Dual Inoculation Of Rhizobium Research Articles

Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan L.) Based Intercropping System: A Review

Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) is a tropical and subtropical leguminous crop it is rich in protein and has high nutrient content and India is the largest producer. Pigeon pea is grown in a sole cropping system as well as with intercropping system it is majorly intercropped with legumes, cereal, and oilseed crops. Intercropping depends upon the interaction of crop species and their management. Intercropping is done between different types of cereals, pulses, and oilseed crops. Some successful cereal and pulse intercropping systems like (mung bean + maize) where, a larger equivalent yield is obtained by seeding maize following four rows of mung beans than by closer spacing. Wheat is mostly intercropped with chickpea, mustard and barley but in irrigated conditions when wheat intercropped with mustard proved more profitable than wheat intercropped with chickpea. In the Mediterranean nation, common vetch (Vicia sativa) is popularly grown with cereals. When maize and cowpea were intercropped in southern Africa, the quantity of nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium in the soil was enhanced. Maize and beans are popular in eastern Africa. However, there are many challenges while adopting intercropping for the survival of the plant. In intercropping of pigeon pea when two or more than crops are sown, they show a synergetic effect, and when it is treated with the biofertilizers like Rhizobium, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), it enhances the growth of the plant, fixes atmospheric nitrogen in the soil, availability of phosphorus to the plant increases the uptake of other micro-nutrient to the plant and plant beneficial microbes. When dual inoculation of Rhizobium and AMF is done, chlorophyll content increases in the plant.

Dual Inoculation of Rhizobium and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Increases Soil-Total Nitrogen, Available Phosphorus, and Yield of Soybean in Vertisols

Soybean is a protein source food crop with high economic value. So far, national production has not been able to meet domestic demand resulting in continuing import of soybean. The use of rhizobium and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as biological fertilizers could be an alternative to increase soybean production. The research aimed to investigate the effect of dual inoculation of rhizobium and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on root nodules formation, AMF development, total-N and available P of Vertisols, and yield of soybean. This study was designed in a completely randomized design) with 4 treatments namely no inoculation (R0), rhizobium inoculation (R1), AMF inoculation (R2), and dual inoculation of rhizobium and AMF (R3), with four replications. The variables observed were the number of effective root nodules, AMF spore density, AMF colonization, soil total-N, available P, plant height, number of pods, and seed weight. The results showed that dual inoculation of rhizobium and AMF had a better effect on the number of effective root nodules, AMF spore density, AMF colonization, soil total- N, available P, plant height, number of pods, and seed weight compared to the single inoculation and un-inoculated treatments

Influence of Crop Establishment Practices and Microbial Inoculants on Nodulation of Summer Green Gram (Vigna radiata) and Soil Quality Parameters

A field experiment was carried out during summer season in 2018 at New Delhi to study the effect of crop establishment practices and microbial inoculation on nodulation of summer green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] and soil quality parameters. The experiment was laid out in split plot design and treatments were replicated thrice. The experiment included nine treatment combinations including three crop establishment practices viz., conventional tillage, zero tillage and zero tillage with chick pea residue @ 2.5 t/ha in main plots and three microbial inoculation treatment viz., control (no inoculation), dual inoculation of Rhizobium + PSB and combined inoculation of Rhizobium+ Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) + Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi in sub-plots. Results showed that zero tillage with residue produced significantly higher no. of root nodules/plant and root nodule weight/ plant at 25, 35 and 45 DAS. The same treatment showed significantly superior soil chemical parameters viz., available N, P and K and soil microbial parameters like dehydrogenase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) over other two treatments. Seed inoculation with Rhizobium+ PSB + AM Fungi was significantly superior to other two treatments with regard to no. of root nodules/ plant and root nodule weight/ plant at 25, 35 and 45 DAS, soil chemical and microbial parameters.

INFLUENCE OF MINERAL FERTILIZATION DEDUCTION WITH RHIZOBIUM AND MYCORRHIZA DUAL INOCULATION ON TWO BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.) CULTIVARS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS

Two field experiments were conducted 2015 and 2016 to study theinfluence of rhizobium and/or mycorrhiza inoculation under 50% ofrecommended mineral nitrogen and phosphorus doses compared with 100%recommended doses of nitrogen and phosphorus (control) on growth, podsyield and its components and leaf chemical constituents of snap bean cvs.Paulista and red kidney bean plants. The obtained results, obviously, studyrevealed that the red kidney bean showed better performance significantly thanPaulita for all the studied characters, in both seasons. Fertilization treatment of100%NP and/or 50%NP + dual inoculation with rhizobium and mycorrhiza gavethe most favorable effect comparing with other fertilization treatments for allstudied characters, in both seasons; without significant difference betweenthem; except for 100%NP which gave significant higher shoot fresh weightcompared with 50%NP+RM, in both seasons. The interaction effect betweenbean cultivars and fertilization treatments showed significant superiority of100%NP or 50%NP+ dual inoculation of rhizobium and mycorrhiza with redkidney bean for most cases without significant difference between them, inboth seasons. Results of this investigation referred to the ability of reducingnitrogenous and phosphorus mineral fertilization with 50% by using the dualinoculation of mycorrhiza and Rhizobium for achieving the same growth andyield with lowering the consequential environmental hazardous from intensivemineral fertilization use.

Microbial inoculation of Rhizobium and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria along with inorganic fertilizers for sustainable yield of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill

ABSTRACTA field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of microbial inoculants and inorganic fertilizers for sustaining the yield of soybean. Application of 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) gave significantly highest yield (2433 kg ha−1) over 75% RDF (2317 kg ha−1) and without RDF (2205 kg ha−1). Seeds inoculated with Rhizobium (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (2480 kg ha−1) gave significantly highest soybean yield over without inoculation (2191 kg ha−1). Rhizobium and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria with 100% RDF (2674 kg ha−1) gave significantly highest seed yield than rest of the treatment combinations. Root nodules and their dry weight were remained un-influenced due to fertilizer levels, whereas in bio-fertilizers, it was significantly higher with Rhizobium inoculation (24.3 and 408 mg, respectively) followed by dual inoculation of Rhizobium and PSB. 100% RDF and dual inoculation with Rhizobium and PSB earned Rs. 47916/- and Rs. 51182/- net returns per ha, respectively.

Economic analysis of application of phosphorus, single and dual inoculation of Rhizobium and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus)

This study investigates the economic returns of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) by the use of phosphorus and biofertilizers [Rhizobium and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)] in Indian Punjab. The field experiments were conducted during Rabi 2013-14 and 2014-15 with combinations of four levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 30 and 40 kg P2O5 ha-1) and two/four biofertilizer treatments [uninoculated control and Rhizobium (LLR 12) + PGPR (RB 2)] in 2013-14, and uninoculated control, Rhizobium, PGPR and Rhizobium + PGPR in 2014-15) by replicating thrice. The use of 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 provided the highest gross returns whereas net returns and B:C were highest at 30 kg P2O5 ha-1. The combination of Rhizobium + PGPR + 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 provided the highest gross returns (Rs. 45902) whereas Rhizobium + PGPR+ 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 provided the highest net returns (Rs 20620). Furthermore, the integrated use of Rhizobium + PGPR + 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 provided higher net returns (Rs 20620) and B:C (1.88) as compared to sole application of 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 (Rs 18792 and 1.72). Thus, there was a net saving of 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 with the use of Rhizobium + PGPR inoculation without sacrificing the economics returns.

Effect of fertilizers at various levels of recommended dosages with organic manures and seed inoculation on phosphorus fractions in postharvest soils

A field experiment was conducted at KVK, Srinagar during two consecutive Kharif of 2009-10 and 2010-11 to study the effect of fertilizers at various levels of recommended dosages with organic manures and microbial inoculation of seeds on the contents of different P fractions (Fe-P, Al-P and Ca-P) in postharvest soils under temperate conditions. The field experiment with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merill] as the crop was laid out with 18 treatments viz. three levels of recommended dosages (RD) of inorganic fertilizers (50, 75 and 100% RD) along with organic manures (control, and FYM and Dalwood, both at 10 t ha-1) and biofertilizers by means of seed inoculation (control and dual inoculation with Rhizobium + PSB), in complete randomised block design. Each treatment was replicated thrice. The results revealed that the application of inorganic fertilizers, organic manures and bio-inoculation (INM) significantly increased the Fe-P, Al-P and Ca-P fractions in postharvest soils. With the application of fertilizers at 100 per cent level of RD along with the manures and seed inoculation, postharvest soil Fe-P, Al-P and Ca-P contents were higher than when the fertilizers were applied at 50 and 75 per cent level of RD. FYM proved to be superior to Dalweed towards increasing the levels of soil P fractions (Fe-P, Al-P and Ca-P). The levels various inorganic P-fractions increased also with dual inoculation of Rhizobium and PSB of the seeds.

The effect of co-inoculation of pea plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium on the nodulation, growth and productivity.

Soil microorganisms can be used to decrease the input of fertilizers, pesticides and other chemicals. Among soil microorganisms, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Rhizobium spp. can promote plant growth. Integration of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus with Rhizobium spp. thus appears to be a promising approach for sustainable agriculture. The study evaluated the response of pea (Pisum sativum) to AMF species Glomus fasciculatum and Glomus intraradix and Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae, regarding the growth, nodulation and yield. Pea plants were grown in pots until the flowering stage (35 days). Five replicates of control, with Rhizobium and mycorrhiza alone and the dual inoculation of Rhizobium and AMF were maintained during present studies. The obtained results demonstrated that the dual inoculation of pea plants significantly increased the plant growth, nodule biomass and nodule number in comparison with single inoculation with AMF and Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae.

Influence of Glomus–Rhizobium Symbiosis on Productivity, Root Morphology and Soil Fertility in Garden Pea in Himalayan Acid Alfisol

ABSTRACTThe influence of dual inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Rhizobium was assessed on garden pea productivity, root morphology and soil fertility during 2011–2012 at Palampur, India, in a medium phosphorus (P) acid Alfisol. Field experimentation comprised 13 treatments involving Rhizobium, AMF and inorganic fertilizers in (RBD) replicated thrice. The dual inoculation of Rhizobium and AMF exhibited nominal effect on pea pod length, pod girth and number of seeds per pod. However, average pod weight (APW) and productivity increased by 14.1 and 20% following dual inoculation, respectively, over generalized recommended nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) dose general recommended dose (GRD). Dual inoculation of pea seed with both symbionts sharply increased the root volume (RV), root dry weight (RDW), root weight density (RWD) and root nodules per plant by 34.5, 13.3, 13 and 44%, respectively. Similarly, the highest AMF root colonization was registered under dual-inoculated plots compared to sole application of Rhizobium or AMF. Different treatments including dual-inoculated ones did not alter the soil organic carbon (SOC), available N, K and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable micronutrients iron, zinc, copper and manganese (Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) status significantly; however, a nominal buildup in the above-mentioned parameters was registered under dual inoculation. Available P status increased to the tune of 6.7 and 8.7% following dual inoculation with Rhizobium and AMF over their respective sole inoculations. Overall, the current study suggests that Glomus–Rhizobium symbiosis has great potential in enhancing productivity through better proliferation of the root system and improved soil fertility status. Furthermore, dual inoculation of AMF and Rhizobium can save up to 25% fertilizer N and P in garden pea in acid Alfisol of the northwestern Himalayas (NWH).

Interaction effect of inorganic and biofertilizers on biomass production of Dalbergia Sissoo seedlings

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of inorganic and biofertilizers, alone and in combination, on biomass production of Dalbergia sissoo seedlings. The treatments comprised of all possible thirty-six combinations of three levels of nitrogen, three levels of phosphorus and four biofertilizers levels. Dual inoculation with Rhizobium and VAM resulted in significantly higher fresh and dry weight of shoot and root as against single inoculation of Rhizobium or VAM and uninoculated control. Inoculation with Rhizobium or VAM alone resulted in higher shoot fresh weight and dry weight as compared to control. Biomass production was increased with application of nitrogen and phosphorus. Dual inoculation of Rhizobium + VAM combined with application of 30 kg ha-1 and 75 kg P2O5 ha-1 produced seedlings with approximately three times more shoot and root biomass than uninoculated and unfertilized control.

Induction of fungal disease resistance in Vicia faba by dual inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

Infection of Vicia faba with Bothytis fabae causes significant decreases in growth vigour, total nitrogen content, number of nodules and nutrient accumulation. Na-uptake and phenolics concentration increased compared to that of noninfected plants. In contrast, dual inoculation of Rhizobium and VA mycorrhizae increased all above parameters suggesting a distinct improvement of the plants. The results also revealed that an inverse correlation may exist between phenolic, calcium, magnesium and zinc concentrations in mycorrhizal plant tissues grown in presence of rhizobial bacteria and the disease severity. From these findings we conclude a possible role of both VA mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobial bacteria in the decrease of susceptibility of plants.

EFFECT OF COMBINED INOCULATION OF Rhizobium sp., Azospirillum AND PHOSPHOBACTERIA IN GROUNDNUT

A filed trial was conducted at the Agricultural Research station, Aliyarnagar to study the effect of combined inoculation of rhizobial strains viz.. Tt9 and TNAU 14 along with Azospirillum brasilense Sp 7 and phosphobacteria (Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum) PB 1 in groundnut var. Co.1. The combined inoculation of Rhizobium, Azospirillum and phosphobacteria produced maximum crop growth nodule number, plant nutrient content and yield compared to individual inoculation or dual inoculation of Rhizobium with Azospirillum or phosphobacteria.

Field inoculation of Medicago with V-A mycorrhiza and Rhizobium in phosphate-fixing agricultural soil

Field inoculation of Medicago sativa with its symbiotic partners Rhizobium meliloti and the endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae was assayed under standard agricultural conditions in untreated arable phosphate-fixing soil. Glomus mosseae was successfully introduced and efficiently stimulated plant growth, N incorporation and P uptake. In contrast with a previous filed experiment, Rhizobium meliloti was also effective when inoculated alone. The dual inoculation of Rhizobium + Glomus more than doubled yield compared to an uninoculated control.