Dual Charging Research Articles

An Intelligent Charging Scheme for Lithium-Ion Batteries of Electric Vehicles Considering Internal Attenuation Modes

Charging control is one of the essential functions of battery management systems. Battery charging involves behavioral changes such as electricity, heat, and aging. Balancing these factors is crucial for the safe and efficient operation of batteries. This work proposes an intelligent charging scheme for lithium-ion batteries that considers charging time, temperature rise, and health losses. Firstly, charging aging experiments are conducted to investigate the effect of charging rate on battery aging. Specifically, half cell experiments are carried out to construct an electrode open circuit voltage model to explore battery aging modes. The aging mode attenuation model is proposed based on empirical formulas. Then, the charging multi-objective function is established based on the equivalent circuit, thermal, and aging empirical models. A multi-stage constant current charging optimization scheme has been developed based on the multi-objective grey wolf optimizer. Finally, the feasibility of three targets and dual targets fast charging schemes is verified through simulation and experiments.

A Fuel-Efficient BLDC Motor-Driven Light Electric Vehicle With Single-Stage Onboard Charging System

This work proposed a simple, compact, and efficient scheme for an on-board charging configuration for light plug-in electric vehicles (LPEVs) with a dual charging arrangement i.e., utility grid and solar panel. The system is targeted to develop an LPEV with a low DC bus voltage (<100V) and on-board solar support using a brushless dc motor (BLDCM) drive due to its economic controller, compact drive arrangement, and high efficiency. The designed integrated converter works well under all operating modes like charging, propulsion (PP), and regenerative braking (RB) operations. The developed converter works as a power factor correction (PFC) converter during grid charging as well as performs as maximum power point tracking (MPPT) converter when charging through solar power. A new approach of the controller in regenerative mode exploiting both the drive and proposed integrated control is unique for this system. As a result, the designed system becomes compact and efficient, making it a competitive solution for an on-board charging scheme for LEVs.

Dual positive charging sites for MIL-101 enhanced adsorption of toluene under high humidity conditions: Experimental and theoretical studies

Highly efficient capture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) under humid conditions is a significant yet formidable task for metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Based on the material simulation technique, we proposed implanting a significantly positive-density ligand (DABA) to modify MIL-101 and constructing dual positive-charging centers to improve MIL-101 competitive adsorption of benzene VOCs over H2O vapors both thermodynamically and kinetically. The introduction of DABA containing two –NH2 groups with electrostatically positive charges into MIL-101 resulted in the formation of an open tetrahedral cage with a dual positive charging center. This facilitated strong N-H…π interactions with toluene molecules, leading them to accumulate firmly in MOF pores, and thus dramatically enhanced its adsorption capacity from 17 to 31 toluene molecules per unit cell compared to pristine MIL-101. Moreover, the open tetrahedral cage in D-MIL-101 preferentially captured toluene and occupied the strongest adsorption sites first, thus effectively preventing H2O entry into MOF pores to contact with hydrophilic metal sites. This realized high water resistance and toluene adsorption uptake under high humidity conditions. Results showed that D-MIL-101 had a high specific surface area of 2558 m2/g and a new microporous structure of 9.5 Å size. It presented higher toluene uptake of 4.69 mmol/g at lower vapor pressure of P/P0 = 0.013 and 298 K temperature, as well as 3.3 folds higher working capacity of toluene compared to pristine MIL-101 under 80 % RH. This study presents a novel approach for constructing hydrophobic MOFs using new positive charging ligands and delves deeper into the competitive adsorption of VOCs/H2O in MOF composites for large-scale applications.

PV based OFF grid charging station for E-vehicles using PWM and phase shift controlled interleaved three port converter

In recent years, Electric Vehicles are becoming more popular. The pollution level in the atmosphere can be effectively minimized by using Electric vehicles for large-scale transportation. A battery station is required for continuous operation; however, the Photovoltaic-based OFF grid charging station can only operate during the day. Therefore, the three-port converters have started to arise from a number of current EV charging station developments. In this study, a unique PWM and Phase Shift Controller are proposed to reduce switching losses and to improve reliability. In addition, for Maximum PowerPoint Tracking, a Fuzzy is added to the PV system. Furthermore, an appropriate interleaved boost converter topology is used to create the various charging voltages required for EV and battery stations. The proposed topology is simulated, and the hardware prototype has been created and tested. The result shows that the proposed topology has a better efficiency than the traditional converters.Article Highlights.A dual composite charging station for electric vehicle charging in environment friendly manner.Optimization of power electronics required in Electric Vehicle charging stations.Maximum utilization of battery for cyclic charging from charger and discharging through Electric Vehicles.

Development of a Testing System for High-efficiency Power Recovery Bag Accumulators

Currently, most of the bladder-type accumulator test benches used have problems such as large installed capacity, severe energy loss, and incomplete testing functions. This article focuses on the research of the testing requirements and power recovery issues of bladder-type accumulators. A new type of hydraulic schematic and electrical control system for power recovery bladder type accumulator testing based on mechanical compensation with dual output shaft motor transmission, differential charging and discharging of dual accumulators, and parallel addition of oil replenishing accumulators has been designed. A measurement and control software based on the LabVIEW platform has been developed. The experimental results show that the system’s power recovery efficiency can reach 60.5% by adopting a scheme of mechanical compensation type power recovery, differential charging and discharging of energy accumulator group, and parallel addition of oil replenishing energy accumulator. The testing system can accurately, efficiently, and conveniently complete various performance tests of hydraulic bladder accumulators.

The future of Electric Vehicle Batteries

As the performance of BEVs has received increasing attention in recent years as electric vehicles have become hot, the focus of our research is on a series of problems brought about by the over-engineering of EV batteries that are detrimental to the development of EVs including the charging range of EVs and the problem of excessive weight and solutions to make EVs dominate the automotive industry, we use "swap stations" and "mobile with dual charging ports in a platform with adaptive fast charging of multiple battery systems" are two strategies to solve the above problems. As a result, we found a solution to the battery over-engineering problem. In this way, electric vehicles will be able to stand out in the automotive industry and thus increase sales.

A 24 V to 1 V integrated dual-charging path dual-inductor hybrid converter for improved step-up load transient response

This paper proposes a dual-charging-path dual-inductor hybrid converter that can charge two inductors simultaneously to improve the step-up load transient response. The proposed scheme only introduces one additional switch and capacitor to form a dual charging path during step-up load transient response. All power switches are integrated using 5 V transistors with 0.25 μm HV BCD process. Using type-3 PWM control combined with a fast load transient detector, simulation results show that the proposed circuit achieves 55.4% voltage drop and 23.6% recovery time reduction compared to the conventional DIH converter for load transient step from 20 mA to 4 A.

Smartphone Wireless charging

Smartphones are gradually becoming the most important personal device. In the first quarter of 2013, global smartphone shipments reached 216 million, which is approximately twice as large as in 2011.[1] In the absence of breakthroughs in mobile phone batteries nowadays, mobile phones are unable to run for long periods. For devices to work continuously, the convenience of their charging method is important. Wireless charging is a better solution to get rid of the charging cable and the convenience it brings. One of the main objectives of this paper is to find ways to improve the efficiency of wireless charging by analyzing different designs of wireless charging models, dual coil charging lines, dual charging frequencies, and coupling coefficients as well as the influence of the coil on charging. Based on the review of the different designs, it was found that the dual coil design can improve the charging efficiency in terms of quantity. The dual-charging frequency design improves the versatility of wireless charging. Variations in the number of turns and coupling coefficients of the coils can improve the efficiency of the transmission.

Research on control strategy of dual charging pile thermal management system

With the increasing power of the charging pile, the heat dissipation requirements of the charging pile are higher and higher. In this article, the liquid cooling heat dissipation system is used to dissipate the heat of the double charging pile, and the Lyapunov nonlinear control algorithm is used to control the temperature and compensate the unknown heat load. The mathematical model of double charge pile loop cooling system is established and simulated by Simulink. The results show that the designed nonlinear control strategy has the advantages of fast response and small steady-state error.

Mode on Power Distribution of a Dynamic Dual Pickup Wireless Charging System for Electric Vehicles

Power distribution is critical for the dynamic dual receiver coil wireless charging system of electric vehicles. The power distribution method of the existing wireless power transmission technology mainly distributes the power to the load according to the requirements of different resonant frequencies. However, the existing methods have the problems of low accuracy and low power consumption, so it is difficult to implement in practice. This paper presents a new power distribution method, which can dynamically and accurately distribute power to loads. This method can improve the control speed of the receiving circuit without additional circuit on the receiving side, and realize constant power output and efficiency optimization at the same time when there is no communication connection with the transmitter. Therefore, it is easy to realize in the wireless charging system of electric vehicle with dual receiver coil. The experimental results show that the load-side output power of the dynamic radio energy transmission system can be kept constant when moving, and the maximum efficiency of the output system reaches 91.38%. The experimental results prove the effectiveness of the proposed control method.

Synthesis of Cu-Al LDH nanofluid and effectiveness as a promoter for CO2 hydrate formation

The present study focuses on the synthesis of a hybrid nanofluid (Cu-Al LDH) and the investigation of its effectiveness as a promoter for CO2 hydrate formation. The Cu-Al LDH nanofluid has been prepared using the one-step co-precipitation technique. XRD (X-ray diffraction) and TEM (transmission electron microscopy) analyses have been carried out to evaluate the structural features and particle size measurement. The stability of nanofluid is evaluated using zeta potential measurements. The hydrate formation experiments are conducted in a pilot-scale reactor of 25 L volume with a design pressure of 180 bar. The wall temperature of the reactor is set at 2 °C. The charging of the reactor is carried out in both single and dual-stage at the maximum pressure of 30 bar. The results on the enhancement of gas absorption, total gas consumption, and water to hydrate conversion compared to pure water are reported. Parametric study on the effect of Cu-Al LDH nanofluid concentrations (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 wt%) and molar ratios (Cu2+:Al3+: Na+ = 4:1:4 and 4:1:4.7) have been carried out. The gas absorption process is more sensitive to molar ratio than the concentration of LDH nanofluid, and about 20 times increase in absorption takes place due to LDH nanofluid in dual gas charging mode. The shuttle effect of the nanoparticle is primarily attributed to the increase in CO2 gas absorption. The strength of gas absorption influences the hydrate morphology. Accordingly, hydrate formation is initiated from the gas–liquid interface in low CO2 absorption case, and hydrate slurry formation inside the bulk fluid followed by layer-wise growth of hydrate from the interface takes place in high gas absorption case. Maximum 176.19% increase in gas consumption is observed at 0.5 wt% nanofluid concentration for (Cu2+:Al3+: Na+ = 4:1:4.7) molar ratio compared to pure water.

WITHDRAWN: Dual Battery Fast Charging System for Electric Vehicles

WITHDRAWN: Dual Battery Fast Charging System for Electric Vehicles

Joint planning for battery swap and supercharging networks with priority service queues

Existing network planning models for electric vehicle (EV) services usually treat the battery swap and the on-board supercharging as two independent processes. This study makes an early attempt to design an EV charging network where battery swap and supercharging are jointly coordinated. The swap and supercharge processes are characterized by Erlang B and Erlang C priority queues, respectively. A strategic location-allocation model is formulated to optimize the station sites, battery stock level, and the number of superchargers at chosen sites. Three design criteria, namely, battery state-of-charge, maximum service time, and power grid constraint, are simultaneously taken into account. Meta-heuristics algorithms incorporating Tabu search are developed to tackle the proposed non-linear mixed integer optimization model. Computational results on randomly generated instances show that the priority battery service scheme outperforms the pure battery swap station in terms of spare battery investment cost and charging flexibility. The case study on a real-world traffic network comprised of 0.714 million households further shows the efficacy and advantage of the dual battery charging process for ensuring state-of-charge, service time commitment, and network-wide grid stability.

Interoperability study of fast wireless charging and normal wireless charging of electric vehicles with a shared receiver

Fast charging of electric vehicles (EVs) has been the trend recently. For conductive charging, normal charging can be realised by an on-board charger, while fast charging can be realised by a DC charger which is usually off-board the vehicle. However, for wireless charging, there is a need of a transmitter on the ground and a receiver on the EV side. Therefore, there will be a high-power receiver and a low-power receiver in one EV to achieve dual charging capabilities. To reduce the EV-side cost, weight, and volume, this paper proposes a wireless charging system with a shared receiver compatible of fast wireless charging (FWC) at a small air gap and normal wireless charging (NWC) at a large air gap. The relationship between the coil size and the power level is investigated and a suitable receiver coil size is selected for FWC. The LCC-LCC topology is selected due to its characteristic of output power proportional to the coupling coefficient. Design procedures of the receiver and transmitters are investigated. The simulations and the experimental results obtained from the downscaled prototype verified the effectiveness of the compatibility design.

Analysis and Evaluation of a Dual-Variable Closed-Loop Control of Power Converter With Wireless and Nonwireless Power Transfer

This paper presents a closed-loop controller that regulates the voltage or current at both wireless power transfer (WPT) output and nonwireless power transfer (non-WPT) output simultaneously while using the same set of components. First, a power converter topology that has two types of outputs, a WPT output and a non-WPT wired output, is introduced. This dual-type output (DTO) power converter uses the same set of power components for the two outputs in order to eliminate the transmitter-side circuit in a WPT system, which results in reduced cost and size. Second, a method is presented in order to independently control and regulate each of the two outputs (voltage and/or current) by using two variables, the duty cycle and the switching frequency. The dual-variable DTO controller regulates the non-WPT output by modulating the duty cycle of the switches and regulates the WPT output by modulating the switching frequency of the same switches of the DTO power converter. The theoretical basis and experimental prototype results, including those with dual battery charging, are provided in order to illustrate and validate the presented method.

A Dual-Channel Magnetically Integrated EV Chargers Based on Double-Stator-Winding Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machines

In this paper, a dual-channel isolated magnetically integrated charger is proposed for electric vehicles (EVs). The key is to apply and operate two interleaved power charging channels, each of which is composed of one dual-active-bridge isolated converter and one voltage-source inverter. The proposed configuration not only offers electric isolation under charging operation but also provides modular design and operation for each power conversion channel. By integrating the grid inductances with the double-stator-winding permanent-magnet (PM) synchronous machine under charging operation, the volume and weight of the charging system are saved for EVs. By reconfiguration of power circuits, the proposed dual-channel magnetically integrated EV chargers can be used for both single-phase and three-phase charging operations. The mechanical vibration caused by interaction between grid currents and PM flux can be mitigated by using the dual-channel charging operation. The interleaved operation and the phase-shifted modulation have been proposed for the dual charging channels to offer low current ripple on battery side and better harmonic performance on grid side. Furthermore, chaotic modulation strategies have been proposed to reduce the distinct switching harmonics in spectrum, which will facilitate improving the conducted electromagnetic compatibility in EVs. The experiments have been carried out on a 1-kW laboratory prototype to verify the validity of the proposed schemes.

Safe Distributed Control of Wireless Power Transfer Networks

Wireless power transfer networks (WPTNs) are composed of dedicated energy transmitters (ETs) that charge energy receivers (ERs) via radio frequency waves. A safe-charging WPTN should keep electromagnetic radiation below predetermined limits meanwhile maximizing the transmitted power. In this paper, we consider this requirement as an optimization problem: the maximization of harvested power by ERs subject to the electro-magnetic safety constraints. In order to provide an approximated solution to this problem, we introduce a dual ascent-like distributed charging algorithm that enables ETs to work without global information and satisfy safety constraints asymptotically. We provide an in-depth theoretical analysis of our algorithm which is supported by numerical simulations.

State of charge estimation for LiFePO4 battery via dual extended kalman filter and charging voltage curve

The state-of-charge (SOC) estimation method currently ignores the measurement error caused by the Battery Management System (BMS). In this paper, the characteristic of LiFePO4 battery is deeply studied to explore the relationship between open-circuit-voltage (OCV) and SOC. By the analysis of the characteristic of the curve, the results show that the curve does not change with the battery aging by the capacity correction. Meanwhile, the feature of the charging voltage curve is also analyzed. It is pointed out that the ohmic internal resistance and capacity can be obtained by the transformation of the charging voltage curve, which reduces the workload of the dual extended kalman filter (DEKF) algorithm. Based on the DEKF algorithm, the SOC under constant current and dynamic discharge conditions are estimated. The results show that the estimation error is within 3%. The influence of battery voltage and current measurement noise on the estimation accuracy of the SOC is then analyzed. It is found that the measurement noise increases the SOC estimation deviation. Finally, the open circuit voltage in measurement equation is replaced by the charging voltage. And a new method of combining DEKF algorithm and charging voltage curve for SOC estimation is proposed. The results of the experiments under constant current and dynamic discharge conditions show that the proposed method can eliminate the measurement noise and ensure the accuracy of SOC estimation.

Factors increasing the likelihood of sole and dual charging of women for intimate partner violence.

Sole and dual charging of women for intimate partner violence (IPV) has risen in some Canadian and American jurisdictions since the implementation of pro-charging policies. Adding to the limited research within Canada by examining court cases from a small, Ontario city, sociodemographic and situational characteristics are assessed to determine if the context in which women were charged differs from that of men, or in which dual charges were laid. Women were more likely to be charged if they were younger, in legal or common-law relationships, and in rural jurisdictions. Dual charging was more likely among women in current and dating relationships.

The Numerical Simulation of Composite Explosive Energy Coupling in Underwater Explosion

This paper choose three kinds of explosives and two kinds of charge structure, the inner and outer layer, the left and the right structure. It studies the energy coupling between the two parts of explosives and the influence of charging way of energy output structure. Ls-dyna is used to numerically simulate the process, analyze this kind of composite explosive shock wave overpressure - time history curve and the change of temperature field with time when the explosive blast in deep water. Their energy outputs were compared with single formula of explosive. Simulation results show that: Using the same chemical composition, Different dual charging structure of explosives has an impact on the explosion of the same point load and the heat loss. The energy couples between two parts of explosive.