

We investigated if the dual systems model could explain the increased rates of substance use among at-risk youth. This study sampled 365 adolescents, 289 of which had a family history of substance use disorder, assessed biannually between the ages 13-16years old. Growth curve analyses revealed that higher levels of impulsivity were related to higher levels of sensation seeking and a slower rate of decline in impulsivity was related to a faster rate of increase in sensation seeking. Only family history status and sensation seeking were directly associated with substance use (marijuana, alcohol) at age 16, though family history status was also indirectly related to substance use through higher levels of impulsivity to higher levels of sensation seeking.

PTSD as a Risk Factor Predicting Polydrug Use: A Dual Systems of Self-Control Mediation Model

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with increased risk for polydrug use. Low self-control is a key characteristic of the disorder and is predictive of polydrug use. However, there is a dearth of research focused on the relevance of a dual systems model delineation of self-control into the constructs of risk-seeking and impulsivity as it pertains to polydrug use and PTSD. This study tested dual systems mediation of this relationship. Generalized structural equation modeling was used to test for mediation effects. Results indicated that more PTSD symptoms predicted increased drug use variety (coefficient = 0.024; confidence interval [CI] = [0.001, 0.046]). Inclusion of dual systems constructs fully attenuated this relationship. The total indirect effect achieved marginal significance (coefficient = 0.005; CI = [&gt;−0.001, 0.009]). Sensitivity analyses of the specific indirect effect of impulsivity as the sole mediator indicated significant mediation. These results provide some indication that impulsivity-based programming may help to treat polydrug use among those with severe PTSD.