Dual Process Research Articles

Evaluation and forecasting of water cycle health in the yangtze river economic belt using composite weight and extensible cloud model

The regional water cycle reflects the dual processes of nature and society. A healthy and benign water cycle is a fundamental guarantee for achieving regional sustainable development.The Yangtze River Economic Belt, as a densely populated urban cluster with abundant water resources in China, plays a crucial role in promoting the sustainable development of Chinese urban clusters. It is of significant importance to optimize the water cycle health of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and explore its primary obstacles.This study integrates the natural-social attributes of the water cycle and selects 25 evaluation indicators from six dimensions: Drivers (D), Pressures (P), States (S), Impacts (I), Responses (R), and Management (M), to construct the water cycle evaluation system for the Yangtze River Economic Belt.Combining Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), and the Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) method, the comprehensive weights of subjective and objective factors are obtained based on the principle of minimum relative entropy.Based on this, an Extended Cloud Model is constructed to evaluate the water cycle health status of the region from 2012 to 2022.Furthermore, the Obstacle Degree Model is introduced to identify the primary obstacles affecting the water cycle health in the region. Finally, the ARIMA model is applied to forecast the water cycle health status in the region from 2023 to 2030.The results indicate that the comprehensive water cycle health level in the region improved gradually from initially sub-pathological to sub-healthy status from 2012 to 2022.Per capita GDP, industrial water consumption per ten thousand yuan of industrial value added, per capita water consumption, forest coverage rate, sediment transport module, proportion of environmental protection investment to GDP, and proportion of water resources management investment to GDP are the primary obstacles affecting the improvement of health in this region.The forecast indicates that the overall water cycle health status in the region will remain at a sub-healthy level from 2023 to 2030.The research results can provide a scientific reference for further promoting the high-quality development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, better supporting and serving China's modernization, and providing scientific reference basis.

Flexible job shop scheduling via deep reinforcement learning with meta-path-based heterogeneous graph neural network

The flexible job shop scheduling problem (FJSP) is an important production scheduling problem in intelligent manufacturing. How to model the complex FJSP more accurately and improve the efficiency and generalization of scheduling policies is an urgent challenge to be solved. Therefore, a new end-to-end deep reinforcement learning (DRL) method combined with the meta-path-based heterogeneous graph neural network (MHGNN) is proposed to effectively solve FJSP. The task of solving FJSP is decomposed into two subtasks of operation selection and machine allocation. This dual-task FJSP is represented by introducing a heterogeneous graph and modeled as the dual Markov decision process (DMDP). A MHGNN is proposed to embed the global scheduling states of the dual-task FJSP. A heterogeneous graph neural network (GNN) framework is designed for the dual-task FJSP to efficiently encode the operation nodes and machine nodes, where the extracted embedded feature information is used to represent the operation selection policy and the machine allocation policy. Two policy networks are designed to efficiently predict the operation selection policy and the machine allocation policy, and a soft double-actors critic algorithm is proposed to train these two policy networks, where the trained policies can be used to efficiently solve FJSP instances of different scales. The experiments on three public benchmarks show that the proposed method outperforms the well-known heuristic scheduling rules and some advanced methods for solving FJSP. In particular, when solving large-scale FJSPs, the proposed method performs more prominently in terms of solution quality and solution time.

The formation of parasocial relationships in tourism social media: A rational and emotional trust‐building process

AbstractThis study examines the effects of parasocial interactions on relationships and behavior in the context of tourism social media. Based on a dual process of trust formation, this study theorizes rational trust and emotional trust as part of a parasocial interaction process to explain the formation of this form of relationship. The study results (N = 424) reveal that information characteristics and influencer characteristics are identified as critical predictors of rational trust and emotional trust by the respondents. Furthermore, trust amplifies parasocial relationships as well as increasing consequent trust behaviors, such as information adoption and word of mouth. This study thus contributes to the literature by illuminating how the trust‐building process forms parasocial relationships. Meanwhile, it also provides insights into the mechanism of parasocial relationship formation for theoretical researchers and has important implications for tourism social media administrators.

Non-symmetric stable processes: Dirichlet heat kernel, Martin kernel and Yaglom limit

We study a d-dimensional non-symmetric strictly α-stable Lévy process X, whose spherical density is bounded and bounded away from the origin. First, we give sharp two-sided estimates on the transition density of X killed when leaving an arbitrary κ-fat set. We apply these results to get the existence of the Yaglom limit for arbitrary κ-fat cone. In the meantime we also obtain the spacial asymptotics of the survival probability at the vertex of the cone expressed by means of the Martin kernel for Γ and its homogeneity exponent. Our results hold for the dual process X̂, too.

“The person was like the glue in the cracked pot which was no longer there”: co-production of the web-based Families and Friends in Bereavement intervention

Background Families, friends and support networks are key to managing bereavement. COVID-19 social restrictions prevented families and friends from being with the dying and participating in usual rituals to honour the dead. This resulted in social disconnection, feelings of guilt, and difficulty in making sense of the death and reconstructing relationships. In response to this context a theoretically informed, co-produced web-resource to facilitate meaning-making, which situates bereavement in the context of family and friends, was developed. This paper describes the development of the web-based intervention. Study aims To co-produce a web-based intervention theoretically informed by the family level extension Dual Process Model and Family Sense of Coherence, and pilot the intervention gaining user feedback to inform refinements in readiness for adoption and implementation. Methods Following a scoping review, a mixed methods study was undertaken using an online survey via questionnaire and virtual co-production workshop with bereaved people and bereavement professionals. Results Survey respondents (n=32) reported the pandemic negatively affected bereavement (guilt, isolation, inability to bear witness) but also presented new opportunities to celebrate the deceased and support the bereaved (new funeral rituals, technology, remote contact, social acknowledgement of grief). Sense-making and managing bereavement were helped through information-giving, support networks, and relocating the person within the family context. A web-resource to facilitate collective grief was viewed positively and endorsed. Key content including family activities to stimulate support, information regarding the range of grief experience and dealing with the practicalities, along with other sources of support was agreed by workshop participants (n=5) to form the basis of the intervention. Conclusion The publicly accessible Families and Friends in Bereavement intervention encourages consideration of bereavement in the context of close social networks. It enables grief to be understood and managed within a shared experience by promoting communication and meaning-making.

Bereavement during lockdown: the potential impact of COVID-19 restrictions on grief and post-traumatic stress disorder in a Turkish-Muslim population

ABSTRACT The current study examined whether disruption to performing Islamic death rituals could be linked to core bereavement and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in Turkish-Muslim individuals who lost their close relatives to COVID-19. Participants (n = 52) completed a Demographic Information and Bereavement Experience (DIBEF) form with items probing demographics, attendance to rituals, receiving social support, and perceived disruption to bereavement via COVID-19 restrictions. The Core Bereavement Items (CBI) and the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) were used to measure symptomatology. The results showed that 92.3% of the participants did not receive condolence visitors, 98.1% failed to say goodbye, and 78.8% could not practice their religious duties. Importantly, perceived disruption score was significantly linked to the CBI (but not PCL-C) scores. The potential role of perceived disruption to bereavement in aggravating the grief response is discussed in relation to the dual process model of coping with bereavement.

Solvent- and catalyst-free hydrogenation synthesis of lithium hydride at high altitude

A solvent- and catalyst-free hydrogenation synthesis methodology for lithium hydride (LiH) was developed at high altitude. The implementation of a dual thermostatic process proved to be pivotal in achieving high-crystallinity in the synthesized LiH. The synthesized LiH demonstrates a high degree of purity, reaching 99%. Hydrolysis experiments were conducted to measure the dehydrogenation amount, revealing a hydrogen weight percentage of 12.1%. The dehydrogenation rate was determined to be as high as 0.90 L/g·min. Furthermore, a comprehensive series of in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopic characterizations were undertaken to elucidate the reaction dynamics of LiH when natural exposed to atmospheric conditions. This study presents an approach for the rapid and efficient production of lithium-based materials on a large scale intended for hydrogen storage.

The influence of viewing time on visual diagnostic accuracy: Less is more.

Understanding the factors that contribute to diagnostic errors is critical if we are to correct or prevent them. Some scholars influenced by the default interventionist dual-process theory of cognition (dual-process theory) emphasise a narrow focus on individual clinician's faulty reasoning as a significant contributor. In this paper, we examine the validity of claims that dual process theory is a key to error reduction. We examined the relationship between a clinical experience (staff and resident physicians) and viewing time on accuracy for categorising chest X-rays (CXRs) and electrocardiograms (ECGs). In two studies, participants categorised images as normal or abnormal, presented at viewing times of 175, 250, 500 and 1000 ms, to encourage System 1 processing. Study 2 extended viewing times to 1, 5, 10 and 20 s to allow time for System 2 processing and a diagnosis. Descriptives and repeated measures analysis of variance were used to analyse the proportion of true and false positive rates (TP and FP) as well as correct diagnoses. In Study 1, physicians were able to detect abnormal CXRs (0.78) and ECGs (0.67) with relatively high accuracy. The effect of experience was found for ECGs only, as staff physicians (0.71, 95% CI =0.66-0.75) had higher ECG TP than resident physicians (0.63, 95% CI =0.58-0.68) in Study 1, and staff had lower ECG FP (0.10, 95% CI =0.03-0.18) than resident physicians (0.27, 95% CI =0.20-0.33) in Study 2. In other comparisons, experience was equivocal for ECG FPs and CXR TPs and FPs. In Study 2, overall diagnostic accuracy was similar for both ECGs and CXRs, (0.74). There were small interactions between experience and time for TP in ECGs and FP in CXRs, which are discussed further in the discussion and offer insights into the relationship between processing and experience. Overall, our findings raise concerns about the practical application of models that link processing type to diagnostic error, or to specific diagnostic error reduction strategies.

Homo anthropologicus: Unexamined behavioural models in sociocultural anthropology

Inferences from ethnography in sociocultural anthropological arguments frequently rely on an unexamined model of the human mind and behaviour. Across a range of theoretical approaches, human thought and behaviour are implicitly understood as coherently following a single underlying cultural logic, described in terms such as ‘ontology’, habitus, political strategy. We term this implicit model Homo anthropologicus, by analogy with Homo economicus. Both simplify human behaviour and can thus lead to errors in its interpretation. We examine examples of Homo anthropologicus in anthropological approaches to ontology, caste, state evasion, and habitus. We propose that such accounts are erroneous in light of the multiple cognitive systems involved in human thought and behaviour, discussed with close reference to dual process theory. Unlike Homo anthropologicus, Homo sapiens’ behaviour is frequently inconsistent. Whilst anthropologists have long acknowledged this is the case, in practice, as we demonstrate through our examples, inconsistency is frequently seen as a problem to be explained away rather than as a feature of behaviour to be accounted for in its own right. We therefore conclude by calling for a greater degree of methodological reflexivity when making inferences from ethnography.

The economic impact of living with a rare disease for children and their families: a scoping review protocol.

Rare diseases are an often chronic, progressive and life-limiting group of conditions affecting more than 30 million people in Europe. These diseases are associated with significant direct and indirect costs to a spectrum of stakeholders, ranging from individuals and their families to society overall. Further quantitative research on the economic cost for children and their families living with a rare disease is required as there is little known on this topic. This scoping review aims to document the extent and type of evidence on the economic impacts of living with a rare disease for children and their families. This scoping review will follow the PRISMA-ScR and Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines and follow the six-stage methodology for scoping reviews: (1) identifying the research question, (2) identifying relevant studies, (3) study selection, (4) charting the data, (5) collating, summarising and reporting results and (6) knowledge user consultation. Key inclusion criteria have been developed according to the Population-Concept-Context (PCC) framework. The databases EconLit, ABI/Inform, MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus will be searched for possible articles for inclusion. Two independent reviewers will screen titles and abstracts of potential articles using a dual review process to ensure all relevant studies are included. All included articles will be assessed using a validated quality appraisal tool. A panel of patient and public involvement representatives experiencing rare diseases and knowledge users will validate the review results. This scoping review will map the current literature on the economic impact of paediatric rare diseases to understand how these impacts affect children living with rare diseases and their families. This evidence has the potential to influence policy and future research in this area and will support further research on the economic impact of rare diseases on families.

Limits of functional illiteracy in explaining human misinformation: the knowledge illusion, values, and the dual process theory of thought.

Limits of functional illiteracy in explaining human misinformation: the knowledge illusion, values, and the dual process theory of thought.

Multi-DORGP for fast uncertainty quantification of multi-scale irregular defects in super large-scale fiber-reinforced composite

The presence of randomly distributed irregular defects in fiber-reinforced composites significantly impacts the structural response, yet traditional machine learning schemes often require an extensive number of samples, resulting in time-consuming processes. Therefore, this paper introduces a novel approach, termed the dual order-reduced Gaussian Process emulators (Multi-DORGP), aimed at efficiently quantifying the uncertainty of multi-scale irregular defects in fiber-reinforced composites. This is achieved by accurately characterizing the multi-scale irregular defects through precise geometric representations, utilizing massive discrete nodes and fine meshes to address the limitations of parameterization methods that may overlook shape and size differences of defects. Moreover, we comprehensively quantify uncertainty across micro, meso, and macro scales, considering spatially randomly distributed locations, sizes, and irregular shapes of defects. Notably, the Multi-DORGP scheme is presented to alleviate the computational burden associated with extremely high-dimensional data (e.g., up to 23.3 million variables). In which, we decouple and build the latent spaces for raw data assisted by principal component analysis, and Gaussian Process regression is built and trained by the coefficients between the latent spaces. Through illustrative examples, including a real-life application involving an airplane wing, we validate the proposed scheme's capability to accurately quantify the uncertainty of multi-scale irregular defects in large-scale fiber-reinforced composites using significantly few samples (e.g., 100).

Exploring graduate students’ research characteristics, emotional exhaustion, mastery approach, and research career commitment: insights from the JD-R theory

ABSTRACT The job demands-resources (JD-R) theory has been widely applied to explore relationships between employees’ job characteristics and performance, particularly in contexts of paid work. This study extends the application scope of the JD-R theory to unpaid research contexts among graduate students. Results of an online questionnaire survey with 914 research-oriented Chinese graduate students verified the dual processes proposed by the JD-R theory. Specifically, the graduate students’ perceived stress led to emotional exhaustion and sequentially decreased their research career commitment; academic support fostered mastery approach and then increased the research career commitment. In addition, mastery approach played a significant mediating role in the relationship between academic support and research career commitment. The findings enhance the understanding of graduate students’ research characteristics and performance and have implications for optimizing the research environment for graduate students and stimulating their motivation and commitment to research career.

ML162 derivatives incorporating a naphthoquinone unit as ferroptosis/apoptosis inducers: Design, synthesis, anti-cancer activity, and drug-resistance reversal evaluation

Activating apoptosis has long been viewed as an anti-cancer process, but recently increasing evidence has accumulated that induction of ferroptosis has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer therapeutics. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) is one of the pivotal factors regulating ferroptosis that targeted inhibition or degradation of GPX4 could effectively trigger ferroptosis. In this study, a series of ML162-quinone conjugates were constructed by using pharmacophore hybridization and bioisosterism strategies, with the aim of obtaining more active anticancer agents via the ferroptosis and apoptosis dual cell death processes. Of these compounds, GIC-20 was identified as the most active one that exhibited promising anticancer activity both in vitro and in vivo via ferroptosis and apoptosis dual-targeting processes, without obvious toxicity compared with ML162. On one hand, GIC-20 could trigger ferroptosis in cells by inducing intracellular lipid peroxide and ROS accumulation, and destroying mitochondrial structure. In addition to GPX4 inhibition, GIC-20 can also trigger ferroptosis via proteasomal-mediated degradation of GPX4, suggesting GIC-20 may function as a molecule glue degrader. On the other hand, GIC-20 can also induce apoptosis via upregulating the level of apoptotic protein Bax and downregulating the level of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in HT1080 cells. Furthermore, GIC-20 also enhanced the sensitivity of resistant MIA-PaCa-2-AMG510R cells to AMG510, suggesting the great potential of GIC-20 in overcoming the acquired resistance of KRASG12C inhibitors. Overall, GIC-20 represents a novel dual ferroptosis/apoptosis inducer warranting further development for cancer therapeutics and overcoming drug resistance.

Gerber-Shiu theory for discrete risk processes in a regime switching environment

In this paper we develop the Gerber-Shiu theory for the classic and dual discrete risk processes in a Markovian (regime switching) environment. In particular, by expressing the Gerber-Shiu function in terms of potential measures of an upward (downward) skip-free discrete-time and discrete-space Markov Additive Process (MAP), we derive closed form expressions for the Gerber-Shiu function in terms of the so-called (discrete) Wv and Zv scale matrices, which were introduced in [27]. We show that the discrete scale matrices allow for a unified approach for identifying the Gerber-Shiu function as well as the value function of the associated constant dividend barrier problems.

Der demografische Wandel im Wandel

Abstract The assumptions underlying the German Federal Statistical Office’s population projections have evolved, resulting in a moderate increase in the old-age dependency ratio. Previous scenarios anticipated larger gains in life expectancy, leading to demographic aging. However, consistently heightened migration patterns have counteracted the projections. The dual aging process in demographic change has now transformed into a triple demographic transformation, which may have fiscal implications beyond demographic aging.

Detriments and Benefits in Collaborative Memory of Social Information: Insight From Gender Stereotypes

Abstract Stereotypes are well documented to elicit stereotype-consistent effects in individual memory. Additionally, collaborative memory can result in detrimental collaborative inhibition and 2 beneficial effects: error pruning and postcollaborative memory benefit. We examined whether the stereotype-consistent effect can be expanded to the context of collaborative memory. Additionally, we examined whether the effects observed in collaborative memory also apply to the memory for social stereotypes. This study applied positive, neutral, and negative gender stereotype words and engaged participants in an individual study and 2 recall tests. Recall 1 was completed either individually or collaboratively, whereas Recall 2 was always performed individually. The recall was to remember both the studied words and the speaker's gender associated with them, testing both item memory and source memory. (a) We expanded the stereotype-consistent effect to both ongoing and postcollaboration situations, affecting both item memory and source memory. Additionally, in the word gender–speaker inconsistent situations, there was an involuntary bias to remember the sources of own-gender stimuli. (b) We extended the detrimental and beneficial effects of collaboration into the domain of gender stereotypes. The detrimental effect of collaborative inhibition was sensitive to both memory tasks and the emotional valence of stimuli. This indicates that when dealing with social stimuli, the disruption of preferential strategies is not confined. The beneficial effects acted as a function of the memory task, providing evidence for the conditional application of the mechanisms of the retrieval strategy disruption hypothesis and the processes of dual process theory in social memory processing.

Exploring the technological affordances of SimpleMind in supported academic writing: A mind-mapping software analysis

This research investigates EFL undergraduate students’ utilization of cross-platform mind-mapping software and the factors shaping their choice of devices and timing when employing SimpleMind to enhance their academic writing skills. Grounded in Mayer’s (2019) cognitive science principles of learning, this study posits that offering EFL learners dual channels for processing information, encompassing both visual and verbal modalities, enhances information retention and reduces cognitive load. SimpleMind, a digital graphic software, has the potential to support learners in this dual coding process of information, provided it is used thoughtfully. Through the framework of the affordance-actualization theory, this research advocates for empowering language learners to proactively discover and leverage SimpleMind’s affordances to craft a customized strategy aligned with their specific academic writing learning environment. This paper presents preliminary findings from a larger study involving 71 Japanese first-year students. They explored SimpleMind’s features to cater to their individualized academic writing learning preferences.

The Relationship between Political Ideology and Social Media Echo Chambers

Purpose: The general purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between political ideology and social media echo chambers. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to political ideology and social media echo chambers. Preliminary empirical review revealed that echo chambers exist on social media platforms, with individuals predominantly exposed to information aligning with their political beliefs. Social Identity Theory and Selective Exposure Theory were instrumental in understanding how users' political affiliations influenced their interactions online, reinforcing echo chambers. These echo chambers, driven by users' desire for ingroup solidarity and selective exposure to like-minded content, posed challenges to democratic discourse and societal cohesion. The study emphasized the importance of addressing these challenges by promoting media literacy, critical thinking, and exposure to diverse viewpoints on social media platforms to foster a more inclusive and deliberative public sphere. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Social Identity theory, Selective Exposure theory and Dual Process theory may be used to anchor future studies on the relationship between political ideology and social media echo chambers. The study provided valuable recommendations that contributed to advancing theoretical understanding, informing practical interventions, and shaping policy responses to the challenges posed by echo chambers in contemporary political discourse. It emphasized the integration of social identity theory and selective exposure theory into theoretical frameworks, highlighting the psychological mechanisms driving the formation of echo chambers. Practically, the study underscored the importance of promoting media literacy and critical thinking skills among social media users, while suggesting that social media platforms play a pivotal role in shaping users' information environments. On the policy front, it emphasized the need for evidence-based interventions aimed at mitigating the adverse effects of echo chambers on democratic governance and societal cohesion.

Conceptualizing employees' behavioral pattern changes by experiencing customer mistreatment: Integrating moral self‐regulation and dual process model perspectives

AbstractThis conceptual paper has two aims. The first is to explain how frontline employees' workplace sabotage initially occurs when frontline employees experience perceived mistreatment from customers. Moral outrage arises among frontline employees and mediates the relationship between customer mistreatment and workplace sabotage. The second aim is to address changes in frontline employees' behavioral patterns during working hours. Initial negative workplace behaviors (workplace sabotage) are more likely to shift to good behavior (organizational citizenship behavior toward customer; OCB‐customer) due to a need for moral cleansing, but will eventually revert to negative behaviors (additional workplace sabotage) as continuous customer mistreatment increases stress. To understand this process, moral‐self regulation theory and the dual process model are introduced to support the conceptual model. Implications and future research directions are also discussed.