Dual Formulation Research Articles

Right to Menopause

Menopause often leads to a dual form of discrimination rooted in age and gender. Frequently overlooked, the side effects of menopause compel many women to leave their jobs due to discrimination or the psychological and physical challenges hindering their work. Recent British legal rulings in favour of women claiming workplace discrimination indicate a growing recognition of menopause as an “invisible” factor contributing to women’s labour market exclusion in the UK. In Spain, despite approximately four million menopausal women, a 2020-2022 search in the Spanish legal database CENDOJ found limited evidence of those claiming disability or impairment due to menopause-related issues as obstacles to their work. This paper conducts an emotion discourse analysis (Koschut, 2018 and 2020) of a representative set of legal decisions in English and Spanish concerning menopause as a workplace hindrance. We aim to examine how employment courts perceive and address this disabling condition that affects women’s well-being and self-esteem. By analysing the macrostructure of both language subcorpora, we unveil the legal narrative and identify lexical characteristics and emotional undertones as linguistic and cognitive tools that stigmatize or ignore this temporary female condition. The present analysis sheds light on the positions taken by judges and the evaluations made by all parties involved in these cases.

Quantitative Convergence of a Discretization of Dynamic Optimal Transport Using the Dual Formulation

AbstractWe present a discretization of the dynamic optimal transport problem for which we can obtain the convergence rate for the value of the transport cost to its continuous value when the temporal and spatial stepsize vanish. This convergence result does not require any regularity assumption on the measures, though experiments suggest that the rate is not sharp. Via an analysis of the duality gap we also obtain the convergence rates for the gradient of the optimal potentials and the velocity field under mild regularity assumptions. To obtain such rates, we discretize the dual formulation of the dynamic optimal transport problem and use the mature literature related to the error due to discretizing the Hamilton–Jacobi equation.

Directional flow in perivascular networks: mixed finite elements for reduced-dimensional models on graphs

Flow of cerebrospinal fluid through perivascular pathways in and around the brain may play a crucial role in brain metabolite clearance. While the driving forces of such flows remain enigmatic, experiments have shown that pulsatility is central. In this work, we present a novel network model for simulating pulsatile fluid flow in perivascular networks, taking the form of a system of Stokes–Brinkman equations posed over a perivascular graph. We apply this model to study physiological questions concerning the mechanisms governing perivascular fluid flow in branching vascular networks. Notably, our findings reveal that even long wavelength arterial pulsations can induce directional flow in asymmetric, branching perivascular networks. In addition, we establish fundamental mathematical and numerical properties of these Stokes–Brinkman network models, with particular attention to increasing graph order and complexity. By introducing weighted norms, we show the well-posedness and stability of primal and dual variational formulations of these equations, and that of mixed finite element discretizations.

A Novel Centralized Allocation Data Envelopment Analysis Model for Carbon Emission Allocation Under a Heterogeneous Abatement Cost: Application Within the Chinese Industrial Sector

This paper presents a mathematical approach to analyzing carbon abatement costs and the allocation of carbon emission allowances in China’s industrial sectors. We utilize input–output data from 30 Chinese provinces between 2009 and 2018 to estimate carbon abatement costs by applying the slack-based measure (SBM) efficiency model and its dual form. The SBM model captures inefficiencies and offers a rigorous framework for measuring abatement costs. Using these costs, we develop a centralized allocation data envelopment analysis (DEA) model, which maximizes sectoral benefits through optimal reallocation. This DEA model is formalized as a linear programming problem, with the aim of determining the efficient allocations of carbon allowances while maintaining the system’s economic productivity. Furthermore, we construct intertemporal, interregional, and spatiotemporal allocation DEA models to examine the dynamics of carbon emission allowance allocation over time, space, and combined spatiotemporal dimensions. These models offer insights into the efficiency of carbon markets under varying conditions. Our proposed new mathematical formulations reveal optimal allocation strategies that can balance emission reductions with industrial productivity. This study also provides novel mathematical frameworks for analyzing the carbon allowance distribution and contributions to both the theory and application of mathematical optimization in environmental policy design. Our findings reveal that China’s industrial carbon abatement costs exhibit significant interprovincial and regional differences. Developed provinces with higher levels of industrial development have higher carbon abatement costs, while provinces with less-developed industrial sectors have lower costs. Under the interregional allocation scenario of carbon emission allowances that consider abatement costs, developed provinces have smaller industrial carbon emission reductions, whereas less-developed provinces have larger reductions. In the intertemporal allocation scenario, provinces with larger industrial economies face greater emission reduction tasks. Under the combined interregional and intertemporal allocation scenario, industrial sectors in coastal developed provinces have lower carbon emission reductions, while those in inland less-developed provinces have higher reductions, mirroring the spatial allocation results of carbon emission allowances.

Investigating the Antibacterial Effect of a Novel Gallic Acid-Based Green Sanitizer Formulation.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of action of our newly developed green sanitizer formulation comprising a natural phenolic compound, gallic acid (GA), strengthened by the Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) materials hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and DL-lactic acid (LA). Combining 8 mM GA with 1 mM H2O2 resulted in an abundant generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a bactericidal effect towards Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas syringae, and Pectobacterium brasiliense) and Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) bacteria (4 to 8 log CFU mL-1 reduction). However, the exposure to this dual formulation (DF) caused only a modest 0.7 log CFU mL-1 reduction in the Gram-positive L. innocua population. Amending the DF with 20 mM LA to yield a triple formulation (TF) resulted in the efficient synergistic control of L. innocua proliferation without increasing ROS production. Despite the inability to grow on plates (>7 log CFU mL-1 population reduction), the TF-exposed L. innocua maintained high intracellular ATP pools and stable membrane integrity. The response of L. innocua to TF could be qualified as a "viable but nonculturable" (VBNC) phenomenon, while with the other species tested this formulation caused cell death. This research system may offer a platform for exploring the VBNC phenomenon, a critical food safety topic.

A novel direct interpolation boundary element method formulation for solving diffusive–advective problems

The capability of dealing with the advective transport term constitutes a challenging issue for the performance of the majority of the numerical techniques, which significantly lose their precision with the increasing in the relative magnitude of this term. Recently, a new boundary element technique called direct interpolation (DIBEM) has emerged, mainly characterized by the approximation of the entire kernel of the remaining domain integrals. The DIBEM model has been successfully applied to several scalar field problems and recently applied to certain diffusive–advective problems with superior accuracy compared to dual reciprocity formulation (DRBEM). Using DIBEM, a broader range of precise responses for flows with higher Peclet numbers can be reached beyond a lower computational cost due to the simplicity of its matrix operations. These advantages are due DIBEM concept that employs a simple interpolation procedure to approximate the kernel of the advective domain integral. However, it was noticed that in some physical scenarios with spatial variation in the velocity field, the accuracy of DIBEM did not have the same quality observed in other applications. Therefore, this work presents a new DIBEM model so that the integral equations include the explicit calculation of spatial derivatives and simultaneously solve the variation of the divergent velocity field if this is not zero. Conversely, reactive and source terms were also included to expand numerical comparisons. Thus, in the proposed examples, the results of two DIBEM models, the standard (DIBEM-S) and the new, so-called alternative model (DIBEM-A), are compared with DRBEM and also with available analytical solutions.

N=(2,2) superfields and geometry revisited

Abstract We take a fresh look at the relation between generalised Kähler geometry and N = (2, 2) supersymmetric sigma models in two dimensions formulated in terms of (2, 2) superfields. Dual formulations in terms of different kinds of superfield are combined to give a formulation with a doubled target space and both the original superfield and the dual superfield. For Kähler geometry, we show that this doubled geometry is Donaldson’s deformation of the holomorphic cotangent bundle of the original Kähler manifold. This doubled formulation gives an elegant geometric reformulation of the equations of motion. We interpret the equations of motion as the intersection of two Lagrangian submanifolds (or of a Lagrangian submanifold with an isotropic one) in the infinite dimensional symplectic supermanifold which is the analogue of phase space. We then consider further extensions of this formalism, including one in which the geometry is quadrupled, and discuss their geometry.

INCREASING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TRAINING SESSIONS USING THE DUAL EDUCATIONAL FORM IN PROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

The dual educational form integrates academic learning with practical training, combining the resources and opportunities of both educational institutions and industry partners. This model has been increasingly adopted in professional educational institutions to enhance students' skills and employability. This article explores the mechanisms, benefits, and challenges of the dual educational form, and provides practical recommendations to optimize its effectiveness in training sessions. The research identifies key factors such as curriculum alignment, industry engagement, and student motivation as critical to the successful implementation of this educational model.

An innovative benefit‐of‐the‐doubt approach for health system effectiveness: a global case study on amenable mortality

AbstractHealth system performance assessment (HSPA) is essential for health planning and to improve population health. One of the HSPA domains is related to effectiveness, which can be represented considering different dimensions. Composite indicators can be used to summarize complex constructs involving several indicators. One example of such efforts is the Healthcare Access and Quality Index from the Global Burden of Diseases Study, in which different causes of mortality amenable to health care are summarized in this index through principal component analysis and exploratory factor analysis. While these approaches use the variance of the indicators, marginal improvement is not considered, that is, the distance to the best practice frontier. In this study we propose an innovative benefit‐of‐the‐doubt approach to combine frontier analysis and composite indicators, using amenable mortality estimates for 188 countries. In particular, we include flexible aggregating weighting schemes and a robust and conditional approach. The dual formulation gives information on the peers and the potential mortality rate reduction targets considering the background conditions. In absolute terms, Andorra and high‐income countries are the most effective regarding healthcare access and quality, while sub‐Saharan African and South Asian countries are the least effective. North African and Middle Eastern countries benefit the most when epidemiological patterns, geographical proximity, and country development status are considered.

Dual formulation of constrained solutions of the multi-state Choquard equation

Dual formulation of constrained solutions of the multi-state Choquard equation

In-house production of [99mTc][Tc-HYNIC-TATE] cold kit for the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors in Pakistan: pre-clinical and clinical evaluation of indigenously manufactured single and dual vial kit formulation

In-house production of [99mTc][Tc-HYNIC-TATE] cold kit for the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors in Pakistan: pre-clinical and clinical evaluation of indigenously manufactured single and dual vial kit formulation

Pharmacodynamics Between a Dual Delayed-Release Formulation of Low-Dose Esomeprazole and Famotidine in Healthy Korean Subjects

PurposeGastritis, one of the most common clinically diagnosed conditions, is defined as the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the gastric mucosa. Drugs for gastritis include histamine-2 receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which reduce acidity in the stomach, and antacids, which neutralize acid. Esomeprazole is a PPI for gastroesophageal reflux disease and gastric and duodenal ulcers that has been shown to be safe and effective at a 10 mg dose. Dual-release drugs have not yet been approved for the treatment of gastritis domestically or internationally. In this study, a dual delayed-release (DR) esomeprazole (10 mg), was compared to famotidine (20 mg) to determine its effectiveness in the treatment of gastritis. MethodsThis study was a randomized, open-label, multiple-dose, 2-treatment, 2-period, 2-sequence crossover study with a 7-day washout between periods. In each period, the subjects were administered one dose of esomeprazole (10 mg) or famotidine (20 mg) for 7 days at each period. The 24-hour gastric pH was recorded after single and multiple doses. The percentage of time (duration%) that the pH was maintained above 4 in the 24 hours after 7 days of repeated dosing was evaluated. FindingsThe mean percentages of time that the gastric pH was above 4 after multiple doses over 7 days of a dual DR esomeprazole (10 mg) and famotidine (20 mg) was 47.31% ± 14.85% and 23.88% ± 10.73%. ImplicationsMultiple doses of a dual DR esomeprazole (10 mg) showed effective gastric acid secretion suppression compared to famotidine with comparable safety and tolerability. These results provide evidence supporting the clinical use of a dual DR esomeprazole (10 mg) to treat gastritis.ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04967014.

Ballistic Photons, Justification of their Structure and Movement Patterns

Aim: The work relates to the fundamentals of quantum physics and photonics, in particular to the formation of photons in two states: elementary particles and electromagnetic radiation, and the parameters of their structure and motion processes. The study of these problems is a relevant and important task, has not been fully studied. In general case, a photon is considered an elementary particle and wave, quantum of energy emitted by its electromagnetic field, which does not exist without moving at the speed of light. However, the presence of the material part of a photon is not always manifested, so a photon is considered a wave of electromagnetic radiation and the photon has no internal structure and dimensions, except for its wave parameters. The process of photon movement is also problematic. It is believed that it exists as a particle at the moment of its origin, and then it is only the movement of a wave, which, when meeting a target, again turns into an elementary particle. Moreover, ballistic photons is not, and their flight occurs by absorption and re-emission of waves by the environment. However, all these factors have contradictions, the elimination of which is the main goal of the work performed. Its scientific novelty is a new justification for the presence and parameters of a ballistic photon and the processes of its movement on the basis of reliable laws of physics. Methodology: The research methodology is based on the general principles of scientific knowledge, on the application of the laws of dialectics and reliable laws of physics. The author's method was also used – this access to the initial level of the material world, which is formed by physical fields and particles on the basis of natural physical constants: the speed of light c, Planck's constant h, gravitational constant G. New Results of the Work: The possibility of the existence of ballistic photons in the dual form of substance and electromagnetic waves is shown, within the framework of the general physical principles of the existence of elementary particles and the real principles of their movement in the material world. It was found that the disappearance of ballistic photons in flight after their birth and their appearance when meeting a target can be explained by their quantum structure and the process of their movement by quantum jumps based on the Heseisenberg uncertainty principle. Conclusions: The presence of the proposed quantum structure of the photon and the process of its movement is ensured by the absence of contradictions with the real laws of the material world that have a strict physical basis. For to confirm the reality of the existence of ballistic photons in the form of a real quantum mechanical particle, having the shape of a regular hexagon with a side of 1/ 6 of the wavelength λ of their radiation, as well as their movement in quantum jumps at 1/ 6 of the length of this wave, an experiment has been proposed. All laboratories with metrological equipment are invited to conduct the experiment.

Exact lattice chiral symmetry in 2D gauge theory

We construct symmetry-preserving lattice regularizations of 2D QED with one and two flavors of Dirac fermions, as well as the “3450” chiral gauge theory, by leveraging bosonization and recently proposed modifications of Villain-type lattice actions. The internal global symmetries act just as locally on the lattice as they do in the continuum, the anomalies are reproduced at finite lattice spacing, and in each case we find a sign-problem-free dual formulation. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Biological Control of Stem Rot of Groundnut Induced by Sclerotium rolfsii sacc.

Stem rot of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) caused by Scelrotium rolfsii is the main threat to groundnut production, causing significant economic losses. The present study aims to provide an overview of the potentiality of Trichoderma viride (Tv), Trichoderma harzianum (Th), Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf), and Bacillus subtilis (Bs), applied either individually or in mixed combination, against Sclerotium rolfsii (isolate SrBKN). The treatment with T. harzianum and P. fluorescens resulted in the highest mycelial growth inhibition (79.61, 83.51, and 86.77%), followed by T. viride and P. fluorescens (75.74, 79.63, and 83.14%). Under in vitro conditions, the combination of bio-agents at 5% culture filtrate proved to be superior against the test pathogen. Seed treatment and soil application of T. harzianum and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg-1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha-1, followed by seed treatment and soil application of T. viride and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg-1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha-1, resulted in the lowest disease incidence (7.40 and 8.0%), highest disease control (69.37 and 66.88%), maximum dry weight (151 and 147 g plant-1), highest increase in dry weight (75.58 and 70.93), highest pod yield (2665 and 2498 kg ha-1), and highest increase in pod yield (96.38 and 84.08%) under in vivo conditions. We present an effective bio-control-based management module from the lab to the field for the successful control of groundnut stem rot caused by S. rolfsii. Based on the results, it is concluded that the dual formulation of T. harzianum and P. fluorescens, followed by T. viride and P. fluorescens, were the most effective BCAs in suppressing the S. rolfsii. Therefore, an integrated disease management module with these BCAs needs to be developed and validated with a farmers' participatory mode under field conditions.

FEATURES AND ADVANTAGES OF THE DUAL FORMOF HIGHER EDUCATION

The advantages and possibilities of a dual form of higher education as a symbiosis of theoretical and professional-practical components of education are considered. In this case, the applicant receives all the necessary knowledge on the basis of a higher education institution (university or college), and practices them at an enterprise or company with which the institution cooperates. This system is currently being implemented in all European countries. Modern professional education, including higher education, lacks practical content. Instead, the dual form involves constant communication between the educational institution and the employer. Enterprises reserve the required number of training places for future specialists in higher education institutions. Students work in their chosen specialty during the entire period of professional training. There are various options for combining training and practice: three days at the enterprise and three days at the institution; classes in the morning, and work in the afternoon or vice versa. Depending on the chosen program and the agreement with the employer, applicants can spend a week studying theory and a week gaining practical experience, or two months attending lectures and the next two months working, developing and improving the acquired skills and abilities. Undoubtedly, the introduction of dual education requires adjusting industry standards and revising educational programs, designing learning outcomes that are required by the labor market. The concept of training specialists under the dual form of education, approved in Ukraine, regulates the rights, interests and obligations of educational institutions, employers, and students. Dual education makes it possible to turn students into mobile, competent, dynamic and experienced professionals who know what they want to achieve. It opens up new opportunities for professional training. At the same time, in the authors’ opinion, it is inappropriate to transform all professional education into dual education; this is a form of education for those who are able to combine study and work experience.

ДУАЛЬНА ОСВІТА СТУДЕНТІВ У ЗАКЛАДАХ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ НІМЕЧЧИНИ

The article reveals the peculiarities of dual education of students in higher education institutions in Germany. To solve the set goal, the following research methods were used: theoretical: analysis of pedagogical literature, normative documents, materials of periodicals on the research topic; structural-logical analysis and systematization; comparison of different views on the problem; generalization. It has been established that the dual form of education in Germany has the right to be chosen by students who study full-time or in other forms of education and have expressed a personal desire and passed the selection process at the employer. In Germany, the following models of dual higher education are presented: higher education with integrated professional (vocational and technical) education (Ausbildungsintegrierendes Duales Studium). This is higher education combined with professional and technical (professional) education. That is why this model is covered by the Vocational Training Act. A special feature is the combination of training in a higher education institution and in a vocational and technical education institution, as well as in a company, where the applicants are in the status of a "student" and not an intern or an employee of the enterprise; higher education with integrated practical training (Praxisintegrierendes bzw. kooperatives Duales Studium). This is the most widespread model in Germany, which involves long-term practice at the company as an intern/trainee. The alternation of periods of stay in an educational institution and in a company depends on many factors, including the type of vocational training; higher education with integrated professional activity (Berufsintegierendes Duales Studium).This is a combination of education and professional activity. Thanks to the dual education model, Germany provides permanent training of qualified young professionals who study with an orientation to the existing needs of enterprises, that is, after receiving a dual education, young people have good employment prospects. Therefore, dual education plays an important role in effectively overcoming youth unemployment. At the same time, the combination of efforts of the state, educational institutions and the economy corresponds to the basic principles of the social market economy, where the state creates the necessary for the free development of the economy. We see the prospects for further exploration directly in the study of the possibilities of applying the experience of dual education in Germany in the system of higher education in Ukraine. Key words: dual education, institutions of higher education, experience of Germany.

Sparse randomized policies for Markov decision processes based on Tsallis divergence regularization

This work investigates a somewhat different point of view on Markov decision processes by reinterpreting them as a randomized shortest paths problem on a bipartite graph, therefore establishing bridges with entropy-regularized reinforcement learning. The graph structure contains the set of states as “left” nodes and the set of actions as “right” nodes. In that context, the action-to-state transition probabilities are provided by the environment whereas the state-to-action probabilities correspond to the (stochastic) policy to be found. The randomized shortest paths formalism (minimizing expected cost to the goal state subject to (Shannon or Tsallis) relative entropy regularization) is then readily applied to this bipartite structure, providing a possibly sparse stochastic policy interpolating between a least-cost and a purely random policy. The algorithm computing the policy is closely related to the dual linear programming formulation of the Markov decision processes to which the relative entropy regularization term, multiplied by a scaling factor balancing exploitation and exploration (the temperature), is added. It is derived from well-known techniques of discrete optimal control, relying on costates (Lagrange parameters) backward computation. In summary, the proposed algorithm allows the design of optimal stochastic – but still sparse – policies, ranging from a purely rational to a random behavior, depending on the temperature parameter.

Modulation instability and extraction of fractional optical solitons in the presence of generalized Kudryashov’s law and dual form of non-local nonlinearity

This research delves into the study of optical solitons governed by Kudryashov’s law of nonlinear refractive index, incorporating a conformable fractional derivative, perturbed terms, and a quadrupled-power law in optical fibers. Employing a novel approach known as the generalized exp(− S(ζ) ) expansion method, we identify novel optical soliton solutions characterized by exponential, rational, and hyperbolic functions featuring a conformable fractional derivative. These solutions manifest as unified bright-dark, singular, singular periodic, kink, anti-kink, and novel solitary waves. We employ 3D, contour, and 2D plots to analyze the behavior of these solutions across different temporal and fractional-order derivative parameters, offering an understanding of their physical interpretations. Furthermore, we perform modulation instability (MI) analysis that depends on standard linear stability analysis to derive the MI gain spectrum, demonstrating how well our methodology works for nonlinear problems in the natural sciences and engineering domains. This approach provides an effective way to investigate optical solutions in various integer and fractional Schrödinger equations.

PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP MODELS IN THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF SPECIALISTS FOR THE CONTEMPORARY LABOR MARKET NEEDS

The relevance of the article is determined by the need to substantiate the characteristics of the application of public-private partnership models in the vocational training of specialists in institutions of vocational (vocational-technical) education, taking into account the contemporary needs of the labor market, capable of working effectively in high-tech manufacturing environments. Objective: To identify and substantiate the characteristics of the application of public-private partnership models in the vocational training of specialists for the contemporary needs of the labor market. Methods: Analysis of normative and scientific literature regarding the development of public-private partnerships in the field of vocational (vocational-technical) education and the summarization of its results – to identify the state of the problem's development and to clarify the characteristics of the application of public-private partnership models in the vocational training of specialists for the contemporary needs of the labor market. Results: The characteristics of public-private partnership models in conducting the vocational training of specialists for the contemporary needs of the labor market have been determined and substantiated. The participation of private companies in co-financing programs for the vocational training of specialists, the modernization of the material and technical base of vocational (vocational-technical) education institutions, and the creation of conditions for internships for students and teaching staff of vocational (vocational-technical) education institutions at high-tech workplaces have been analyzed. Conclusions: It has been found that the effectiveness of public-private partnerships in the vocational training of specialists is ensured through the implementation of models: joint financing of vocational (vocational-technical) education programs; internships for students of vocational (vocational-technical) education at partner enterprises; organization of dual form of vocational education; training of specialists on the order of enterprises. Among the characteristics of the application of public-private partnership models are: ensuring the quality of vocational training of specialists, reducing expenses from the state budget on the implementation of vocational (vocational-technical) education programs, increasing the level of employment in the profession of graduates, and strengthening the links between vocational (vocational-technical) education and private business. Recommendations have been formulated for activating public-private partnerships in the vocational training of specialists through organizing informational and educational work, improving the regulatory framework, ensuring funding for educational projects, coordinating efforts on the part of all interested partners, and enhancing transparency and accountability of their activities, in order to minimize the risks of corruption in the implementation of public-private partnership projects.