Dual Languages Research Articles

Depression detection with machine learning of structural and non-structural dual languages.

Depression is a serious mental state that negatively impacts thoughts, feelings, and actions. Social media use is rapidly growing, with people expressing themselves in their regional languages. In Pakistan and India, many people use Roman Urdu on social media. This makes Roman Urdu important for predicting depression in these regions. However, previous studies show no significant contribution in predicting depression through Roman Urdu or in combination with structured languages like English. The study aims to create a Roman Urdu dataset to predict depression risk in dual languages [Roman Urdu (non-structural language) + English (structural language)]. Two datasets were used: Roman Urdu data manually converted from English on Facebook, and English comments from Kaggle. These datasets were merged for the research experiments. Machine learning models, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Support Vector Machine Radial Basis Function (SVM-RBF), Random Forest (RF), and Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), were tested. Depression risk was classified into not depressed, moderate, and severe. Experimental studies show that the SVM achieved the best result with anaccuracy of 0.84% compared to existing models. The presented study refines thearea of depression to predict the depression in Asian countries.

On the role of logical separability in knowledge compilation

Knowledge compilation is an alternative solution to address demanding reasoning tasks with high complexity via converting knowledge bases into a suitable target language. The notion of logical separability, proposed by Levesque, offers a general explanation for the tractability of clausal entailment for two remarkable languages: decomposable negation normal form and prime implicates. It is interesting to explore what role logical separability plays in problem tractability. In this paper, we apply the notion of logical separability to a number of reasoning problems within the context of propositional logic: satisfiability checking (CO), clausal entailment checking (CE), model counting (CT), model enumeration (ME) and forgetting (FO), as well as their dual tasks, contributing to several recursive procedures. We provide the corresponding logical separability based properties: CO-logical separability, CE-logical separability, CT-logical separability, ME-logical separability and their duals. Based on these properties, we then identify four novel normal forms: CO-LSNNF, CE-LSNNF, CT-LSNNF and ME-LSNNF, as well as their dual languages. We show that each of them is the necessary and sufficient condition under which the corresponding procedure is correct. We finally integrate the above normal forms into the knowledge compilation map.

The effect of study-abroad experience on lexical translation among interpreting students.

This study investigates the impact of study-abroad experience (SAE) on lexical translation among 50 Chinese (L1)-English (L2) interpreting students. Participants were divided into two groups based on their experience abroad. Both groups consisted of 25 unbalanced L2 learners who were matched in age, working memory, length of interpreting training, and L2 proficiency. Bidirectional word translation recognition tasks, from L1 to L2 and L2 to L1, highlighted several key findings: (1) both groups were significantly more accurate and faster from L2 to L1 than in the reverse direction; (2) the study abroad (SA) group was more inclined to respond quickly at the risk of making errors, whereas the non-study abroad (NSA) group tended to be more cautious, prioritising accuracy over speed; (3) the SA group were more balanced and consistent in their performance across lexical translations in both directions than the NSA group. These results emphasise the potent effect of SAE in resolving bilinguals' language competition, especially in streamlining language switching, a cognitive process critical for interpreting students engaging daily with dual languages.

Bilingualism and the executive function trade-off: A latent variable examination of behavioral and event-related brain potentials.

The impact of bilingualism on the executive functioning constructs of inhibition, shifting, and updating remains unclear, with prior findings yielding inconsistent results. Several explanations for the lack of congruency have been suggested, including the dependence on observed variables, the impact of test modality on performance, and the need to examine the density of dual languages in the environment. To address these concerns, the current study examined differences between a large group of monolingual (n = 109) and bilingual (n = 152) college students on nonlinguistic behavioral and neural measures of inhibition, shifting, and updating using a latent variable approach. We investigated the impact of test modality by presenting each task in the auditory and visual modalities. Additionally, we examined the effects of language balance and language switching in daily life on the measures of executive functioning. Results revealed greater neural expenditure (i.e., higher ERP amplitude) and weaker performance on tasks assessing response inhibition and shifting abilities in bilinguals. Further, although a neural marker of memory updating did not reveal group differences, performance was stronger in monolinguals. These findings were consistent across test modality. Last, language balance was a stronger predictor of behavioral and neural measures than language switching frequency. Our findings highlight the importance of examining differences at the latent level and exploring the influence of linguistic balance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Code-switching costs from Chinese-English relative clauses processing.

The source of costs is a primary concern in code-switching, yet a consensus has not yet been reached. This study investigates whether code-switching during syntactic processing in Chinese-English dual languages results in a cost. We use Chinese and English relative clauses in either object (Experiment 1) or subject (Experiment 2, which has a more complex structure) positions to test the costs in syntactic processing. Forty-seven Chinese-English bilinguals and 17 English-Chinese bilinguals participated in acceptability judgment tests and self-paced reading experiments. The statistical findings indicate that syntactic processing is a source of the costs incurred in code-switching, as evidenced by the code-switching costs observed in the head movement during relative clause comprehension. The outcomes are consistent with the implications of the 4-Morpheme Model and the Matrix Language Framework. Additionally, the experiment shows that the processing of relative clauses depends on the underlying structures, which is consistent with the Dependency Locality Theory.

Classification of News Articles using Supervised Machine Learning Approach

Today the big challenge for NEWS organization to well organize the news and well categorize the news in automatically no need the data entry people to enter and select the category and then based on the category and its sub-category they will be manually selected and enter the details and then after this the analysis will later on used for different aspects. The news is almost every second used in different sources of media in soft and hard. We use the both sources of the Pakistan News in dual languages English and Urdu both and process them and prepare them for machine learning and based on the Machine learning trained data we build a very effective and efficient model that can predict the title category of the news and category of description of the news. We use different machine learning algorithms and different features extraction finally we build the model using the machine learning algorithm with 89% accuracy with logistic regression.

An Application of Grosjean’s (2001) Bilingual’s Language Modes on English Language Teaching as Medium of Instruction in Ghanaian Primary Schools

Bialystok (2015) argues that the bilingual’s cognitive benefit is related to the continuous supervision and the need for conflict resolution that happens when dual languages are co-activated. One framework that clearly projects the experience of the bilingual, in terms of swapping languages is the bilingual’s language modes (BLMs) by Grosjean (2001). In this review paper, we have highlighted the policy of medium of instruction for teaching English in primary schools in Ghana. Again, we have briefly described the tenants of the BLMs, and demonstrated how these modes can be applied on the Ghanaian bilingual primary schools. On the basis of the BLMs, we argue that the most suitable medium of instruction for teaching and learning of English as a second language at the primary level (primary 1 - 6) of a diverse Ghanaian multilingual society should be English language, and the mother tongue of the community within which the school is situated. This argument is in conformism with Anyidoho (2009), and Owusu et al. (2015). Consequently, this paper would enable the key stakeholders of Ghanaian primary schools, to reexamine the policy of instruction for teaching English in Ghanaian primary schools, by placing prominence on the first language of the various speech communities in Ghana.

Economics Students Performance: Does Language Matter?

The purpose of this study is to identify language influence on students' performance. This study involves 55 undergraduate student who are taking the Economic Principles course at the Sultan Idris Education University. The specific objectives of the study are; to identify the choice of language for the examination, to determine students' exam performance in both languages, and lastly to measure mean score difference by language and by gender. The data are analyzed by using descriptive statistics, paired-sample-test, and one way ANOVA. Comparisons between the mean scores show students perform better in the exam conducted in Malay language compared to exams in English. The result of the paired-sample-test provides indication that there is a significant difference between the two mean scores. The one-way ANOVA test has recorded significant results in the exam conducted in English only. The findings provide two main implications. Firstly, there is a significant difference in students’ performance when the exam is conducted in Malay and in English languages. It is highly recommended the exams are prepared in dual languages (English and Malay) in order to maximize the opportunity of the good and the weak students in English to achieve their highest score in the examination. Secondly, the results also reflect that the level of English language proficiency of the students at this institution is not at competitive level, or is weaker than their level of understanding in Malay language. In relating to this, the institution may want to reconsider the structure of the English program provided for the weak. This is a correction program so that in the long run the English language program and courses at the university succeeded in producing quality students in English proficiency; equivalent to their skills in Malay language domination.

MothSutra: For Bicycle Delivery Men – translating across dual nations, cultures, and languages

This essay examines Mothsutra: For Bicycle Delivery Men, a visual composite poetic work in English with illustrations by Chinese American writer, Russell C. Leong, translated into Chinese by Xinqiu Xie. Leong and Xie describe and critique the nature of cross-cultural translation that embodies three dimensions: that of nation (US and China), culture (immigrant working class), and language (English and Chinese).

Mobility and fusion in the literary field: the maverick poetry of Dolors Miquel

With the aim of exploring the correlations between sociological and aesthetic areas, this article examines the mobility of poet Dolors Miquel in the Catalan literary field, where she has occupied positions ranging from the poetics of orality to ruralism, and where her work has been printed in the commercial press as well as underground publications. This paper ties that mobility in with practices of fusion such as the parodical discourse and camp, based on the hypothesis that in literatures affected by subordination, as is the case of Catalan literature, the partial overlapping of the spheres of general and restricted consumption is conducive to the emergence of dual languages. The satire, the revision of tradition, and the purposely “low-cost” tone that characterise Miquel’s poetry can be read as discourses formed by the combination of popularised stagings and elitist knowledge. Although this combination compromises the distinction between select minority and mass public audiences, it offers new answers to a question posed in the Catalan literature from the 1960s on and which continues to apply today: the question as to the space to be occupied by popular literature.

MAKING A PROFILE BOOK ABOUT MALAY TRADITIONAL FOOD AND DRINKS OF BENGKALIS

Abstract :Traditional food is a legacy of culture and heritage from the past which can still be served and tasted today. Since the majority of ethnic in Bengkalis Island is Malay, therefore this island is also familiar with the Malay traditional food. Unfortunately, recently this traditional food is less known by the people – both local, national or international. The research question was “Is there a profile about Malay traditional food of Bengkalis in dual languages (English and Bahasa Indonesia)? Meanwhile, the purpose of giving information and maintaining the local traditional cultural heritage of Bengkalis Malay cuisines, the objective of this study was about to make a profile book about Malay traditional food of Bengkalis in dual languages (English and Bahasa Indonesia) as one of promotional media to promote Bengkalis tourism towards local and international tourists. The result of this study was a profile book entitled “Bengkalis Malay Traditional Food”. The method used in this study was descriptive research. It explained what existed and helped to find solution toward the problems. The profile book consists of 30 pages and discusses 5 kinds about Malay traditional food of Bengkalis, such as: Masakan (dishes), Masakan Sepinggan (snacks), Kue Basah (cakes), Kue Kering (biscuits), and Minuman (beverages). The study is expected to give some helps to the local government, especially the Tourism Department, with a promotional item in form of profile book to promote local traditional food of Bengkalis for both local and international tourists. Keywords: Profile Book, Malay Tradition, Food.

Culturally Responsive Teaching and Bilingual Studentss Literacy Skills in the Middle East

The Middle East is a region where educational programs are shifting from single language instruction to dual languages instructions. While working in many schools in the region, I witnessed many children at the elementary level who spoke fluent English, but when it comes to reading they are not equipped with the proper literacy skills to write or read a complete sentence correctly. Western studies (Gay, 2010; McIntyre & Hulan, 2013; Palmer & Martinez, 2013; Rueda & Stillman, 2012; Sheryl & Suleiman, 1993) offer many solutions to this problem, mostly emphasizing on equipping teachers with cultural awareness skills to help diverse students build and develop their literacy skills in their second language, that is in this case, English. Most of Arab countries, specifically in the Arabian Gulf area, recruit native English-speaking teachers to teach English. However the question raised is how much these teachers are aware of the culture of the Arab students? This question initiates school administrators and stakeholders consider hiring foreign teachers that possess an awareness of the culture of their students. This is the main purpose of this paper is to present what the literature indicates regarding teachers with culture awareness skills. It investigates the characteristics of teachers that are culturally responsive and how these characteristics have a positive impact on developing English literacy skills in Arab students. It is a platform for new researches in the Middle East regarding the students’ acquisition of well-developed English literacy skills.

Culturally Responsive Teaching and Bilingual Students’ Literacy Skills in the Middle East

The Middle East is a region where educational programs are shifting from single language instruction to dual languages instructions. While working in many schools in the region, I witnessed many children at the elementary level who spoke fluent English, but when it comes to reading they are not equipped with the proper literacy skills to write or read a complete sentence correctly. Western studies (Gay, 2010; McIntyre & Hulan, 2013; Palmer & Martinez, 2013; Rueda & Stillman, 2012; Sheryl & Suleiman, 1993) offer many solutions to this problem, mostly emphasizing on equipping teachers with cultural awareness skills to help diverse students build and develop their literacy skills in their second language, that is in this case, English. Most of Arab countries, specifically in the Arabian Gulf area, recruit native English-speaking teachers to teach English. However the question raised is how much these teachers are aware of the culture of the Arab students? This question initiates school administrators and stakeholders consider hiring foreign teachers that possess an awareness of the culture of their students. This is the main purpose of this paper is to present what the literature indicates regarding teachers with culture awareness skills. It investigates the characteristics of teachers that are culturally responsive and how these characteristics have a positive impact on developing English literacy skills in Arab students. It is a platform for new researches in the Middle East regarding the students’ acquisition of well-developed English literacy skills.

Dual language contexts in social work practice: the Gaelic in the Comhairle nan Eilean Siar region (Outer Hebrides, Scotland) and Spanish in the Southwestern United States

This paper addresses the complex historical/political scenarios of Spanish-speaking people in the Southwestern USA and of Gaelic speakers in the Outer Hebrides. It examines (1) the historical background and current status of Spanish in the Southwestern USA and Gaelic in the Outer Hebrides; (2) comparative issues in relation to the use of dual languages; and (3) the challenges that communication in more than one prevalent language present to social work service providers. It is based on field research in the Southwestern USA (primarily Arizona) and the Comhairle nan Eilean Siar region (Outer Hebrides, Scotland). While these two areas might appear totally different, the commonalities created by English as the default but not always the primary language of clients in both settings make the comparisons intriguing.

Investigações sobre a construção do fitônimo CAPOEIRA: aspectos do campo léxico-semântico e geolinguística indígenas

O termo <em>capoeira</em> é um vernáculo, uma sentença tupi no português do Brasil. De <em>kaá-uêra</em> procede a noção de “mato que já não é o mesmo que foi”. Essa sentença demonstra a elegante interpretação da tradição indígena acerca dos dados da paisagem. Atualmente, o termo <em>capoeira</em> é muito utilizado no discurso científico ao lado de seu homônimo da tradição ocidental<em>: mata secundária. </em>Pretendeu-se aqui desenvolver a seguinte indagação: porque há uma estranha diferença intelectual entre o sentido de <em>capoeira </em>e <em>mata secundária? </em>Essa estranheza reside no fato do termo <em>capoeira </em>possuir um campo léxico-semântico que abarca, não somente a formação vegetacional correspondente, como também ampla gama homóloga e complementar de fenômenos do ambiente, da fauna e da flora. Algo similar não ocorreu com o termo <em>mata secundária</em>. Para tentar entender o porquê dessa constatação, supôs-se que o primeiro termo é resultado de um pensamento totalizante, de uma tradição contínua repassada desde o passado ancestral, ao passo que o segundo termo é herdeiro de uma recente ruptura: a da fragmentação do pensamento helênico. No Ocidente, essa fragmentação possui um momento simbólico: o julgamento de Sócrates. Munidos dos estudos de Hannah Arendt, foram vistos elementos dessa fragmentação na “<em>separação entre o filósofo e a vida na polis </em>[que]<em> significou a separação entre o pensamento e a ação</em>” (Wagner 2002), o que teve como consequência a “<em>separação entre pensamento e política </em>[...] <em>entre filósofo e realidade</em>” (Wagner 2002). O resultado maior dessa cisão foi a instalação, na tradição ocidental, da dicotomia entre a <em>vita activa</em> e a <em>vita contemplativa</em> que oficializou a própria cisão entre pensamento e ação. Acreditou-se ser esse o cerne da diferenciação intelectual entre o termo <em>capoeira</em> e <em>mata secundária</em>, dicotomia linguística produzida pela consequente cisão do espaço em absoluto e relativo e em natureza e sociedade, questão observada por Smith (1988).

Cross-language correlates in phonological awareness and naming speed: evidence from deep and shallow orthographies

Phonological awareness (PA) and rapid automatised naming (RAN) skills in relation to reading acquisition were examined using two languages, one with a deep orthography (English) and the other with a shallow orthography (Korean). Participants were 50 Korean American children who spoke English as a dominant language (DL) and were learning to read Korean as a sequential language (SL). Parallel measures in English and Korean assessed PA, RAN and reading skills. The results showed the similarities and differences between the DL and SL acquisition patterns for PA and RAN. While PA skills of the DL were a dominant predictor in SL reading achievement, RAN became important for the children with the higher level of SL reading performance. This cross-sectional study indicates that proficiencies of PA and RAN in the DL are the pathway to reading success in an SL. This suggests that a universal thread exists in learning dual languages, despite dissimilar orthography, phonology and writing systems.

Construct Equivalence of a National Certification Examination That Uses Dual Languages and Audio Assistance

This study used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine the comparability of the National Nurse Aide Assessment Program (NNAAP™) test scores across language and administration condition groups for calibration and validation samples that were randomly drawn from the same population. Fit statistics supported both the calibration and validation samples in language and administration condition groups. Furthermore, evidence of the invariance of factor structure of the NNAAP™ scores across language and administration groups was found in all fit statistics when model structure, factor loading, and latent variable variance were constrained to be equal across groups, except unique variance. Thus, the results suggested that this construct was similarly structured (fair) across different language and administration condition groups.

Paṭhamasambodhi in Nine Languages: Their Relation and Evolution

Paṭhamasambodhi is widespread in at least 5 countries in Southeast Asia. Hundreds of manuscripts and not less than 10 versions have been discovered. They are composed in 4 languages: Pāli, Mon, Cambodian and Tai, including Tai vernaculars: Siamese Thai, Northern Thai Northeastern Thai, Lao, Tai Lue, and Tai Khoeun. The styles of composition dramatically vary between detailed enumeration and concision, prose and verse, translation in the style of nissaya and non-nissaya, single language and dual languages—Pāli and another language. The comparative study of the different versions, with emphasis on their content, reveals their relation and the evolution of Paṭhamasambodhi. The Pāli version found in the Lanna region is the oldest complete version. It is probably the original version, which not only is rendered to Tai Lue, Tai Khoeun, Lao and Northern Thai, but evolved over centuries to become the three newer Pali recensions which later were rendered to northeastern Thai, Mon and Siamese Thai. The latter version was finally rendered to Cambodian. The content of Paṭhamasambodhi was gradually enhanced in three phases with different genres: 1) the legend of the Siddhattha Bodhisatta in the Pali of the Lanna region, the Northern Thai the Lao, the Tai Khoeun and the Tai Lue versions; 2) the legend of the Gotama Buddha in the two late Pāli versions as well as the Mon and the northeastern Thai versions; and 3) the legend of the Gotama Buddha's sāsana or teaching in both Pāli and Siamese Thai versions by His Supreme Patriarch Prince Paramanujitjinorot and the Cambodian version. The Northern Thai version is the transition link between the first and the second phase. The result of this study also provides the genesis of Paṭhamasambodhi.

Dual programming approach to software testing

The testing phase of the software development process consumes about one-half of the development time and resources. This paper addresses the automation of the analysis stage of testing. Dual programming is introduced as one approach to implement this automation. It uses a higher level language to duplicate the functionality of the software under test. We contend that a higher level language (HLL) uses fewer lines of code than a lower level language (LLL) to achieve the same functionality, so testing the HLL program will require less effort than testing the LLL equivalent. The HLL program becomes the oracle for the LLL version. This paper describes experiments carried out using different categories of applications, and it identifies those most likely to profit from this approach. A metric is used to quantify savings realized. The results of the research are: (a) that dual programming can be used to automate the analysis stage of software testing; (b) that substantial savings of the cost of this testing phase can be realized when the appropriate pairing of primal and dual languages is made, and (c) that it is now possible to build a totally automated testing system. Recommendations are made regarding the applicability of the method to specific classes of applications.

The Dependency Relation between Oral Language and Reading in Bilingual Children

Issues related to the topic of the dependency relation between oral language and reading in bilingual children were discussed. Literature reviewed includes studies of oral language and reading in monolingual speakers, models of reading processes, phonological recoding as an intermediary process in reading, studies on reading instruction for bilingual children, and the processing of dual languages by bilingual speakers. A model of monolingual versus bilingual reading was developed based on the review of the literature. An experimental study by Chu-Chang (1979) verifying the model was presented. Implications of this model for reading instruction for bilingual children and future research were raised.