Dual Movement Research Articles

IR-Theory and Transformation in the Greater Middle East: the Role of the United States

Abstract This article analyzes why post-Cold War American foreign policy regarding the Greater Middle East (GME) changed course and why the United States having a virtual military monopoly fails to achieve its war aim in Iraq. To that end, the authors consult realist and liberal theory in international relations. Realists have a security-driven policy agenda. They fail to create a micro-level foundation in political man for the posited collective interest at the level of the state. Realists therefore produce indeterminate results. Liberal theory in international relations does have a micro-foundation in explanations of foreign policy choices in the form of the economic man. Liberal scholars therefore inquire into domestic sources of foreign policy decisions. However, the liberal national interest is not just a summation of private actor interests. These dominant approaches therefore fail to explain US foreign policy choices and policy outcomes in the region under study.The three quotations below create the problematic of this study:Today we are presented with a unique strategic opportunity. For more than 50 years we were constrained by a bipolar rivalry with a superpower adversary. Today and tomorrow, we have an opportunity to pursue a strategy of engagement and to design a military force to help the strategy succeed. I fully agree with the defense strategy of helping to shape the environment to promote US interests abroad.John Shalikashvili, Clinton's Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1997)[Y]ou live now in the Mohammedan nation which, if the traveler's accounts are to be believed, is intelligent and even refined. What is this irredeemable decadence dragging it down through the centuries? Is it possible that we have risen while they remain static? I do not think so. I rather think that the dual movement has occurred in opposite directions […] European races are often the greatest rogues, but at least they are rogues to whom God gave the will and the power and whom he seems to have destined for some time to be at the head of mankind […] the European is to other races of mankind what man himself is to the lower animals: he makes them subservient to his use, and when he cannot subdue he destroys them.Alexis de Tocqueville (1962: 75-76)Why is it that we did not complete our cultural journey, and how is it that we have ended up today in the very worst of times? What is it that made our predecessor pore over their desks, writing down and recording the marvels of mathematics and sciences and searching out the skies with the stars and constellations in order to discover their secrets, and driven by the love of knowledge, to study medicine and to devise medicaments even from the stomachs of bees […] Andalus became a lost place, then Palestine became Andalus.Mahmud Darwish (2004)

"I Am Not He": Narcissus and Ironic Performativity in Medieval French Literature

Scholars have discussed extensively the medieval French use of Narcissus and mirrors to figure love experience. However, the claim to be like Narcissus is often closely associated with a counter-claim to be unlike him. Focusing on Benoît de Sainte-Maure's Roman de Troie, Bernart de Ventadorn's 'Can vei la lauzeta mover', and Guillaume de Lorris's "Roman de la rose", the article argues that this counter-claim is caught up in a larger process of affirmation. For a loving subject really to become like Narcissus requires both the establishment and the negation of such an identification. Examining this dual movement entails a reconceptualization of Narcissus.

Temporal discrimination of two passive movements in humans: a new psychophysical approach to assessing kinaesthesia

Percutaneous electrical stimulation of the motor point of the first dorsal interosseous muscle (FDI) was used to produce a non-painful contraction of the FDI muscle that caused index finger abduction movement but no radiating cutaneous paraesthesias or sharp sensations localized to joints. Pairs of stimuli separated by different time intervals were given and subjects were asked to report whether they perceived a single or a double index finger abduction movement. The threshold value was the shortest interval for which the subjects reported two separate index finger abduction movements. Temporal discrimination movement thresholds (TDMT) were measured for both right and left hand. To assess the possible role of muscle and cutaneous afferents in temporal discrimination, we investigated the effects of high-frequency (20 Hz) electrical stimulation of the right ulnar and radial nerves on TDMT. In humans, muscle afferents from FDI are supplied by the ulnar nerve whereas the cutaneous territory overlying the muscle and joint is supplied by the radial and median nerves. Threshold values were not significantly different for right (75.1 ms) and left (75.6 ms) hands. During ulnar and to a lesser extent during radial nerve stimulation, TDMT values were significantly increased (119.2 and 93.5 ms, respectively) compared with baseline conditions (78.0 ms) whereas no changes were observed during median nerve stimulation (80.5 ms). These results suggest that muscle, and in part cutaneous, afferents contribute to temporal discrimination of a dual movement. The technique may provide a useful way of measuring temporal discrimination of kinaesthetic inputs in humans.

Measurement of Human Hand Impedance in Dual Arm Configurations

Dynamic characteristics of a human extremity are usually expressed using the mechanical impedance. This paper examines hand impedance in dual arm movements while posture was maintained in dual-arm configurations. The results of experiments show that the orientation of viscosity ellipses roughly agrees with the human sagittal axis, tending to be oriented similar to stiffness ellipses. Viscosity and stiffness amplitude and orientation exceed those of single arm. Our results will be used in human-robot cooperation systems and in analyzing human movements.

Globalization and Democracy: A New "Great Transformation"?

The relationship between democracy and development is (re)considered to set the scene for the pressing contemporary issue of how globalization might affect democracy and vice versa. To move beyond simplistic binary oppositions, we turn to the work of Karl Polanyi who famously posited a dual movement of market expansion on one hand matched by increasing social control over it on the other hand. We see how globalization, at one and the same time, creates a growing process of social exclusion within and between nations but also the social movements that will contest it and seek to democratize it.

Alternative Health and the Challenges of Institutionalization

Through a case study of a complementary medicine clinic in a major urban hospital this article explores the links between two levels of power in the alternative health movement – the institutional level and alternative health’s ‘submerged networks.’ Alternative health is conceptualized as a ‘new social movement’ whose central goal has been to create and sustain a form of life outside of conventional codes and institutional arrangements. The strength of this movement has been its ability to create a cultural laboratory where patients and activists can experience new ideas, authority relations, and identities. Through interviews and observations with the clinic staff and patients, the article asks whether alternative health’s growing success in achieving institutional recognition is coming at the price of alternative health’s submerged networks and core identity. Overall it is argued that complementary medicine clinics located in hospitals have the potential of establishing fruitful links with the dominant health care system but there is a clear danger of becoming absorbed by that system. The other danger is that alternative health will remain marginalized and lose touch with the institutional direction of society as a whole. The article concludes by arguing that alternative health should remain a ‘dual movement’ with institutional links as well as maintaining a close connection to the lifeworlds of patients.

Too Much Culture, too Little Culture: Trends and Issues for Cultural Policy-Making

This paper considers the paradoxical situation confronting contemporary cultural policymaking wherein it is simultaneously centralised in creative city/industries and cultural diversity agendas while marginalised in broadcasting and film policy deliberations. This dual movement, it is argued, is the consequence of cultural policy becoming less its own sui generis domain and more part of a variety of other governmental processes, spheres, knowledges and domains. In these circumstances, effective cultural policy-making is increasingly embracing an agenda of rejuvenation marked by differentiated strategies, knowledges, sites and outcomes.

Biocollage

From the mid-twentieth century onward, our bodies have undergone two ostensibly paradoxical changes: they have expanded outward through the prostheses of electronic communication, and they have contracted to the microscopic dimension of DNA codes. The most visible, though not the exclusive, avatars of this dual movement are the Internet and the Human Genome Project.

Spatial Error Detection and Assimilation Effects in Rapid Single and Bimanual Aiming Movements

In 2 experiments, spatial error detection capability and movement accuracy were investigated in both single and bimanual rapid aiming movements. In both experiments, right-handed college-age participants (N = 40 [Experiment 1]; N = 24 [Experiment 2]) used light, aluminum levers to make quick single and dual reversal movements in the sagittal plane in a time to reversal of 210 ms to either the same or different target locations involving identical (Experiment 1) or mirror-image (Experiment 2) movements. In Experiment 1, the shorter-distance limb overshot the target by 15–23% when paired with a limb traveling at least 20° farther, but no spatial assimilations were shown when movements differed by 20° or less. In Experiment 2, the shorter-distance limb overshot 22–29% when paired with a limb traveling 20° farther, but spatial assimilations were not mitigated when both limbs moved to the same target position. Participants underestimated movement amplitude in all dual conditions but particularly when spatial assimilations were noted. Correlations between actual and estimated errors decreased from single to dual trials in both experiments. The findings suggest that spatial assimilations are caused by bimanual differences in movement amplitude, regardless of movement direction, and that individuals have greater difficulty identifying errors in simultaneous actions, especially when spatial assimilations are present, than identifying errors in single-limb actions.

Water salinization in arid regions—observations from the Negev desert, Israel

The processes affecting salinization of precipitation, surface water, vadose water and groundwater were studied in the Negev desert, Israel. Observations spanning 18 years included the collection of rainfall at three rain sampling stations, flood water at six flood stations, vadose water from four coreholes penetrating chalk formations, and groundwater from 16 monitoring wells tapping the chalk aquitard. Dissolved carbonate dust and evaporation of the falling raindrops result in Ca(HCO 3) 2 facies and increased ion concentration of the rainwater with respect to inland, more humid regions. The exposure of flood water to evaporation during flood events is minimal. The observed Ca(HCO 3) 2 facies and salt enrichment by a factor of three to five in the flood water with respect to precipitation results primarily from interactions of the flood water with the chalk and limestone bedrock, including ion exchange on Na- and K-bearing minerals and the dissolution of calcite, gypsum and halite. The presence of these salts at and near land surface results from the complete evaporation of rainwater in land surface depression storage areas following most rain events. Except for a small portion moving through the low permeability chalk matrix, most of the vadose water moves through preferential pathways and is typically not exposed to evaporation. This dual movement of water accounts for the NaCl facies of vadose water and the variable rates of isotopic depletion and salt dilution observed in the underlying heterogeneous groundwater in the saturated zone. Although the variable mixing with low-salinity, isotopically depleted water percolating from the fractures accounts for the depleted isotopic composition of the groundwater, its relatively low solute content cannot modify the groundwater NaCl facies. Consequently, only groundwater salinity in the chalk is reduced by the preferentially flowing water, but the Ca(HCO 3) 2 facies prevailing in the rainwater and flood water disappears, and the NaCl imprint from the vadose zone prevails.

Foraging behaviour and resource utilization of the aphid parasitoid Pauesia unilachni: adaptation to host distribution and mortality risks

AbstractPauesia unilachni is a parasitoid of the grey pine aphid, Schizolachnus pineti which feeds on needles of Scots pine. P. unilachni females displayed a ‘dual movement system’ when foraging within a pine. They left a colony usually by foot and searched nearby needles intensively, thereby ensuring a maximum probability to encounter neighbouring S. pineti colonies. If search by foot was not successful, parasitoids changed their behaviour and searched needles by flight to cover larger distances. This behaviour was consistent both on uninfested and S. pineti‐infested trees in the laboratory and in the field. In total, females allocated a 15‐fold amount of time into search by foot compared to search by flight, although the overall foraging success, i.e. the number of discovered host colonies, did not differ significantly between the two movement types. However, the reduction of searching time by flight involved also higher travel mortality risks. In the field, P. unilachni got frequently entangled in spider nets when searching by flight and were killed.

3-D for the Nineties — A Wide-Field Stereo IMAX® Camera

To complement its new generation of large-format, wide-field stereoscopic motion-picture projection systems, Imax Corp. developed a unique, compact, 3-D camera capable of 48 frames/sec to simplify production for the filmmaker in the IMAX SOLIDO® and IMAX® 3D formats. This is the first 15-perf 65mm camera to utilize dual movements and fisheye lenses to capture very wide fields of view suitable for 3-D dome-screen projection. The IMAX 3D camera accepts interchangeable sets of fixed interocular lenses and produces separate film images for right and left eyes that can be directly contact printed and projected with no intervening optical printing stages. This article traces the specification and development issues faced by the multidisciplinary technical teams at Imax and discusses the rationale for the design benefits and tradeoffs of the patented configuration.

Societal innovations and the postmodern aestheticization of everyday life

The research presented in this paper is a part of a broader program aimed at clarifying the birth of so called societal innovations. It discusses some key issues for marketing and innovation resulting from the postmodern aestheticization movement. This dual movement is illustrated by two representative case studies, which also serve as a base for a further discussion. Postmodernism is used both as a description of society and as a framework for the analysis. The findings show a combination of post-taylorian marketing and management methods combined with an omnipresent artist-entrepreneur, and they suggest ways of giving an aesthetic dimension to consumer goods.

Eros en seksuele natuur

The aim of this article is to expose a dichotomy between the inter- and intrapersonal aspects of sexuality that haunt the current discourse on sexual normality. This division has led to a dual movement: in one direction to a moral relativism and in the other to an exclusive focus on sexual instincts. Thus, in the current discourse on sexuality, the interpersonal dimension o f sexuality is underplayed, while the intrapersonal dimension is overemphasized. I argue instead for a bridging of the gap between the inter- and intrapersonal dimensions of sexuality. The reason: neither moral relativism nor a rigid deterministic structure for sexual instincts represents an adequate view of, on the one hand the description of sexuality, and on the other the prescription o f the expression of that sexuality. In conclusion, I point to a few consequenses o f the integration o f both dimensions for sexual normality.

EMG amplitude and spatial assimilation effects in rapid bimanual movement.

To investigate whether spatial assimilation effects are due to premovement control processes or postinitiation feedback processes, surface EMG recordings were made from two agonists and one antagonist during both single and dual movements involving the upper limb(s). In the single condition, subjects (N = 7) made 25 Short (20 degrees) and 25 Long (60 degrees) reversal movements using levers in the sagittal plane, in 195 ms to reversal. In the dual condition, both Short and Long movements were performed simultaneously for 75 trials, the last 25 of which were without knowledge of results. Subjects overshot the Short target in the dual condition, showing spatial assimilation effects. Overshooting was associated with increased peak EMG in the initial (premovement) agonist burst, supporting the notion that spatial assimilation effects are modulated via premovement control processes.

L'enfant, cet absent omniprésent de la scène juridique

In order to study the way in which law rules childhood, the author opposes swiss law with its practice as regards the blurred notion of the child's interest. By so doing, she draws through her analysis four parameters which are used by legal practice in order to convey a concrete content to this undeterrnined notion, and like'wise elaborate a specific legal profile for the child, this new character on the legal scene, object of the preoccupations of the swiss legislator, at the time of the revision of the right of filiation in 1976. While examining the child's wavering between parental authority and the authority of governmental institutions, the author puts into light the social dynamics of a dual movement in the child's submission : a) towed by the nuclear family considered as the normative mould ; b) its subordination to new governmental institutions, the hegemony of which surreptitiously but slowly nibbles away the area of freedom of the household. The conclusions of this legal enquiry are enlightering : for the sake of his interest, the child's right of speech is stolen away from him. This appropriation is set in the framework of new public morals which have invested the private sphere with new legitimations.

Matrix scan recording, a new alternative to helical scan recording on videotape

A description is given of the matrix scan (MaSc) method of scanning a magnetic tape using a dual movement of a drum instead of only the rotational movement of a conventional helical scan drum. In the MaSc system the drum is driven in rotation and up/down movement with respect to the tape edge by two motors which are mechanically and electronically coupled. Using a complex servo and control system, which comprises the two motors for the drum drive, and the capstan motor for the tape transport and with a switching unit for the video heads, a very specific track pattern is generated on the tape. This track pattern and low mechanical complexity of the drive gives the MaSc system specific merits for low- and high-density digital video and data recorders. The design is presented of an experimental digital video recorder using the matrix scan principle.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

L'Objet de l'anthropologie sociale

Alain Testart, The Object of Social Anthropology. ? Two tendencies have strongly printed their stamp upon presentday anthropology : a geographical withdrawal and a disciplinary deployment. Given this dual movement, what will remain of the very object of classical anthropology ?

Constraints in the Performance of Bimanual Tasks and Their Expression in Unskilled and Skilled Subjects

Unskilled and skilled subjects were asked to perform a variety of bimanual tapping tasks. Three major effects were seen. First, right-handers performed dual tasks better when the preferred hand took the “figure” and when the nonpreferred hand took the “ground” of the dual movement. This effect was not seen in left-handers. Second, subjects performed a simple slow/fast dual task better when they commenced the task with the fast rather than with the slow hand. This effect was seen in right- and lefthanders. Third, both unskilled and skilled subjects showed marked interdependence of movements such that performance of one hand was a function of movements in the other hand. The results are in agreement with a model that postulates the presence of a superordinate control mechanism that initiates action in subordinate control mechanisms, which in turn set the movement trajectories in the two hands. The results also show that attention is an important factor in the interaction between these two levels of control.

Timing of Initiation and Termination of Dual Manual Movements

Timing of Initiation and Termination of Dual Manual Movements