Dual-band Wilkinson Power Divider Research Articles

Design of dual-band Wilkinson power divider based on novel stubs using PSO algorithm

AbstractIn this paper, a new dual-band Wilkinson power divider (WPD) is designed and fabricated using novel low and high impedance stubs instead of quarter-wavelength transmission lines. The proposed circuit was analyzed using odd and even mode analysis, and the optimal values of design parameters were obtained using the particle swarm optimization algorithm. The designed power divider has input reflection coefficients (S11) of −22.1 and −17 dB at the first operating frequency of 2.2 GHz and the second operating frequency of 14.2 GHz, respectively. It also improves stop-band and fractional bandwidth (FBW) while maintaining a simple topology. The proposed WPD suppresses undesired harmonics from the second to the fifth with an attenuation level of less than −20 dB in the first band and generates a broad stop-band (4.4–11.5 GHz). In the first band, the FBW is 54.5%, and in the second band, it is 20.1%.

A Novel Design Method for Unequal Coupled Line Dual-band Wilkinson Power Divider

A Novel Design Method for Unequal Coupled Line Dual-band Wilkinson Power Divider

Design and Implementation of a Dual-Band Filtering Wilkinson Power Divider Using Coupled T-Shaped Dual-Band Resonators

The paper introduces a novel structure of a dual-band filtering Wilkinson power divider (WPD). Its essential component is a dual-band bandpass filter (BPF), implemented using coupling lines and two T-shaped resonators. The BPF is incorporated into the divider structure to suppress the unwanted harmonics within the circuit. The latter is achieved owing to a wide stopband of the filter. The designed dual-band WPD can suppress third unwanted harmonics in both channels with high levels of attenuation. The designed dual-band WPD operates at 2.6 GHz and 3.3 GHz with a return loss of 22.1 dB and 22.3 dB at the operating frequencies. Furthermore, the insertion loss and isolation are 0.3 dB and 20.2 dB at 2.6 GHz and 0.9 dB and 24.5 dB at 3.3 GHz. The analysis and simulation results are corroborated by the measurements of the fabricated divider prototype. The competitive performance of the proposed circuit is also demonstrated through comparisons with state-of-the-art divider circuits from the literature.

Compact Dual-Band Wilkinson Power Divider Design Using Via-Free D-CRLH Resonators for Beidou Navigation Satellite System

A compact dual-band Wilkinson power divider (WPD) using the via-free dual-composite right/left-handed (D-CRLH) resonators is presented for application in the Beidou navigation satellite system in this brief. First, by establishing an equivalent circuit model and using Bloch theory, a dual-band resonator is further analyzed to gain insight into its working mechanism, which can exhibit −90° phase shift at lower frequencies and +90° phase shift at upper frequencies, respectively. Then, to facilitate the design, ignoring parasitic parameters, a simplified circuit model retaining the physical meaning is presented, and the closed-form formulas for determining lumped element values of a dual-band characteristic are derived. Next, there is a significant rejection performance between two operating frequencies due to the inherent band-stop filtering effect of the D-CRLH resonator. Following that, the WPD is verified through experiments, showing excellent performance. Finally, based on this property, a dual-band feeding network (FN) is constructed by the combination of a WPD and a phase shifter with the proposed resonator. The simulated and measured results are found in good agreement with each other, which further demonstrated our proposed design conception.

Design method of Dual-Band Wilkinson power divider with designable length and high design freedom

A new theory of designing dual-band power divider (PD) based on Wilkinson structure is presented in this paper. Because of the utilization of coupled lines, the proposed PD is with a high design freedom that many transmission line (TL) combinations can be used for a fixed frequency ratio k (ƒ2/ƒ1). Meanwhile, since the lengths of the conventional coupled lines used are extremely long, the slow-wave structure is introduced, which configuration results in a property of designable length and compact size because of the improved space efficiency. After analysing the even- and odd-mode circuits, precise design formulas are derived and further verified for the frequency ratio from 1.5 to 6.0 using NI AWR simulator under the consideration of the largest realizable TL impedance as 128 Ω. For verification, two PDs with the same centre frequency of 1.0 GHz and 4.0 GHz but different TL configurations are designed based on the proposed design theory. According to the experimental results, both fabricated PDs have good performances as expected, such as low in-band insertion loss (S21), wide isolation, and relatively better out-of-band rejection than majority of previous studies that the maximum S21 between the two passbands is larger than 6 dB, while previous studies are around 4 dB.

Development and Thorough Investigation of Dual-Band Wilkinson Power Divider for Arbitrary Impedance Environment

In the design and development of front-end communication systems, the arbitrary impedance environments are encountered frequently. In this article, a three-port dual-band equal power divider is proposed which also transforms all types of impedance environments at its ports inherently. The power divider is suitable for a wide range of arbitrary frequency ratios and impedance terminations at each of the input and output ports. A systematic design procedure with a design flow graph is provided. The closed-form design equations make the design process simple and quick for prototyping purposes. The proposed design approach enhances the design flexibility significantly with the presence of multiple independent variables. Design examples with distinct design specifications are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and flexibility of the architecture. A prototype working at 1/2.6 GHz and with frequency-dependent complex load (FDCL) terminations at the input and output ports is fabricated and measured to validate the proposed architecture and design methodology. The proposed dual-band impedance transforming power divider exhibits controllable bandwidths, planar structure without any reactive element, compact size, and the ability to provide port matching for any real, complex, and frequency-dependent complex impedance terminations.

A High-Frequency/Power Ratio Wilkinson Power Divider Based on Identical/Non-Identical Multi-T-Sections With Short-Circuited Stubs

In this article, a systematic procedure is presented for the design of a dual-band unequal-split Wilkinson power divider (WPD) with high frequency and power division ratios. The design methodology is based on replacing the impractical high-impedance transmission line in the conventional divider with cascaded T-section structures with short-circuited stubs. The proposed methodology is simple and adopts distributed elements without reactive components to achieve a large power division ratio. The use of short-circuited stubs allows for circuit miniaturization in comparison to counterpart open-stub techniques. Furthermore, a high frequency ratio is obtained through optimizing the electrical and physical parameters of the T-sections based on a transmission lines theory framework as demonstrated in a simulated and measured prototype. To validate the proposed procedure, two WPD prototypes operating at 1/2.7 GHz and 1/4.4 GHz with a 1:10 power division ratio are simulated and measured. The theoretical response, supported by electromagnetic simulations and measurements, justifies the design concept.

Design and miniaturization of dual-band Wilkinson power dividers

Abstract In this paper, four differently shaped Wilkinson power dividers are presented by selecting the same physical length of two-section transmission lines, dual arbitrary frequency band Wilkinson power dividers can be achieved. The 2.4 GHz (WLAN) and 5.9 GHz (DSRC IEEE 802.11p) frequency bands are selected to complement the future development of multi-band, multi-standard transceivers. To improve physical separation and electrical isolation between the two output ports a parallel RLC circuit is employed. For verification, the simulated and measured performance results of dual-band Wilkinson power dividers implemented on the Rogers 4003C laminate are presented. The measurement results for the fabricated Wilkinson power dividers were in good agreement with theoretical simulation results and show dual-band characteristics.

A Novel Dual-Band Decoupling Technique

This article presents a novel dual-band decoupling network (DN) to increase the isolation between two antennas. It is composed of two dual-band Wilkinson power dividers, four additional transmission lines (TLs), and two reactive components. The decoupling formulas are derived from systematic design procedures. Hence, the design parameters of the power divider, lengths of TLs, and reactances of reactive components can be precisely determined to realize high port isolation. Two benchmarks of the two-element symmetric and asymmetric monopole arrays are used to elaborate the design procedure and demonstrate the advantages of proposed DN. Results show that the proposed DN can offer good impedance matching, high port isolation, high efficiency, and low envelop correlation coefficient (ECC) at both designated frequencies, which verified the proposed decoupling concept and theory.

A dual-band Wilkinson power divider based on composite right/left-handed transmission lines with lattice networks

ABSTRACT In this paper, a dual-band Wilkinson power divider is proposed and implemented using lattice network-based (or X-type) composite right/left-handed transmission lines (CRLH-TLs) with the coplanar waveguide (CPW). By loading interdigital capacitors, meandered lines, defected ground structures on the CPW transmission line, the X-type CRLH-TL with broad operating bands is designed. The dual-band Wilkinson power divider centered at 0.9 GHz and 3.5 GHz is achieved thanks to the X-type CRLH-TL feature of providing −90° and +90° phase shift at two designated frequencies respectively. The size of the divider is 31.4 mm×28.7 mm, which is only 36.6% area of a conventional case. Finally, the power divider is fabricated and measured to demonstrate the validity of the presented design approach. Good agreements between the simulated and measured results can be observed with a full port matching and an excellent isolation performance.

On-Chip Dual-Band Millimeter-Wave Power Divider Using GaAs-Based IPD Process

A new on-chip dual-band Wilkinson power divider (WPD), developed on a GaAs-based integrated passive device (IPD) process, is designed at 28/60 GHz for millimeter-wave (mmW) applications. Composite right/left-handed lines in microstrip form are employed to achieve the dual-band property. Thanks to the low-loss feature of the GaAs-based IPD process, the proposed mmW WPD ensures comparable performance when compared to its counterparts at microwave frequencies. Besides, the proposed design, one of the few on-chip dual-band WPDs designed in mmW bands, yields better performance in terms of input matching and power loss when compared with the previous work.

Multiple design approach of dual‐band Wilkinson power divider with arbitrary transmission line ratio

A dual-band (DB) Wilkinson power divider with multiple design approach is proposed in this article, which consists of two-section transmission lines (TLs) with arbitrary length ratio, one parallel LC circuit, and one resistor. Compared with the former works with equal physical lengths, the total physical size of the two-section TLs can be decreased effectively. For a given DB frequency ratio, the maximum size reduction can be newly summarized as (n-1)/(2n), where n indicates the length ratio of two-section TLs. From the close-formed design equations, multiple solutions of circuit parameters are newly summarized for DB operation, thus circuit design could be much more flexible and more efficient. Furthermore, in order to compact the proposed circuit size, compensation technology for two coupled-line sections is also considered in circuit fabrication. Finally, design charts and an experimental circuit show good agreement with the theoretical simulation. Compared with the former work under the same design conditions: f2/f1 = 3.2, f1 = 1 GHz and f2 = 3.2 GHz, the proposed work provides compact circuit size and the size reduction is 25% with n = 2, m = 1.

Theory and Design of Dual-Band Microstrip Networks Using Embedded Metamaterial-Based Electromagnetic Bandgap Structures

This article examines implementations of the recently introduced metamaterial-based electromagnetic bandgap (MTM-EBG) structure, which may be embedded directly into the transmission-line (TL) segments of microstrip (MS) networks and whose dispersion properties may be accurately determined using multiconductor TL (MTL) theory. Two methods of imparting dual-band behavior to MS-based networks are introduced: utilizing stopband and passband regions of the EBG for frequency-selective signal routing, and using the phasing properties of the EBG to provide equal phase shifts at two separate frequencies. Two topological variants of the MTM-EBG are introduced and shown to provide different bandgap sizes, suiting each proposed application. A dual-band Wilkinson power divider, a dual-band quadrature hybrid coupler, and a dual-band impedance transformer are designed with embedded MTM-EBGs, which due to their ability to be realized in an entirely uniplanar form without vias and using a single dielectric layer, allow these devices to be entirely printable as well. The performance characteristics of all three devices are simulated and demonstrate excellent agreement with measurements. The design methodology is general and based on a rigorous MTL circuit model, making this approach amenable to a variety of MS networks, beyond what is presented.

Design of New Dual-Band Wilkinson Power Dividers With Simple Structure and Wide Isolation

In this paper, a new scheme is proposed for a dual-band Wilkinson power divider (PD) without transmission line (TL) stubs (open- or short-circuited), or additional lumped elements (inductors and capacitors). In comparison with conventional PDs, only three additional TLs are employed. One is utilized to extend the input port, while the others are symmetrically distributed at the two branches. After applying even- and odd-mode analyses to the proposed structure, the exact closed-form design equations for a frequency ratio from 2.0 to 6.5 are derived, considering the largest realizable microstrip line impedance (150 $\Omega $ ). In addition, a new L-type TL with simple structure, compact size, and high design flexibility is proposed to replace the conventional TL to enhance its performance by introducing a transmission zero between the two passbands, resulting in good out-of-band rejection performance. Finally, two dual-band PDs centered at 1.0 and 3.5 GHz are designed and fabricated to verify the proposed design theory. One is based on the proposed structure, while the other incorporates a couple of L-type TLs to replace the conventional TLs. Good agreement with the simulated and measured results can be observed with a low in-band insertion loss and full ports matching. Moreover, the proposed PD also features a wide isolation band with a reference of 15-dB input port return loss. Moreover, the use of the L-type TL can introduce a good stopband between the two passbands, leading to an improved out-of-band rejection performance.

Design method of dual-band Wilkinson power divider with improved out-of-band rejection performance and high design flexibility

In this paper, a dual-band two-way equal-split Wilkinson power divider (PD) with improved out-of-band rejection and high design flexibility is proposed. The proposed structure is an originally configured impedance transformer that is composed of two impedance matching lines and a short-circuited composite right-/left handed (CRLH) transmission line (TL) stub. CRLH-TL replaces the requirement of quarter-wavelength impedance transformer and also shows the high design flexibility in proposed PDs. The characteristic impedance of composed RH-TL and LH-TL only affects the bandwidth of two pass-bands that assure high design flexibility. Whereas, π phase response in two pass-bands of short-circuited stub is attributed to the improved out-of-band rejection performance. The detailed theoretical analysis indicates the selected range of the two centre frequencies is influenced by CRLH-TL impedance matching line. The proposed dual-band PD centred at 0.90 GHz and 2.45 GHz design is theoretically calculated, simulated and fabricated. The obtained results verify that the proposed design method is having high design flexibility and good out-of-band rejection.

A miniaturized dual band Wilkinson power divider using capacitor loaded transmission lines

A miniaturized dual band Wilkinson power divider (WPD) with an ultra wideband harmonic suppression is proposed, in this paper. Capacitor loaded transmission lines (CLTL) are used in the proposed circuit. The proposed WPD has a significant size reduction more than 80% compared to a primary power divider. In the design procedure, values of the impedances and electrical length for all of the applied transmission lines and also applied lumped capacitors are analytically obtained. Results of fabricated power divider have a good agreement with simulated and show that, the insertion loss at two operating frequencies of 0.9 and 1.8 GHz are less than 0.1 dB and also a wide range of unwanted harmonics (3.1–10.6 GHz) has been achieved.

A Dual-Band 1:10 Wilkinson Power Divider Based on Multi-T-Section Characterization of High-Impedance Transmission Lines

We propose a new methodology for the design of a dual-band unequal-split Wilkinson power divider (WPD) with a high power division ratio at the operating frequencies. Impractical high-impedance transmission line in the conventional divider is replaced with cascaded dual-band T-section structures based on analytical equations derived herein. To validate the design concept, a dual-band WPD operating at 1 and 2 GHz with a 1:10 split ratio is simulated and measured. Simulations and measurements show isolation and input–output ports matching better than −20 dB, and transmission parameters, $S_{21}$ and $S_{31}$ , of −10.5 ± 0.5 dB and −0.4 ± 0.5 dB at the design bands, respectively.

A New Simplified Approach for Design of Dual-Band Wilkinson Power Divider with Two and Three Transmission Line Sections Using Only Even-Mode Analysis

In this paper, design of dual-band equal-split Wilkinson power divider (WPD) with two and three transmission line (TL) sections is tackled from the perspective of a new simplified mathematical approach as compared to the previously presented work. It is mathematically proven and experimentally verified that only even-mode circuit analysis suffices for outlining the design guidelines for such WPDs which greatly reduces the mathematical complexity. Owing to the cascaded nature of the TL sections and using even-mode analysis, firstly, design equations and design graph are drawn for the two TL sections WPD. The technique is then extended to the design of a three TL sections WPD with simplifications in the circuit, rendering the approach much simpler and mathematically less rigorous (as compared to the previous work). The comparisons of the proposed and previous design approach are drawn. To prove the efficacy of the presented simplified design approach, a two TL sections and a three TL sections WPD are designed at 1GHz and 2.4GHz and fabricated. The measured S-parameters show good conformance with the simulated results indicating practical viability of the presented simplified approach. For instance the insertion loss in the two and three TL section is better than 3.2dB. The return loss and isolation between the ports in two TL sections WPD come out to be better than 28dB and 29dB, and in three TL sections is better than 30dB and 29dB respectively at the two design frequencies.

Design and EM Analysis of Dual Band Hilbert Curve Based Wilkinson Power Divider

In this paper, two configurations (T-type and Y-type) of dual band Wilkinson Power Divider based upon Hilbert curves are presented. Formerly, the concept of Hilbert Curves was implemented in only designing microstrip antennas. In power dividers, this is the very first attempt of incorporating them for size reduction. In addition to this, an effect of inculcation of high-dielectric constant layer (Hafnium-oxide, HfO2, er= 25) between a substrate and top metallization in both configurations was investigated. The proposed configurations are designed on a high resistive silicon substrate (HRS) for L and S bands with resonating frequencies of 1.575 and 3.4 GHz. Both configurations have return loss that is better than 20 dB and an insertion loss of around 6 dB; isolation better than 30 dB was achieved for both models.

Synthesis of a miniaturised wireless local area network dual‐band microstrip Wilkinson power divider through a general three‐step optimisation process

Synthesis method for a novel dual-band Wilkinson power divider (DBWPD) is presented in this study. The proposed DBWPD is constructed using a novel dual-band impedance transformer (DBIT). The DBIT is made up of a kernel circuit unit cell with uniform transmission lines attached to its two ends. A non-linear system of equations ruling the DBIT performance is first built up and then successfully solved with numerical method. Design charts are provided for determining the feasible DBIT theoretical parameters. With the DBIT theoretical solutions, a microstrip DBWPD operative at 2.4/5.2 GHz is practically implemented, of which layout parameters are effectively resolved in a sequential three-step optimisation design process, and its compact size as well as good dual-band operation performance has been demonstrated by fabrication and experimental tests, confirming the proposed synthesis method.