Dual-band Wearable Antenna Research Articles

A Dual-Band Wearable Antenna for X and Ku Frequency Bands for Satellite Communication Applications.

In the present research, a novel 3 cut-pentagon dual-band antenna design has been introduced, and its attributes and performance are enhanced through the use of a specialized substrate called "Jeans" with a permittivity of 1.7. The conducting element employed is copper tape. The design and study of a dual-band wearable antenna optimized for X and Ku frequency bands, specifically tailored for satellite communications applications. The antenna is engineered to offer reliable and efficient performance within the X-band (6.31 GHz) and Ku-band (8.07 GHz) and extended resonant frequency 12.118GHz facilitating seamless connectivity in satellite communication networks. The board size is 43x25.5 mm^2. The Bandwidth for the first band of the suggested antenna is 37.58% for the frequency range between 5.87 GHz. To 8.587 GHz and the bandwidth for the second band is 12.85% for the frequency range 11.447 GHz to 13.02 GHz. The dual-band wearable antenna, which operates in two frequency bands, is created and simulated using CST software

Design of a Dual-band Wearable Antenna Operating at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz for Medical Communication Applications

Indonesia's natural demographic which consists of 16,771 islands makes it has many challenges in infrastructure development, especially in the health sector. According to data, Indonesia currently has 10,203 Puskesmas and 2,449 hospitals. In terms of the number of medical personnel, currently in Indonesia there are 124,449 medical personnel. However, of the large number of medical personnel, 61.12% are concentrated in Java and Bali. This inequality causes the need for a technology that makes it easier for medical personnel to provide services to the community. Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is one of developed technology that supports telemedical services. In WBAN, wearable antenna is needed as a transmitter to transmit data. In this paper, a compact wearable dual band antenna was designed in ISM frequency band of 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz. A combination of rectangular shape radiating structure and cross slot is constructed to achieve dual band frequency. Jeans Textile material with permitivity of 1.7 and thickness of 1 mm is used for fabricating the proposed antenna. The size of antenna is 52.3mm x 58.69mm. The proposed antenna is simulated with and without human body panthom using cst software. The simulations result indicates that antenna resonates at frequency 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz with peak gains of 6.92 dBi and 6.5 dBi. SAR values when the proposed antenna simulated at wrist phantom ​​are 0.326W/kg and 1.024W/kg. When simulated at chest phantom, the SAR values ​​are 0.554W/kg and 0.394W/kg. Therefore, The proposed wearable antenna design is well suited for telemedical services.

Design and Analysis of a Compact Dual-Band Wearable Antenna for WBAN Applications

The design and analysis of a compact dual-band wearable antenna for WBAN applications is presented. The antenna was prototyped on a semi-flexible Rogers Duroid RO3003™ with compact dimensions of 41 × 44 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> which corresponds to 0.33 λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> × 0.35 λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> , where λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> is the free space wavelength at 2.4 GHz. The antenna is designed in the preliminary stage to resonate at 5.8 GHz. An inverted U-shaped slot is added to the patch to create one more resonant frequency at 2.4 GHz. In order to enhance the antenna’s bandwidth and gain, two slots at the patch’s bottom edge and a partial ground are added. The measured percentage of impedance bandwidth at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz are 3.75% and 5.17%, respectively. The gain is measured to be 3.74 dBi and 5.13 dBi and the efficiency is 91.4% and 92.3%, respectively at the operating bands. The measured radiation patterns exhibit a bidirectional and directional radiation pattern in the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">E</i> -plane at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands, while omnidirectional radiation patterns are observed in the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">H</i> -plane. At 2.4 GHz, the SAR limits are simulated to be 0.955 W/kg and 0.571 W/kg for 1 g and 10 g of human tissue, while at 5.8 GHz, the SAR limits are 0.478 W/kg and 0.127 W/kg, respectively. Therefore, the proposed antenna has met the FCC and ICNIRP standards. Bending conditions and on-body measurements of the proposed antenna indicate that the antenna’s performance is unaffected. As a result, it is shown that the antenna possessed the ability to be utilized in WBAN applications.

A Novel Design for Dual-Band Wearable Textile Eighth-Mode SIW Antennas

A novel wearable textile dual-band antenna configuration based on a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity is presented. The miniaturization of the antenna is achieved by exploiting the magnetic field symmetry of a square SIW cavity, reducing its size to 1/8 of the full square cavity with an eighth-mode SIW configuration. This solution is applied to the design of a wearable dual-band antenna for Long Range (LoRa) applications. The antenna operating frequency covers both the UHF LoRa bands, the European (863-870 MHz) and the North American (902-928 MHz). The proposed design provides a low-cost and compact antenna, which is easy to fabricate and ensures a very good isolation and robustness with respect to the human body proximity. The commercial software CST Studio Suite has been used for the antenna design and simulations. A prototype has been fabricated and the measured results are in good agreement with numerical simulations.

Design and SAR Analysis of a Dual Band Wearable Antenna for WLAN Applications

This paper presents the design of three types of dual band (2.5 &amp; 5.2 GHz) wearable microstrip patch antennas. The first one is based on a conventional ground plane, whereas the other two antennas are based on two different types of two-dimensional electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures. The design of these two different dual-band EBG structures using wearable substrates incorporates several factors in order to improve the performance of the proposed conventional ground plane (dual band) wearable antenna. The second EBG with plus-shaped slots is about 22.7% more compact in size relative to the designed mushroom-like EBG. Subsequently, we have demonstrated that the mushroom-like EBG and the EBG with plus-shaped slots improve the bandwidth by 5.2 MHz and 7.9 MHz at lower resonance frequencies and by 33.6 MHz and 16.7 MHz at higher resonance frequencies, respectively. Furthermore, improvements in gain of 4.33% and 16.5% at a frequency of 2.5 GHz and improvements in gain of 30.43% and 4.57% at 5.2 GHz have been achieved by using the mushroom-like EBG and EBG with plus-shaped slots, respectively. The operation of the conventional ground plane antenna is investigated under different bending conditions, such as wrapped around different rounded body parts. The proposed conventional ground plane antenna is placed over a three-layered (flat body phantom (chest)) and four-layered (rounded body parts) tissue models, and a thorough SAR analysis has been performed. It is concluded that the proposed antenna reduces SAR effects (&lt;2 W/kg) on the human body, thereby making it useful for numerous critical wearable applications.

Analysis of the Electromagnetic Absorption in a New Design of PIFA Antenna Using Metamaterials

This paper presents the design, simulation and fabrication of a miniaturized wearable dual-band antenna put on a rigid substrate and operable at 2.45/5.8 GHz for wireless local area network applications. The electrical and radiation characteristics of the developed antenna were obtained by means of the technical insertion of a slot to tune the operating frequencies. To study the impact of the electromagnetic radiation of the structure of the human body, it is necessary to minimize the back radiation towards the user. Therefore, in this work, a multi-band artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) was placed directly above a dual-band planar inverted F antenna to achieve a miniaturization with excellent radiation performance. The simulations were carried out using the computer simulation technology CST Microwave Studio (CST MWS). A good agreement was achieved between the simulation and experimental results. The comparison of the measurement findings indicates that, when the antenna was backed by the AMC plane, the gain improved from 1.84 to 3.8 dB, in the lower band, and from 2.4 to 4.1 dB in the upper band. The front-to-back ratio of the AMC backed PIFA antenna was also enhanced. Then, to ensure that the proposed AMC structure is harmless to the human body, this prototype was placed on three-layer human tissue cubic model. It was observed that, due to the inclusion of an AMC plane, the peak specific absorption rate (SAR) decreased to 1.45 and 1.1 W/kg at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz, respectively (a reduction of around 3.7 W/kg, compared with an antenna without (AMC).

Analysis of a Compact Multi-Band Textile Antenna for WBAN and WLAN Applications

A dual-band wearable antenna is designed on a textile material. The design operates at ISM bands available for Wireless Body Area Network and Wireless Local Area Network with an input match better than -15 dB. The antenna is designed by using Computational Electromagnetic Software (CEMS) based on finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. A three-layer phantom model including skin, fat and muscle has been considered to compute the specific absorption rate (SAR). The maximum value of SAR averaged over 1g and 10g of tissue is less than 1.6 W/Kg and 2 W/Kg, respectively, when the maximum incident power of the antenna is 63 mW. These values are incompliance with the international electromagnetic safety standards.

Design investigation of a dual-band wearable antenna for tele-monitoring applications

This paper presents a novel dual-band wearable antenna using Rectangular Parasitic Elements (RPEs) and Defected Ground Structure (DGS) methods in telemedicine applications. The dual-band ranges covered by this antenna are in 890–960 MHz and 1710–1885 MHz which are used in Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) applications. Wearable and flexible material that is used as the substrate is a standard rubber with dielectric constant εr = 3, thickness = 1.57 mm, and tan (δ) = 0.0095. The dimensions of the proposed wearable antenna are 70 × 85 × 1.64 mm3 or 0.0007λg3 at 900 MHz. The measured maximum gain is achieved at 900 MHz and 1800 MHz, which are equal to 7.46 dB and 8.13 dB, respectively. A good agreement between simulation and experimental results are obtained by a fabricated prototype of the antenna. Therefore, the results represent this antenna is a promising candidate in biomedical technology such as tele-monitoring at the GSM bands.

Flexible leather substrate dual-band wearable antenna with impact analysis on testing under wet condition for human rescue system

Wearable flexible antennas have yielded much attention in recent years because of their interesting features and capabilities for enabling flexible, lightweight, portable and low cost wireless communication. The proposed research work offers the design of the flexible wearable patch antenna with four single Split Ring Resonators (SRRs) using a leather substrate for better performance. The proposed antenna is designed and simulated with leather substrate at the operating frequencies of 0.99 GHz and 3.5 GHz. The antenna is fabricated and validated under free space (normal condition), partially wet, fully wet and dried after wet conditions using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). Different parameters such as reflection coefficient, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) and gain of the fabricated antenna are measured, and they are compared with the simulation results. The validated results show that the performance of the proposed antenna under free space, partially wet, fully wet and dried after wet conditions is virtually equal. The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of this proposed antenna is also investigated for 10g tissues and the SARs are 0.0168763 W/kg and 0.69567 W/kg at the operating frequencies of 0.99 GHz and 3.5 GHz, respectively. As a result, its good performance in wet conditions along with low cost and ready availability of leather material means the proposed antenna can be used for human safety environments, especially in military applications, etc.

A novel type of wearable dual-band antenna based on coplanar waveguide feeding for wearable wireless communications

A flexible and compact coplanar waveguide feed (CPW-fed) wearable antenna is introduced for wireless wearable communications applications at the industrial scientific medical (ISM) band. The proposed antenna consists of copper, which is used as the radiation patch and ground planes printed on the same side of polyimide flexible substrate. The overall size of the antenna is 30 mm × 28 mm × 0.08 mm, the results show that the antenna can transmit and receive signals in two frequency bands of 1.89–2.67 GHz and 3.02–3.23 GHz, in which radiating properties are characterized and agree well with the simulation results. The antenna is bent in different directions to further investigate the reflection coefficient and corresponding effect on the antenna under bending. The center frequency of the antenna is slightly shifted towards higher and lower frequencies when antenna is bent in X-axis and Y-axis, respectively. Furthermore, the wearability of the antenna is verified when the antenna is placed on different parts of the human body such as wrist and chest. Hence, the proposed flexible antenna is a suitable candidate for wearable wireless communication applications.

Wearable dual-band antenna with harmonic suppression for application in medical communication systems

In this paper, a wearable dual-band antenna (WDBA) with harmonic suppression capability is presented for application in wireless medical/communication systems such as industrials, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands (0.9–1 GHz and 2.4–2.48 GHz). For harmonic suppression, 3 pairs of shorted-pins resonators (SPRs) are employed. These resonators, in addition to eliminating unwanted harmonics, also cause the antenna frequency response dual-band. The final dimensions of the proposed antenna are 60 × 60 × 2 mm3 or 0.19 × 0.19 × 0.006 λg3 at 950 MHz. The maximum simulated gain at 1 GHz and 2.4 GHz are equal to 2.23 dB and 2.38 dB, respectively. Finally, to prove the simulations, the proposed WDBA was fabricated and its parameters were measured. The results of the measurement are in good proportion to the results of the simulations.

Dual Band Wearable Antenna for IOT Applications

A dual band wearable antenna operating on 2.6 GHz (2570-2620 MHz FDD/TDD) and 5.2 GHz (802.11a) bands for Body Area Network (BAN) application is presented. The stack substrates of Felt and ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) foam are used to make the structure flexible. Maximum gain of 2.75 and front to back ratio of 8.35 is achieved on industrial scientific and medical (ISM) band. Additional bandwidth enhancement has been achieved by creating slots on partial ground plane. The calculated specific absorption rate (SAR) value is 1.33 W/kg for 1 g of body tissue. Simulated and measured results are presented for the proposed structure.

Dual Band Wearable Antenna for Medical Applications

In the modern world many sensor devices are designed for medical and industrial applications. This idea is designing a dual band wearable antenna at 2.4GHz, 5.8GHz and investigating the wearability of antenna for medical applications. The test is carriedout in multiple tissue structure. These wearable antennas are very small in size, directly it can be worn in wrist or abdomen and inside the body. Different feeding structure will be compared to reduce the heating of antenna due to an electromagnetic interaction with bodies. This design has two dual antennas, one act like an interrogator and the next acts like a receiver. Interrogator is an outside device and the receiver antenna is connected within the human body. The proposed antenna is simulated by high frequency simulation software .The advantage of this antenna is very small and comfort for wearing in human bodies.

A Printed Wearable Dual-Band Antenna for Wireless Power Transfer.

In this work, a dual-band printed planar antenna, operating at two ultra-high frequency bands (2.5 GHz/4.5 GHz), is proposed for wireless power transfer for wearable applications. The receiving antenna is printed on a Kapton polyimide-based flexible substrate, and the transmitting antenna is on FR-4 substrate. The receiver antenna occupies 2.1 area. Antennas were simulated using ANSYS HFSS software and the simulation results are compared with the measurement results.

Hierarchical paradigm for automated optimal design of dual-band wearable antenna with simplified human body models

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to develop a method to reduce the computation time necessary for the automated optimal design of dual-band wearable antennas. In particular, the authors investigated if this can be achieved by the use of a hierarchical optimization paradigm combined with a simplified human body model. The geometry of the antenna under consideration is described via eight geometrical parameters which are automatically adjusted with the use of an evolutionary algorithm to improve the impedance matching of an antenna located in the proximity of a human body. Specifically, the antennas were designed to operate in the ISM band which covers two frequency ranges: 2.4-2.5 GHz and 5.7-5.9 GHz.Design/methodology/approachDuring the studies on the automated design of wearable antennas using evolutionary computing, the authors observed that not all design parameters exhibit equal influence on the objective function. Therefore, it was hypothesized that to reduce the computation effort, the design parameters can be activated sequentially based on their influence. Accordingly, the authors’ computer code has been modified to include this feature.FindingsThe authors’ novel hierarchical multi-parameter optimization method was able to converge to a better solution within a shorter time compared to an equivalent method not exploiting automatic activation of an increasing number of design parameters. Considering a significant computational cost involved in the calculation of the objective function, this exhibits a convincing advantage of their hierarchical approach, at least for the considered class of antennas.Research limitations/implicationsThe described method has been developed for the design of single- or dual-band wearable antennas. Its application to other classes of antennas and antenna environments may require some adjustments of the objective functions or parameter values of the evolutionary algorithm. It follows from the well-recognized fact that all optimization methods are to some extent application-specific.Practical implicationsComputation load involved in the automated design and optimization can be significantly reduced compared to the non-hierarchical approach with a heterogeneous human body model.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, the described application of hierarchical paradigm to the optimization of wearable antennas is fully original, as well as is its combination with simplified body models.

Dual-band wearable antenna using split ring resonator

This paper presents dual-band wearable antenna using split-ring resonator (SRR). The SRR is placed near patch and feed line. SRR makes a major contribution to the first operating band (2.32 GHz), but it has a minor effect on the second operating band (3.5 GHz). The wearable antenna at 3.5 GHz (without using SRR) is also presented for comparison sake. The simulation results are analyzed and compared with the measured results, which shows that there is a good agreement between them.