Dual Reading Research Articles

Processos cognitivos na leitura de palavras em crianças: relações com compreensão e tempo de leitura

interdependent processes compose the reading. The present study analyzed the preferential usage on one of the reading routes (Dual Route Cognitive Reading Model) and the possible relations with reading comprehension and reading time in 76 children from second and third grades, in a Elementary private school. The reading of isolated words, comprehension and textual reading time were evaluated. Four groups were identified according with the skills of word reading: good readers in both routes (phonological and lexical), poor readers in both routes, preferably lexical readers and preferably phonological readers. The group of good readers in both routes was the fastest in textual reading. There werenit significant differences among the groups in reading comprehension, except in the third grade. It was concluded that both reading routes were functional in the sample, however the phonological route seems to be better developed than the lexical route, which is in expansion, suggesting a developmental process of the reading skills.

Detection of lung cancer on the chest radiograph: impact of previous films, clinical information, double reading, and dual reading

To study the impact of clinical information, previous chest radiographs, double reading (one pair of observers read the films independently) and dual reading (one pair of observers read the films simultaneously) on the sensitivity, specificity and odds ratios of observers in the detection of early lung cancer on the chest radiograph. The study was performed in 3 sessions. In the first session, 14 observers reviewed the chest radiographs of 100 cases (30 with early lung cancer, 35 with no abnormalities, 35 with other cardiopulmonary diseases). Sensitivity, specificity, odds ratios and the effect of double reading were calculated. After 4 months, a second session was held in which 7 oboservers reviewed all cases with the provision of all information. The other 7 observers reviewed all cases without information again. To determine the effect of dual reading, in the third session, 4 pairs of observers reviewed all cases in which they disagreed in the first independent reading session. The effects of information, double reading and dual reading on sensitivity, specificity and odds ratio were calculated. The sensitivity of the observers in the first session ranged from 0.20 to 0.60 and the specificity from 0.87 to 0.95. In the second session, these parameters changed only slightly, independent from the availability of clinical information and previous films. With double reading the sensitivity increased and specificity decreased. With dual reading sensitivity increased and specificity remained unchanged. The odds ratios were improved with double reading by 4% and with the dual reading by 14%. Additional clinical information, previous chest radiographs, double reading and dual reading have little impact on the detection of early lung cancer on the chest radiograph.

Dual reading in a non-specialized breast cancer screening programme

Abstract This paper evaluates the contribution of dual reading to cancer detection rates in a non-specialized breast cancer screening programme in the Bouches-du-Rhne district (France). All mammograms were read first by one of 120 field radiologists and secondly by one of six experts at the coordinating centre. All women with at least one positive reading were recalled. 2799 of the 77 236 women screened were recalled by the field radiologist and 1770 by the expert. The expert detected an additional 15% ( 62 427 ) of cancers. 49% of these tumours were smaller than 10 mm and 38% of grade 1. The marginal cost of dual reading was $4,040 per additional cancer detected and 4.6% of total programme costs. In our decentralized programme, dual reading allows for the detection of good prognosis cancers which are missed by an isolated reader. The effects of dual reading on screening quality greatly outweigh its costs.

Rereading the Patriarchal Text: The Female Quixote, Northanger Abbey , and the Trace of the Absent Mother

I n an attempt to create community of women readers, writers, and critics who can construct literary discourse amenable to feminist concerns, Patrocinio Schweickart proposes gender-coded dual reading strategy. When reading certain (not all) male texts, feminists should invoke a dual hermeneutic: negative hermeneutic that discloses [the texts'] complicity with patriarchal ideology, and positive hermeneutic that recuperates the utopian moment ... from which they draw significant portion of their emotional power. By thus bifurcating their responses, claims Schweickart, feminists can practise Judith Fetterley's resistance to the immasculation that normally uses the woman reader

Double lecture, double écriture: les Principes de politique des souverains de Diderot

Catherine Volpilhac-Auger : Dual Reading and Dual Writing: Diderot' s Principes de politique des souverains. Les principes de politique des souverains or Notes écrites de la main d'un souverain à la marge de Tacite is a difficult work, posing numerous problems of edition and interpretation. It is far from being simply a commentary on a hypothetical source text (a translation of Tacitus or a " political discourse " on his work) , and instead it has its own logic. It should not be read as a collection of isolated maxims but as a text which puts into practise the principle of a " dual reading " which is at the very heart of the work. For Tacitus is an author who can be interpreted as a supporter of absolutism or as someone who denounces tyranny. The different voices which can be heard in the Principes adopt this ambiguity in order to construct a discourse in which we can see the development of the philosopher and his pupil (who can easily be identified as the King of Prussia, but perhaps as other rulers) ; the philosopher's lessons finally justify the King's tyranny.

肺癌検診に関する研究

In order to improve the efficiency and quality of mass screening for lung cancer and to establish a new system called the “Okayama Lung Project”, examinations which included dual and comparative reading of annual chest X-ray films, direct patient contact, and sputum cytology were studied.Mass screening for lung cancer was conducted utilizing annual chest X-ray films obtained during mass screening for tuberculosis. A series of films was read and the identification numbers of each film showing evidence of any disease were recorded. Later, the entire series were independently read by the another radiologist blinded with respect to the first diagnosis (dual reading). Any chest X-ray with abnormal findings detected by dual reading was then compared with a previous film (comparative reading). For patients suspected of having lung cancer, direct contact was performed by the institution which would make a definitive diagnosis. Sputum cytology examination was conducted in the group at high risk for the hilar lung cancer.Using this new system, the time from mass screening to surgical resection was shortened by 50 days, and the detection rate in the high risk group for hilar lung cancer was elevated from 37.77/100, 000 to 46.44/100, 000.These results indicate that the Okayama Lung project is a satisfactory standard mass screening system for lung cancer.

Dual stripe magnetoresistive read heads for speed insensitive tape readers

Two magnetic detectors spaced one-half data cell apart and coupled with the appropriate simple decode electronics can be employed as a read system for Aiken-encoded magnetic tape. The resultant read system will provide output data which are independent of the speed of the magnetic tape relative to the read head (scan speed). If, in addition, the magnetic detectors respond to the magnetic flux from the magnetic tape rather than to changes in the magnetic flux, the read head output becomes totally independent of the scan speed. Such a system is especially useful for applications which require scan speed-independent reading of low density information, as, for instance, with hand-driven, magnetically encoded credit cards.

Screening by chest photofluorography in Los Angeles. The minifilm circa 1970.

Two decades ago, when extensive tuberculosis case-finding was underway, a minifilm of the chest was a high yield mass screening test. Today readings of “suspect tuberculosis” comprise a minority of significant minifilm findings, based upon the experience of the Breathmobile Project. Both a positive minifilm and a positive smoking history function as risk factors for questionnaire and spirometry evidence of early chronic respiratory disease. Two decades ago the variability of mini-film readings was the subject of several classical studies of screening techniques. Based upon an analysis of 26,000 Breathmobile minifilms, positive discordance continues to be a prominent phenomenon, the chest physicians and radiologists favoring different reading categories. A validity study of 837 minifilms showed dual readings had an average sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 96%, compared with single readings whose values were 52% and 98%, respectively.

Quality evaluation and control methods in computer-assisted screening.

A computer-assisted, chronic respiratory disease (CRD) screening project undertook a critical evaluation of the performance of the screening equipment and techniques used in administering the tests and interpreting the measurements. Based upon screening tests of 13,494 adults, the analysis led to several conclusions: the use of trained volunteers to administer the questionnaire was feasible and reproducible within the expectation of such a technique; the “nonexertional wheezing” question was particularly associated with spirometry data; the spirometry system was found to be accurate and stable under screening conditions; technician improvement was observed; the spirometry technique was modified based upon an experiment performed during the course of the screening program; and the dual positive film readings were in agreement in only a small proportion of instances, necessitating a major effort aimed to increase concordance.

The value of dual reading in mass radiography

An experiment is described in which 10,000 35 mm. chest films were read by two independent observers during a routine mass radiography survey. A method of dual reading was used which minimized the interruption to normal working of the unit. Radiologically, the results followed closely those of other workers. Patients recalled by one or both readers for large films and subsequently referred for further investigation were followed up for a year. Judged by the clinical significance of the lesions as shown by the follow-up, dual reading was found to have produced little gain.

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The role of experience in the reading of photofluorograms

The experience of the readers proves to be important in reading photofluorograms. After some years of experience the maximum reliability is reached. In overreading, however, experience is of less importance. Here the character of the reader seems to play a part. Dual reading improves the reliability of the reading of photofluorograms with regard to underreading, especially in inexperienced readers.

Inadequate Tuberculosis Control Within Hospitals

Cases are cited of the failure to control tuberculosis among hospital personnel. The failures are due to insufficient examinations and to faulty case-finding technique. This is a health menace to employes and to hospital patients. The remedies are: Case finding to include all hospital employes at all times, improved administration of case finding, dual reading of films and the designation of one physician as hospital epidemiologist to have the responsibility for all aspects of tuberculosis control within the hospital. This control should extend to periodic examination of former employes who have left the hospital where they were exposed to infection.

A preliminary enquiry into the relative value of miniature (70-mm.) films and large films in the radiological diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis

Summary The main object of this enquiry was to assess the success of 70-mm, film in the detection of tuberculous lesions. Integral to such an object were (i) assessments of the nature and magnitude of discrepancies by the same observer at different times and by different observers in judging such film: (ii) similar assessments in respect of large film: and (iii) the decision as to the presence and “true” nature of any lesion (“truth” session). The plan of the enquiry, moreover, has enabled us to contrast the advantages and disadvantages of different practices of film-reading and different procedures in recall of cases that might be introduced in routine radiographical work. The main results of the investigation were these: 1. Irrespective of size of film, variability ( i.e. , inconsistency in readings, regardless of “truth”) was appreciably lower in successive judgments by the same reader than it was between those of different readers. 2. Within-reader variability was nearly as great with large film as it was with small. Between-reader variability was, if anything, greater on large film than on small. 3. Accuracy ( i.e. , agreement with “truth”) was better in readings of large film than of small, but even on large-film readings loss of genuine cases was considerable. 4. Accuracy decreased when attempts at increased precision of diagnosis were made, and was especially low in attempted diagnosis of “activity” of lesions. 5. Accuracy was worse in the detection of minimal lesions than of “tuberculosis, other stage”; but inaccuracy in judgments of activity was striking, even with lesions more advanced than minimal. 6. Comparison of the relative efficacy in detecting positive cases by single and dual readings of film showed that the optimum results was obtained by independent dual reading together with follow-up of cases called positive on either or both readings; the worst by consideration only of those cases called positive on both readings. Dual small-film reading by two independent observers, with follow-up of disagreement as well as agreement cases, gave as good a result as did single large-film reading (though not as good as independent dual large-film reading). 7. With a combination of preliminary small-film screening and follow-up large-film diagnosis, the optimum procedure elicited less than 82 per cent. of active lesions and less than 86 per cent. of clinically significant lesions. 8. “False positive” readings were produced in as high a proportion of large-film readings as of small, whatever the method of reading. With dual reading, the increased pick-up of true cases was accompanied by an appreciable increase in false positives. In general, the methods prodcuing the more successful pick-up of genuine cases produced also a higher proportion of unnecessary recalls. 9. The frequency of “false positive” readings depends on the real incidence of tuberculosis in the population surveyed and also on the incidence therein of “difficult true negatives.” For this reason the proportions of “false positives” recorded here are not compared with those of previous investigations. 10. As a result of these initial findings, the following recommendations seem worthy of presentation here: No patient attending a chest clinic should be dismissed as normal unless, in addition to negative clinical findings, the chest X-ray has been scrutinised independently by two readers who both report no evidence of respiratory disorder. It is inadvisable to attempt the diagnosis of activity from X-rays, especially in the case of a minimal lesions. There is need for systematic training in the reading of films and for the investigation of the possibility of mechanical and objective aids to consistency in film reading. For mass surveys, small film could be used as efficiently as standard X-ray if “presence” of a lesion is taken as the only criterion and no attempt to assess significance or activity is made. In chest clinic work, the time and work involved in dual readings of small film followed by dual reading of large film for all recalled cases might be less economical than the use of large film from the outset.

Reliability of chest radiography in the diagnosis of pulmonary lesions

Observer error in chest radiography is of such magnitude as to create special problems in diagnosis and treatment. A review of recent studies on the subject reveals the following: 1. 1. In interpreting a set of photofluorograms for presence or absence of a lesion a competent and experienced physician misses, in a single reading, as many as 32.2 per cent of the positive films and provides false positive diagnosis on 1.7 per cent of the negative films. 2. 2. Classification of pulmonary lesions on the basis of roentgenographic appearance is not very reliable. It is not possible to determine reliably the probable activity of a lesion from a single roentgenogram. 3. 3. In judging a pair of serial roentgenograms for evidence of progression, regression or stability of disease, two competent and experienced physicians are likely to disagree with each other in nearly one-third of the cases, and a single reader is likely to disagree with himself in about one-fifth of the pairs. 4. 4. The undesired effects of false diagnosis may be reduced considerably by the application of dual reading. In mass radiographic projects this procedure detects one-third of the lesions missed by a single reader. 5. 5. It is suggested that dual reading may be useful in clinical radiology. The main contribution results from the fact that the procedure identifies about two-thirds of the roentgenograms for which the diagnosis can be given with confidence. The remaining may be considered as roentgenologically indeterminate until further evidence is obtained.