Dual Fuel CI Engine Research Articles

Effect of hydrogen induction on CI engine characteristics fuelled with kapok oil methyl ester-turpentine blend with diethyl ether

This study explores the impact of hydrogen induction and diethyl ether (DEE) additives on the performance of a dual-fuel CI engine. The primary fuel blend comprises 50% kapok oil methyl ester and 50% turpentine oil (50KT) by volume. Hydrogen gas was inducted at a flow rate of 6–10 lpm, and while DEE was added with energy share ratios of 10% and 20%, accompanied by 10 lpm hydrogen induction. The engine was tested at loads ranging from 25 to 100%. Brake thermal efficiency increases significantly with 10 lpm of hydrogen induction while operating on the 50KT blend, increasing from 26.7% to 30.2%, 12% higher than the base 50KT. DEE with 10 lpm hydrogen and base fuel 50KT improves efficiency by 20.22%, compared to 32.2% for the base 50KT blend. The addition of 20% DEE reduced emissions of CO, hydrocarbon, and smoke by 41.12, 23.08, and 7.06%, respectively, while NOx increased by 19.96%. Hydrogen induction improves combustion by enhancing cylinder pressure and HRR by 7.1% and 7.3%, respectively, compared to diesel. The lowest entropy generation rate was 0.025 kW/K for maximum sustainability index and exergy efficiency of 2.26 and 56%, respectively. These outcomes indicate that hydrogen induction and DEE addition could improve performance while decreasing emissions.

Exploring the performance and emission characteristics of a dual fuel CI engine using microalgae biodiesel and diesel blend: a machine learning approach using ANN and response surface methodology

Exploring the performance and emission characteristics of a dual fuel CI engine using microalgae biodiesel and diesel blend: a machine learning approach using ANN and response surface methodology

Synergistic effect of hydrogen induction on the performance, combustion and emission phenomenon of dual-fuel CI engine with Chlorella vulgaris algae oil and its methyl ester

The present work aims to investigate the cumulative effect of hydrogen enrichment with the fuels of diesel, Neat chlorella vulgaris oil (NCVO), and Chlorella vulgaris methyl ester (CVME) in a mono-cylinder CI engine. The performance, combustion, and emission parameters of diesel, NCVO, and CVME are analyzed and compared to the findings obtained with hydrogen induction in the intake manifold under dual fuel configuration. With the effect of hydrogen infusion, the metrics of performance, combustion and emission parameters are improved. Under maximum load condition, the induction of hydrogen escalates the BTE from 32.74%, 28.01%, and 23.02%–35.39%, 31.40%, and 28.12% with diesel, CVME, and NCVO at maximal hydrogen share energy of 14.38%, 11.50% and 9.61% respectively. Alongside, the enrichment of hydrogen declines the carbon monoxide (CO) from 4.13, 10.38, and 19.24 g/kWh to 3.16, 8.02, and 15.26 g/kWh, unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) from 0.51, 0.71, and 2.02 g/kWh to 0.36, 0.50, and 1.64 g/kWh, smoke opacity from 55%, 75%, and 85%–43%, 67%, and 71% with diesel, CVME, and NCVO respectively. However, the hydrogen's significant flame velocity and immense calorific value confect to an elevated combustion temperature and subsequent rise in heat release rate (HRR) to, cylinder pressure, and emission of nitrogen oxide (NO). Among the tested fuels, diesel posses maximum HRR and cylinder pressure of 80.46 J/0CA and 88.67 bar respectively. Maximum specific NO emission was observed with CVME having 10.80 g/kWh, whereas diesel and NCVO has 9.49 g/kWh and 4.93 g/kWh respectively.

Impact of machine learning approach using ANN and RSM to evaluated the engine characteristics of a dual-fuel CI engine

Impact of machine learning approach using ANN and RSM to evaluated the engine characteristics of a dual-fuel CI engine

Computational optimization of engine performance and emission responses for dual fuel CI engine powered with biogas and Co3O4 nanoparticles doped biodiesel

Given the ongoing energy crisis, rapid depletion of fossil fuel globally, and emissions generated due to its utilization, this study investigates the combined effects of Engine load (20–100%), Cobalt oxide nanoparticles doped rate (NDR, 0–100 ppm), Linseed biodiesel blend rate (BBR, 0–20%) and Biogas flow rate (BFR, 0.5–1 kg/h) on engine performance and emission outputs. Computational methods such as response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) were used to establish a prediction model based on the Design of experiment results. The developed RSM model's F-value indicates engine load as the most significant input variable in deciding the value of output responses, followed by BFR, BBR, and NDR, respectively. The statistical analysis using different evaluation metrics suggests the prediction made by the RSM model is more accurate and reliable than the ANN model. The optimization for the RSM model observed an optimal response at 67.53% engine load, 99.998 ppm NDR, 12.084% BBR and 0.694 kg/h BFR, while an optimal response for the ANN model was observed at 79.11% engine load, 61.06 ppm NDR, 11.17% BBR and 0.776 kg/h BFR. The optimization study findings concluded that an optimal combination of nanoparticles, biodiesel, and biogas could significantly improve CI engine performance and emission responses.

Investigations on the effect of H2 and HHO gas induction on brake thermal efficiency of dual-fuel CI engine

Brake thermal efficiency is a vital performance characteristic of an IC engine. This research work focuses on evaluating the brake thermal efficiency of a commercial compression ignition engine used for irrigation and power generation. The dual fuel combustion strategies that used Hydrogen, HHO gases, and diesel. Hydrogen and HHO gas were induced into the intake manifold of engine at six different flow rates ranging from 6 to 36 L per minute. The engine was run with a maximum energy-share ratio of 86% with hydrogen and 70% with HHO gas, respectively. The efficiencies were calculated using the pressure trace obtained along with the four strokes. Under the proposed method, brake thermal efficiency was determined by summing up parameters including closed-cycle, open-cycle, and mechanical efficiency. It was noted that the closed-cycle efficiency of the engine was maximum at the ideal condition and reduced with the introduction of primary fuel. The maximum closed-cycle efficiency was 45% with neat diesel operation, and the minimums were 21.5% and 23% with 36 L per min of hydrogen and HHO gas supply, respectively. Because of the negative pumping mean effective pressure, the engine's open-cycle efficiency remained close to 90%. The engine's mechanical efficiency increased as the torque increased. The engine's performance can be improved by implementing different injection strategies that improves the closed-cycle efficiency.

Experimental and numerical investigation of dual-fuel CI ammonia engine emissions and after-treatment with V2O5/SiO2–TiO2 SCR

Ammonia (NH3) is one of the most promising fuels regaining interest in recent years, as an alternative to fossil fuels. It is often suggested as a more favorable solution than supplying pure hydrogen due to its higher volumetric energy density. In this study a dual fuel CI engine running on ammonia and diesel mixture was tested, as a means to utilize ammonias potential in diesel engines. The injection strategy was port injection for ammonia, where it was mixed with air, and direct injection of diesel oil. A set of different NH3-diesel mixtures were tested. Due to partial substitution of diesel fuel by NH3 the elementary composition of fuel has changed. It increased nitrogen’s and reduced carbon’s mass in the combustion chamber. Consequently, the exhaust species have also changed. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy was used to analyze the composition of flue gas. On top of investigating changes in CO2, CO, HC, NOX, residual ammonia molar fraction was observed. Possibility of using residual ammonia to activate selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system and its effectiveness in different operating points of engine were investigated. As part of the research, a numerical model of operation of the used SCR system was also developed. Results from the experiments have served to validate numerical model. Created model was then used to analyze wider spectrum of operating conditions of the engine and SCR.

Techno‐economic studies on the variable compression ratio dual fuel diesel‐producer gas CI engine utilizing different biomass feedstocks

AbstractIn this study, a techno‐economic analysis for a 3.75 kW biomass gasification power generation system (BMPGS) was conducted by exploiting available biomass resources such as rice husk, coconut shell, and rubber shell as feedstock. Payback time (PBT), net present value (NPV), and life cycle cost are the economic criteria that are delivered by an economic model for a BMPGS. Experimental results obtained on the technical parameters of a BMPGS, show that the rubber shell operated BMPGS has the highest overall efficiency (15.5%), maximum diesel savings (48%), and least biomass consumption (3.3 kg/h). Even though the capital cost of the producer gas driven dual fuel CI engine is higher than the standalone diesel genset power production system, it has the lowest running cost and cost savings per year, making it an excellent choice for power generation in remote locations. The rubber shell operated BMPGS system show a minimum PBT of 2.9 years which is desirable as the cost for installation of the proposed system can be regained within a short period of time. A positive NPV of Rs. 3,90,000 is attained for rubber shell, which clearly indicates in acceptance of rubber shell as biomass feedstock for BMPGS. The sensitivity analysis proves that the uncertainty in input parameters such as the cost of a biomass gasifier, dual fuel VCR engine, labor cost, and the cost of biomass feedstock influence the output parameters of the capital cost, operating cost, and PBT.

Effects of using ammonia as a primary fuel on engine performance and emissions in an ammonia/biodiesel dual‐fuel CI engine

Ammonia is a promising alternative fuel that can replace current fossil fuels. Hydrogen carrier, zero carbon base emissions, liquid unlike hydrogen, and can be produced using renewable resources, making ammonia a future green fuel for the internal combustion engine. This study aims to show the procedure of utilizing ammonia as a primary fuel with biodiesel in a dual-fuel mode. Hence, a single-cylinder diesel engine was retrofitted to inject ammonia into the intake manifold, and then a pilot dose of biodiesel is sprayed into the cylinder to initiate combustion of the premixed ammonia-air mixture. The effects of various ammonia mass flow rates with a constant biodiesel dose on engine performance and emissions were investigated. Furthermore, a one-dimensional model has been developed to analyze the combustion of ammonia and biodiesel. The results reveal that 69.4% of the biodiesel input energy can be replaced by ammonia but increasing the ammonia mass flow rate slightly decreases the brake thermal efficiency. Moreover, increasing the ammonia load contribution significantly reduced the emissions of CO2, CO, and HC but increased the emission of NO. It was found that ammonia delayed the start of combustion by 2.6CAD compared with pure biodiesel due to the low in-cylinder temperature and the high resistance of ammonia to autoignition. However, the combustion duration of biodiesel/ammonia decreased 19CAD compared with only biodiesel operation at full load, since most of the heat was released during the premixed combustion phase. Highlights Ammonia biodiesel dual-fuel CI engine has been investigated experimentally. Maximum 69.4% of the input energy is provided by ammonia in reasonable operation. Higher ammonia contribution in the engine load delays the SOC and decreases the combustion duration. Significant reduction in CO2, CO, and HC emissions in the ammonia-/biodiesel-fueled engine.

Investigation of the effects of oxyhydrogen gas (HHO) flow rate and injector penetration on the performance of a dual fuel CI engine

ABSTRACT Renewable sources of energy help mitigate the environmental concerns associated with fossil fuel combustion and in meeting the ever-increasing energy demand. The use of HHO gas in I.C. Engines becomes promising in this context. HHO gas is a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 2:1, produced by the electrolysis of water. In this research, alkaline electrolysis was used for producing HHO gas using KOH as an electrolyte. This HHO gas was introduced in the intake manifold of the C.I. engine, making it operate in dual-fuel mode. The effects of HHO gas addition on engine performance and emissions were investigated. The variation of diesel injector protrusion (DIP) by +/− 1 mm from its normal position was also studied. This was achieved using washers of varying thicknesses. Three different HHO gas injection locations, namely port, manifold, and upstream, were compared to determine the most suitable position. The simultaneous evaluation of the effects of DIP and HHO injection location makes this study unique. BSFC, peak pressure, HC, CO, CO2 and smoke emissions were observed to be lower, while BTE, NOx and O2 emissions were enhanced for the optimum condition of + 1 mm DIP, PI with 1.63 LPM of HHO gas.

Prediction of Overall Characteristics of a Dual Fuel CI Engine Working on Low-Density Ethanol and Diesel Blends at Varying Compression Ratios

Prediction of Overall Characteristics of a Dual Fuel CI Engine Working on Low-Density Ethanol and Diesel Blends at Varying Compression Ratios

Effects of Using Ammonia as a Primary Fuel on Engine Performance and Emission in Ammonia/Biodiesel Dual-Fuel Ci Engine

Effects of Using Ammonia as a Primary Fuel on Engine Performance and Emission in Ammonia/Biodiesel Dual-Fuel Ci Engine

Investigations on Effect of H2 and Hho Gas Induction on Brake Thermal Efficiency of Dual-Fuel Ci Engine

Investigations on Effect of H2 and Hho Gas Induction on Brake Thermal Efficiency of Dual-Fuel Ci Engine

Ammonia CI engine aftertreatment systems design and flow simulation

Investigation of exhaust emissions and ammonia flow behavior in the exhaust system incorporating with Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) unit is discussed. An aftertreatment system is designed to work without additional urea injection to improve feasible temperature of operating and reduce size. This study is focused on obtaining optimal parameters for catalysis using gaseus ammonia as reducing agent. Its effectiveness is considered as a function of basic parameters of exhaust gases mixture and SCR material characteristics. A 3D geometry of SCR with porous volume has been simulated using Ansys Fluent. Moreover, a 1D model of ammonia dual-fuel CI engine has been obtained. Results were focused on obtaining local temperature, velocity, and exhaust gases composition to predict optimal probes placement, pipes insulation parameters, and characteristic dimensions.

Effects of Gasoline-Diesel Ratio on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Dual-Fuel CI Engine: A CFD Simulation

Recently, considerable efforts are made by the engine researches all over the world, focusing primarily on achieving ultra-low emissions of NOx (nitrogen oxides) and soot without any compromise to high thermal efficiency from dual-fuel engine. In this study, combustion performance and engine-out emission of a single cylinder gasoline-diesel dual-fuel engine are numerically investigated by employing a commercial computation fluid dynamics (CFD) software, especially developed for internal combustion engines modeling. Here, gasoline-diesel relative ratio has been varied to find its impacts on performance of a dual-fuel engine. The results show that, in-cylinder pressure, in-cylinder temperature and rate of heat release (ROHR) are increased with gradual increment in diesel relative to gasoline. Injecting higher amount of diesel directly inside the combustion chamber as pilot fuel might have facilitated the auto-ignition process by reducing the ignition delay and accelerated the premixed gasoline-air flame propagation. These led to shorter main combustion duration which is quite desirable to suppress the knock in dual-fuel engines. In addition, NOx emission is found to decrease with relatively higher percentage of diesel. On the other hand, with increasing gasoline ratio relative to diesel, combustion duration is prolonged significantly and led to incomplete combustion, thereby increasing unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) and carbon monoxide (CO).

Mixing Performance Analysis of Producer Gas Carburetors for a Dual Fuel CI Engine

Mixing Performance Analysis of Producer Gas Carburetors for a Dual Fuel CI Engine

Comparison in the effects of alumina, ceria and silica nanoparticle additives on the combustion and emission characteristics of a modern methanol-diesel dual-fuel CI engine

Methanol is widely used as a potential alternative source for diesel fuel and can reduce the CO, THC and smoke emissions of the CI engines. However, the lower cetane number and energy content of methanol hinder the high substitution of methanol over diesel fuel. Introducing nanoparticles as fuel-additive is an effective approach to cope with this issue. In the present work, the alumina, ceria and silica nanoparticles were separately mixed into methanol in mass proportions of 25, 50 and 100 ppm with the composite surfactant of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (1:1 mass fraction) to create the nanofluid. The nanofluid was then injected into the intake port to combust synergistically with the mineral diesel fuel injected by the other high-pressure injection system, generating the nanoparticle-assisted methanol-diesel fuel mode (NMF). The characteristics of combustion and pollutant emission of NMFs were investigated with 10%, 30% and 50% methanol substituted level (M10, M30 and M50, respectively), at 10–90% engine loads of a constant engine speed. The results showed that the substitution of methanol led to an extension in the ignition delay but a shortening of combustion duration than diesel fuel. The additional introduction of alumina and ceria nanoparticles in each dosage, and silica nanoparticles in 100 ppm dosage, into M10 slightly shortened the ignition delay at 10% load conditions. When dosed into M50 fuel, all the three nanoparticles in various dosages led to shortened ignition delay at 10–50% engine loads. Over the test conditions, the addition of nanoparticles all caused a distinct increase in the peak in-cylinder pressure for the methanol-diesel dual-fuel mode. However, the addition of nanoparticles exerted marginal influences on further reduction of CO, HC and smoke emissions, and even further elevated the NOx emissions for MDF mode by up to 40%. Moreover, the deterioration degrees of NOx emissions for alumina and ceria nanoparticle addition were higher than the silica nanoparticles, and elevated towards the higher nanoparticle dosage and lower engine load.

Effects of oxy-acetylation on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of Botryococcus braunii microalgae biodiesel-fuelled CI engines

Owing to the challenges associated with the application of synthetic/non-modified Botryococcus Braunii Microalgae Biodiesel (BBMB), its poor performance in CI engines has resulted in increased tendencies for non-commercialization of its fuel. The properties of a synthetic BBMB were controlled by acetylene addition. In this study, acetylene was induced with air at mass flow rates of 100, 150, 200 and 300 g/hr in order to monitor the combustion, emission and performance behaviour of a 4-stroke (Kirloskar AV1), 5.2 kW diesel engine with enhanced injection timing, in which the algal biodiesel was introduced as its main fuel. The obtained results compared favourably with those of a conventional dual-fuel CI engine in terms of combustion, emissions and performance. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of the acetylated biodiesel improved by 3, 4, 3.6 and 5% due to acetylene addition. NOx emissions were higher for the acetylated-biodiesel, whereas, the release of CO2, HC, and CO were seen to decrease due to the addition of acetylene. Based on the results, the performance, combustion and gaseous emissions of the biodiesel obtained from Botryococcus braunii improved as a result of adding acetylene thus making it a suitable replacement for the conventional diesel fuel used in CI engines.

Exploring the efficiency and pollutant emission of a dual fuel CI engine using biodiesel and producer gas: An optimization approach using response surface methodology

The present study focuses on optimizing the engine operating parameters of a dual-fuel (DF) engine. Producer gas (PG) and Honge oil methyl ester (HOME) are used as primary fuel and pilot fuel respectively for the operation. An experimental design matrix of 20 different combinations was considered using Design of Experiments (DoE), based on the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of these combinations were experimentally investigated to calculate the performance and emission characteristics of the engine. The objective of the work is to maximize the Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and minimize the exhaust gas temperature (EGT), nitrogen oxide (NOx), hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. The RSM model is developed using the experimental data and further, the operating parameters were optimized using the desirability approach. The optimized combination of operating parameters was obtained at 61.10% engine load, compression ratio (CR) of 18, and injection timing (IT) of 23.30° before top dead center (BTDC). The optimum responses corresponding to these operating conditions were found as 14.23%, 354.29 °C, 52.18 ppm, 39.53 ppm, and 0.51% for BTE, EGT, NOx, HC, and CO respectively with an overall desirability of 0.962. The optimized responses were validated experimentally at optimum input conditions and found to be within acceptable error levels. Further, an economic analysis of the optimized DF system is also carried out.

Performance and exhaust emission analysis of a variable compression ratio (VCR) dual fuel CI engine fuelled with producer gas generated from pistachio shells

In the current scenario, interest in harvesting energy from non-conventional sources such as biomass has mount due to appalling increase in energy demand. In this research work, performance and emission characteristics of VCR engine operating with PG originated from pistachio shells gasification has been determined. During experimentation, results have been acquired by altering CR and brake power and then compared with standard diesel run results. Apart from emission and performance analysis, engine sound level and diesel saving have also been observed. The maximum diesel substitution of 46.66% has been observed in case of dual mode. In addition, NOX fraction in exhaust during dual mode has been measured as 12.06–37.27% lower than diesel run. The results suggested that brake thermal efficiency (ηbth) of 25.71% and 23.81% have been obtained during diesel and DF run. CO2 emission has been measured in DF mode as 17.62–67.14% (at 3.44 kW brake power) more than diesel run. Under similar conditions, CO emission in diesel mode has been decreased (ranging from 63.06 to 73.37%) when compared with DF run. Further, hydrocarbon emission level in DF mode has been discerned as 473–593% higher when compared with diesel run.