Dual Pilot Research Articles

Research on the impact of dual pilot projects for low-carbon and innovative cities on carbon emission efficiency

Research on the impact of dual pilot projects for low-carbon and innovative cities on carbon emission efficiency

Enhanced Carrier Phase Recovery Using Dual Pilot Tones in Faster-than-Nyquist Optical Transmission Systems

Compared with high spectrum efficiency faster-than-Nyquist (FTN) backbone network, an enhanced carrier phase recovery based on dual pilot tones is more sensitive to capital cost in FTN metropolitan areas as well as inter-datacenter optical networks. The use of distributed feedback (DFB) lasers is a way to effectively reduce the cost. However, under high symbol rate FTN systems, equalization-enhanced phase noise (EEPN) induced by a DFB laser with large linewidth will significantly deteriorate the system performance. What is worse, in FTN systems, tight filtering introduces inter-symbol interference so severe that the carrier phase estimation (CPE) algorithm of the FTN systems is more sensitive to EEPN, thus it will lead to a more serious cycle slip problem. In this paper, an enhanced carrier phase recovery based on dual pilot tones is proposed to mitigate EEPN and suppress cycle slip, in which the chromatic dispersion (CD)-aware Tx and LO laser phase noise is estimated, respectively. Offline experiments results under 40 Gbaud polarization multiplexing (PM) 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) FTN wavelength division multiplexing (FTN-WDM) systems at 0.9 acceleration factor, 5 MHz laser linewidth, and 500 km transmission demonstrate that the proposed algorithm could bring about 0.65 dB improvement of the required SNR for the normalized generalized mutual information of 0.9 compared with the training sequence-based cycle slip suppression carrier phase estimation (TS-CSS) algorithm.

1 + 1 > 2? The synergistic effect of carbon emissions reduction policies: empirical evidence from China

ABSTRACT The low-carbon city pilot policy (LCCPP) and the carbon emissions trading pilot policy (CETPP) are important measures for China to reduce its carbon emissions. However, the existing literature typically focuses narrowly on the effect of a single policy tool, leaving it unclear whether the LCCPP and CETPP are in conflict or complementary. Therefore, we investigated the synergistic effect of the LCCPP and CETPP in China using the difference-in-differences (DID) method. Compared with the 5.4% reduction of the LCCPP and the 5.1% reduction of the CETPP, the dual pilot policy (DPP) can improve the carbon emissions reduction effect to 11.9%. However, the effect of the DPP takes time to become apparent owing to a policy lag. The DPP primarily achieves its effect by promoting technological progress and optimizing energy allocation. In addition, the carbon emissions reduction effect of the DPP is more evident in large, high-ranking, and resource-based cities. Our work can help policymakers fully consider the coordination between future climate policies and design reasonable mixed policy tools.

Research on the Carbon Emission Reduction Effect of the Dual Pilot Policy of Low-Carbon Cities and New Energy Demonstration Cities

Achieving the “double carbon” goal and optimizing the energy structure necessitates strategic deployments such as low-carbon cities (LCCs) and new energy demonstration cities (NEDCs). Prior research has primarily examined the effectiveness of these two policies when implemented independently. Despite overlapping scopes, there remains a need for a definitive conclusion regarding whether the concurrent implementation of these policies will yield a synergistic effect, thereby further reducing carbon emissions. Employing panel data spanning 2007–2021 from 280 Chinese cities, this study investigates the carbon emission reduction (CER) effect of the dual pilot policy (DPP), focusing specifically on LCCs and NEDCs through a multi-period difference-in-differences (DID) analysis. The findings reveal a significant synergistic effect between LCCs and NEDCs on CER, with the sequence of policy implementation playing a crucial role in determining the effectiveness of CER. Notably, cities first become NEDCs and subsequently transition into LCCs, demonstrating a more pronounced CER effect. Further analysis of the impact mechanism underscores that the DPP fosters urban CER by elevating inventive and improved green technology innovation. Among these, the contribution of inventive green technology innovation is particularly prominent, accounting for as much as 24%, far surpassing the 20% contribution of improved green technology innovation. A heterogeneity analysis indicates that the DPP’s impact is more significant in western and non-resource-based cities. Given China’s status as one of the world’s foremost carbon emitters, exploring China’s CER pathways holds profound practical significance and offers invaluable empirical insights for advancing global CER efforts.

Urban Green Innovation Driven by Low-Carbon and Smart Initiatives: Evidence from China

Pilot policies for low-carbon and smart cities offer policy support aimed at fostering urban green innovation. However, research into the synergistic effects of these policies remains nascent, with a dearth of empirical findings concerning the interplay between these dual policies and urban green innovation. This study, therefore, investigates the impact of the dual pilot policies on urban green innovation, elucidates their operational mechanisms, and scrutinizes the regional and resource endowment heterogeneities in their impact. Employing a quasi-natural experimental approach with city-level data spanning 2004 to 2022, we conduct a multi-period difference-in-differences (DID) model analysis. Our findings indicate that the dual policies significantly bolster urban green innovation. This conclusion withstands a battery of robustness checks, including analyses of heterogeneous treatment effects, pre-intervention trend tests, and placebo tests. Furthermore, the dual policies are found to enhance urban green innovation by improving resource allocation efficiency and fostering industrial structure transformation. Concurrently, heterogeneity analysis reveals that the green innovation effects of the dual policies are particularly pronounced in non-resource-based cities and in the eastern, central, and western regions. To amplify the green innovation effects of the dual policies, it is suggested that governments should advance the development and application of smart and carbon pilot policies, tailoring approaches to regional specificities.

Can Green Digital Synergy Improve the Carbon Emission Performance in the Central and Western Regions?

Based on the data of 282 prefecture-level cities from 2006 to 2021, this paper deeply analyzes the comprehensive impact of low-carbon cities and the dual pilot policy of the “Broadband China” strategy on regional carbon emission effect by the method of gradual difference-in-differences. It is found that green digital policy synergy can significantly promote the quality and efficiency of carbon emissions without sacrificing economic development, and this policy synergy will affect the effect of city carbon emission reduction through structural upgrading and technological progress, but the structural upgrading effect of reducing carbon emission intensity has not yet appeared. Based on the background of “dual transformation and coordination”, this paper analyzes the synergistic effect of the dual pilot policies on carbon emissions and economic efficiency, which provides insights for cities to achieve a win-win situation of emission reduction targets and economic growt.

Chromatic dispersion-aware Tx and LO laser phase noise independent estimation enabled by dual pilot tones in DSCM systems.

In the backbone networks employing high modulation formats such as 64QAM and metropolitan area networks, data center interconnection networks using the distributed feedback (DFB) lasers with several megahertz laser linewidths dramatically degrades system performance in the equalization enhanced phase noise (EEPN). Even though digital subcarrier multiplexing (DSCM) systems are known for their tolerance to EEPN, they still cause performance degradation in this case. Therefore, the EEPN mitigation algorithm becomes an indispensable part of DSP algorithms in DSCM systems. A dual pilot tone-based chromatic dispersion-aware transmitter and local oscillator laser phase noise independent estimation algorithm is proposed in this paper to solve the above problem. Simulations/offline experiment results under 5 MHz laser linewidth and 1000/800 km transmission indicate that the proposed algorithm could bring about 1/0.6 dB improvement of the required SNR for the normalized generalized mutual information of 0.9 compared with the blind phase searching algorithm.

Impact of dual pilot policies for low-carbon and innovative cities on the high-quality development of urban economies

<p style="margin-top:16px; text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Based on the panel data of 276 cities in China from 2005 to 2021, the article used a multi-period double-difference model to explore the impact of the dual-pilot policy of low-carbon cities and innovative cities on the high-quality development of urban economy. The study found that (1) the implementation of the dual-pilot policy significantly had significantly promoted the economic high-quality development of the pilot cities, and the dual-pilot policy had a more significant effect on the enhancement of urban economic high-quality development compared with the single-pilot. (2) The mechanism analysis showed that green technology innovation, industrial structure adjustment and entrepreneurial activity played a mediator role in the impact of the dual-pilot on the high-quality development of the urban economy. (3) The spatial effect showed that the dual-pilot policy not only promoted the high-quality economic development of the region, but also had a positive spillover effect on the high-quality economic development of the neighbouring regions. (4) The heterogeneity analysis showed that the dual-pilot policy promoted the high-quality economic development of the eastern cities, large-scale cities, and non-resource-based cities more strongly.This study enriches the research on the impact of policy synergy on high-quality economic development, and provides references and insights for the effective implementation of dual-pilot policies and the promotion of high-quality urban economic development.</span></span></p>

Exploring the Human-Centric Interaction Paradigm: Augmented Reality-Assisted Head-Up Display Design for Collaborative Human-Machine Interface in Cockpit

Human-cybernetic interfaces (HCI) focuses on the integration and synergy of human-centric design, human factors (HFs) and economics, and human–machine interaction (HMI). The scrutiny of single pilot operations (SPO) approval from civil aviation authorities (CAAs) is subject to the aviation safety and pilot capability during exceptional handling and flight emergency. Airliners advocate the possibility from dual pilot operations (DPO) to SPO because of the financial considerations and captain shortage in the post-pandemic era. One could expect that SPO can only realise when reduced crew operations initiative is proven to be safe and airworthy. Public concerns pilot mental workload and potentially low situational awareness (SA) when handling overwhelmed multi-source information from the HMI in a cockpit, leading to degraded skills and flying performance. Advanced head up display (HUD) design, an integrated transparent display, can assist pilots in maintaining their optimal performance when SPO exercised. In this study, we are interested to design a SPO-favoured cockpit design with HUD and investigate the potential of integrating augmented reality (AR) and HUD in SPO in flight operations. An experiment involving 21 pilots was conducted to assess the effectiveness of AR-HUD on SA and workload in DPO, SPO, and SPO with AR-HUD scenarios. The Situation Awareness Present Assessment Method (SPAM) and a self-rated workload scale were used to evaluate SA and workload levels. Eye-tracking data was also collected to analyse behavioural performance. Results indicated that the AR-HUD scenario achieved optimal workload and SA levels and demonstrated superior performance in handling emergencies. Eye-tracking data revealed that AR-HUD facilitated a more equitable distribution of gaze between instruments and external view. In conclusion, the integration of AR in cockpit design introduces a human-centric interaction paradigm, contributing to aviation safety, SPO implementation and adaptive HMI design.

Does the combination of low-carbon and innovative policies promote the high-quality development of enterprises?—A quasi-natural experiment based on the “dual pilot” of low carbon and innovation cities

Does the combination of low-carbon and innovative policies promote the high-quality development of enterprises?—A quasi-natural experiment based on the “dual pilot” of low carbon and innovation cities

The impact of broadband China and low-carbon pilot on China's urban carbon emissions

In the context of global environmental governance, a reduction in carbon emissions (CE) is critical for sustainable development. This article delves into the correlation between China's dual pilot policy (DPP), comprising the broadband China city pilot (BCCP) and low-carbon city pilot (LCCP), and CE using panel data for 281 Chinese cities from 2003 to 2020 and a staggered difference-in-differences approach. Our results demonstrate that the DPP contributes to reducing CE. In this regard, we find that DPP exerts a more significant negative effect on CE when the LCCP precedes the BCCP, compared to the BCCP preceding the LCCP. Heterogeneity analysis shows that urban location and resource utilization patterns influence DPP's impact on CE reduction. Moreover, green technology innovation and industrial agglomeration account for the relationship between DPP and CE. The DPP additionally exhibits positive economic performance, benefiting urban sustainability. Taken together, these findings reveal how the DPP negatively affects CE, providing key evidence for regional green economy advancement.

Can Infrastructure Upgrading Achieve the Synergistic Effect of Pollution Reduction and Carbon Reduction? Evidence from the High-Speed Rail and “Broadband China” Strategies

Infrastructure upgrading has an important impact on environmental protection and low-carbon development. Based on the panel data of 277 prefecture-level cities in China from 2005 to 2021, we examined the impact of infrastructure upgrading on the synergistic effect of pollution reduction and carbon reduction (Pc) by using the multiple-period difference-in-differences method. The results show that infrastructure upgrading can achieve Pc. Additionally, compared with resource-based cities, peripheral cities, and central and western cities, the impact of infrastructure upgrading on Pc is more significant in non-resource-based cities, central cities, and eastern cities. Meanwhile, infrastructure upgrading can promote Pc by promoting scientific and technological talent agglomeration (Tg) and industrial agglomeration (Ig). Finally, the policy of synergy analysis shows that compared with the single pilot cities, the dual pilot cities have a more obvious effect on Pc, and becoming first high-speed rail (HSR) cities and then becoming “Broadband China” strategy (BCS) cities has a stronger effect on Pc. Therefore, to effectively alleviate the dual environmental pressures of pollution reduction and carbon reduction, emphasis should be placed on promoting the common development of transportation infrastructure and digital infrastructure.

Research on the incentive effect of the policy combination of carbon-reduction pilot cities

This paper investigates the impact of policy combinations on the process of urban carbon reduction using panel data from 284 pilot cities in China. We analyze the incentive process of pilot city policies under three dimensions of the administrative subcontract and verify the impact of different policy combinations on carbon emissions. Our findings suggest that the policy combinations of dual pilot cities significantly reduced carbon intensity and had a complementary effect. In heterogeneity analysis, the policy combinations of dual pilot cities significantly reduced carbon intensity in central and western cities but did not affect eastern cities. We also find that the policy path dependence formed by becoming a “low-carbon city” first and then a “demonstration city” had a better carbon reduction incentive effect than becoming a “demonstration city” first and then a “low-carbon city”. The study results show that the order of policy combinations will bring different policy effects, and paying attention to the incentive mechanism differences of different policy combinations will help improve policy implementation effects. Our research highlights the importance of policy combinations in promoting urban carbon reduction and provides policy implications for governments to design effective carbon reduction policies.

AI Pilot in the Cockpit: An Investigation of Public Acceptance

Crew-reducing exhibits promise for various benefits in the aviation industry. However, there is limited understanding regarding public acceptance. Using an experimental design deployed with a vignette-based online study, we investigated individuals’ negative emotion, trust, risk acceptance, and willingness to ride toward Single Pilot Operations (SPO) and Dual Pilot Operations (DPO). Results established that people preferred DPO flights, relying on affect heuristic. Specifically, people’s negative emotion associated with SPO decreases their trust, which subsequently results in lower levels of willingness to ride and risk acceptance. Furthermore, we observed that people are less likely to accept risk evoked by intelligent autonomous system in DPO flights, which likely due to their psychological model about two pilots in the cockpit. Findings from this research highlight the importance of users’ initially positive affects about intelligent equipment in the cockpit. Other theoretical and practical implications for narrowing the acceptable gap between SPO and DPO are discussed.

Collaborative integration or policy diversification: the influence of policy synergy on regional green development

Enhancing the green and high-quality development of urban in China and exploring the synergistic effects of multiple policy implementations is the key to effectively playing the leading role of policies. To explore the synergistic effects and driving mechanisms of dual policies on regional green development, this study selected panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2008 to 2020. Employing Multi-period difference-in-differences and Mediation effects models, the research systematically explores the synergistic effects of these dual-pilot policies on urban green and high-quality development. The findings of this study reveal a significant improvement in the level of urban green development under the influence of the dual-pilot policy. After conducting a series of rigorous tests for robustness, this conclusion remains valid. This improvement is primarily attributed to the stimulation of technological innovation capabilities and the optimization of industrial structures within the cities. Compared to the carbon emissions trading city single pilot and free trade zone city single pilot, the dual pilot effect of carbon emissions trading and free trade zone city is stronger. The carbon emissions trading city pilot and free trade zone city pilot have a synergistic effect on regional green and high-quality development. This research provides valuable theoretical insights to guide the planning of pilot cities, facilitating the realization of both high-quality economic development and sustainability objectives.

Assessing the carbon emission performance of digital greening synergistic transformation: evidence from the dual pilot projects in China.

Digital greening synergistic transformation (DGST) is a new engine for achieving dual carbon targets. Using panel data from 281 Chinese cities between 2003 and 2019, this study investigates the effect and transmission mechanism of the DGST on carbon emission performance. It is based on the quasi-natural experiments of the dual pilot projects "Broadband China" and "Low-carbon City",as well as the multi-period difference-in-difference method. The empirical findings are as follows: (1) DGST, represented by the dual pilot projects, effectively enhances carbon emission performance. Compared to the isolated "Broadband China" and "Low-Carbon City" pilot projects, establishing dual pilot projects generates a more pronounced carbon emission reduction effect through synergistic effects. (2) In terms of dynamic effects, the carbon emission reduction effect in dual pilot cities appears in the first year following initiation, indicating a certain temporal aspect to this effect. (3) Mechanism analysis reveals that the impact of DGST on carbon emission performance is channeled through two pathways: industrial structural adjustment and low-carbon technology innovation. (4) The positive impact of DGST on carbon emission performance exhibits heterogeneity, primarily present in cities with higher levels of financial technology, human capital, and new infrastructure development. It implies that the implementation of DGST necessitates adequate human, financial, and material support. In conclusion, this research contributes empirical evidence for further exploring policy synergies, offering support for achieving dual carbon targets through DGST.

Can dual pilot policy of innovative city and low carbon city promote green lifestyle transformation of residents？

Green lifestyle transformation is the key to a thoroughgoing shift to sustainability in terms of economic and social development and an essential part of urban carbon emission reduction to achieve carbon peaking. To address climate change and achieve the high-quality effect, the Chinese government started pilot projects in 2008 and 2010, respectively, and has been expanding their scope, so it is crucial to accurately assess the carbon reduction effects of urban pilot projects on residents' lives and the synergy between various different policies. Based on panel data of 285 cities in China from 2009 to 2019, the induced effects of dual pilot policies for low-carbon cities and innovative cities (dual pilot policies) on residents' low-carbon choices are examined with the help of double-difference method, and their mechanisms of action and heterogeneity are further analyzed. The results show that: ①the dual pilot policy is more effective in promoting green lifestyle changes among residents than non dual pilot cities, and this such effect is positively correlated with time; ② the dual pilot policy has a stronger role in promoting green lifestyles than the single pilot innovative city and the single pilot low-carbon city, and the two policies have synergistic effects. In terms of the sequence of pilot projects, the quality of green lifestyles of city residents is significantly improved by implementing the low-carbon pilot first and then the innovative city pilot policy. ③As for the influence mechanism, the dual pilot policy mainly encourages residents to adopt a more environmentally friendly lifestyle by optimizing the energy consumption structure rather than through the intermediary mechanism of expanding the supply of environmentally friendly goods; ④The impact of the dual pilot policy on residents' green lifestyles is regionally heterogeneous, with the promotion effect being more pronounced in eastern and central cities and heating cities in the north. To stimulate low-carbon-oriented urban green development practices, we should summarize and promote pilot experiences, adopt differentiated strategies according to local conditions, pay attention to optimizing residents' energy consumption structure, and strengthen regional green innovation cooperation to encourage the coordination and fusion of urban “green” and “innovation".

Digital Compensation of IQ Imbalance, DC Offset for Zero-Padded OTFS Systems

Next generation communication systems (e.g., 6G) foresee higher mobility, higher data rates with higher constellations and with high levels of integration in a small form factor. Direct conversion orthogonal time frequency space modulation (OTFS) systems suffer from hardware impairments such as in-phase and quadrature (IQ) imbalance, direct current (DC) offset causing image Doppler interference (IDI) among the sub-carriers in the delay Doppler (DD) domain. In this letter, we propose a novel method of estimation and compensation of hardware impairments for zero padded (ZP) OTFS systems in the delay time (DT) domain. A dual pilot approach with a phase difference of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\frac {\pi }{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> between these symbols is followed in DD domain with which hardware impairments are estimated with less computational complexity in DT domain. It is found that the compensated system performs close to ideal system. The mean square error (MSE) of the estimated channel is computed and MSE reduces with increase in signal to noise ratio (SNR), pilot power ratio (PPR) and with reduction in mobility.

Estimation and Compensation of IQ Imbalance for OTSM Systems

Recently, orthogonal time sequency multiplexing (OTSM) waveform was proposed using Walsh Hadamard transform (WHT) for doubly-dispersive channels at a lower modulation/demodulation complexity than orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) waveform. At high frequencies, hardware imperfections such as in-phase and quadrature (IQ) imbalance is prominent at the transceiver. In this letter, the input-output (I/O) relation in the delay-sequency domain is derived under these impairments at the receiver. The impairment parameters are estimated in the delay-time domain and are compensated in the time domain using proposed dual pilot approach. The normalized mean square error (NMSE) of the estimated imbalance parameters is evaluated and it is observed that NMSE reduces with increase in SNR and with reduction in mobility. The results are evaluated with OTFS system and it is observed that the NMSE performance of OTSM is similar to OTFS under high pilot power and high SNR at no excess pilot power. The bit error rate performance of the compensated system is evaluated and its performance is close to the ideal system.

Dual Pilot Scheme (DPS) and Its Application in Massive MIMO

The pilot scheme currently used in 5th generation (5G) cellular networks assigns the same set of orthogonal pilot signals to all cells. This results in inter-cell interference, also known as pilot contamination , which can significantly degrade performance, especially in massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems. To mitigate this interference, we propose a novel Dual Pilot Scheme (DPS) that assigns a slightly modified set of nearly-orthogonal pilot signals. DPS is a general scheme that can be implemented in any wireless communication system, including 5G and beyond. We demonstrate the integration of DPS in a massive MIMO system in both microscopic and macroscopic levels and analytically prove that DPS enables more accurate estimates of the channel state information in the minimum mean-squared error sense, under the independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) and the correlated Rayleigh fading wireless communication channel models. We further validate and demonstrate the advantages of DPS over various channel models of massive MIMO 5G technology by extensive simulations.