Dual Attitudes Research Articles

Korean Hospital Nurses’ Experiences with COVID-19: A Meta-Synthesis of Qualitative Findings

During the COVID-19 pandemic, hospital nurses in South Korea cared for patients amid their own anxiety and fear of infection, armed with a sense of professional duty and overcoming all odds to end the country’s infectious disease pandemic. This study aims to provide a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies examining the perceptions and experiences of nurses who cared for patients in dedicated COVID-19 hospitals in South Korea. Electronic databases, including RISS, KISS, KMbase, NDSL, KoreaMed, DBpia, PubMed, CINAHL, and Cochrane, were searched for research published until 2023. The study included research using qualitative approaches. These were reviewed and analyzed using a thematic synthesis approach. The quality of the studies was ascertained using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program checklist for qualitative research. Ultimately, 13 studies involving 219 nurses were included in the final review. Six major themes and thirteen subthemes emerged. The six topics are: “The crisis of a pandemic that suddenly appeared”, “Challenges in nursing patients with infectious diseases”, “A struggle in an unknown time due to a prolonged infectious disease”, “Ethical dilemmas in the face of infectious diseases”, “Duality of the social support system”, and “Professional growth for nurses regarding infectious diseases”. During the unexpected COVID-19 pandemic, nurses were able to overcome difficult situations through their interactions with patients, sense of professional mission, and commitment to nursing. Most importantly, they persevered through their collaboration and closeness with fellow nurses, despite confusion about their professional identity, the ethical dilemmas they faced in patient care, and dual attitudes regarding their social support system. To prepare for future infectious disease outbreaks, a multifaceted support system should be established to enable nurses to have positive interactions with their families, colleagues, and patients, which are central to their resilience.

공익광고의 유용성이 기후 변화에 대한 공익광고 이원태도와 행동의도에 미치는 영향 : 대학생들의 인식을 중심으로

공익광고의 유용성이 기후 변화에 대한 공익광고 이원태도와 행동의도에 미치는 영향 : 대학생들의 인식을 중심으로

Investigating global brand preference bias among low-status consumers

Objective - This study reconciles system justification theory (SJT), intersectionality awareness (IA), and dual attitudes (DA) to determine the conscious-unconscious relationship between consumer identity and global brand preference bias in low-status consumers. Method - We performed three experimental studies: First, we observed the discrepancy between explicit/conscious and implicit/unconscious (DA) global brand attitudes according to established social order (SJT), even if a status quo bias exerts influence. Second, we propose the moderation of the disidentification, which emphasizes the rejection of local elements in this process. Lastly, we propose the mitigation of the disidentification effects through status quo awareness, or Intersectionality Awareness (IA). Relevance/originality – The literature of low-status consumers’ identity relation to brand preference is still developing when tapping multiple layers of perspectives, such as disidentification and identity awareness, and conscious and unconscious processes. The comprehension of this interaction allows a better understanding of the global brand preference bias. Main results – We identified conflicting conscious and unconscious global brand attitudes, potentialized through disidentification with domestic values, those that represent the home country consumer, although their effect can be mitigated by intersectionality awareness. Theoretical/methodological contributions – Theoretically, this study advances the knowledge about global brand preference, including the status quo/awareness theory to better understand the customer-brand relationship. Methodologically, we advanced by employing an unconscious-based technique to address the phenomenon. Social/management contributions – The study explains brand preference bias through the mechanism of disidentification, and their control through social awareness, expanding practitioners’ horizons beyond brand strategies, to consider deep human identity mechanisms. For the individuals and the society, the study proposes understanding on the potential side effects of consumer-brand relationships, presenting coping strategies to deal with this phenomenon, promoting more equality and inclusion.

Effects of Social Connection on Dual Attitudes and Continuance Intentions of Using Social Media

Prior studies that specifically investigate the effects of social connections on the continuous adoption of social media applications (SMAs) are scarce. Based on the social contagion theory (SCT) and dual-attitude perspective, this study develops and validates a research model that explains the staged influences of social connection factors (i.e., pre- and post-usage cohesion and structural equivalence) on users’ explicit attitude, intention to use, implicit attitudes and continuance intention regarding the use of the SMAs. Survey data collected from both pre-usage and post-usage stages of 302 SMA users were examined using the technique of partial least squares to validate the research model. The results indicate that pre-usage cohesion and structural equivalence are significant antecedents of SMA users’ explicit attitude and intention to use. Additionally, these factors, along with post-usage cohesion and structural equivalence, significantly influence SMA users’ implicit attitude and continuance intention. In summary, by adopting the SCT and dual-attitude perspective, this study is among the first group of studies that examine whether social connection factors have influences on people’s adoption of SMAs at both pre-usage and post-usage stages. Implications for theory and for practices are discussed subsequently.

Dual Attitude Representations and Kinematics for Six-Degree-of-Freedom Spacecraft Dynamics

This paper focuses on the development of three newly formed representations of dual attitude and their respective kinematics equations - Dual Classical Rodrigues Parameters, Dual Modified Rodrigues Parameters, Dual Principal Axis and Principal Angle (Dual Principal Rotation Vector). These three formulations are developed by building off of the theories and concepts used with Dual Quaternions and utilizing numerous attitude identities for quaternions to create new identities using dual quaternions and dual attitudes while detailing the process used throughout the derivation. The accompanying dual kinematic equations using these dual attitude parameters are also generated using their respective dual attitude coordinate systems. Furthermore, the new dual attitude representations with their respective, distinct kinematic equations and identities are validated against a simulated 6-DOF rigid body spacecraft control problem to verify equivalency across equations using the dual quaternion as a baseline.

Co-Evolution of Dual Opinions Under Asynchronous Updating

Inspired by the dual attitudes theory that implicit opinions are individuals’ inner evaluations affected by experience while explicit opinions are external expressions of these evaluations, we propose an asynchronous co-evolution model of dual opinions, where individuals update explicit opinion at each time step but change their implicit opinion based on their own clock. Furthermore, we introduce the after-effect of observed opinion information in this model, which enables individuals to update implicit opinions not only based on the opinion information observed at the current time but also on the information received from the past period of time. We analyze the dynamics of dual opinions in two discussion scenarios: a group of individuals with similar and opposite initial opinions. In the former scenario, rigorous analysis suggests that dual opinions are polarized to extreme opinions, mathematically verifying the empirical finding that group discussion intensifies individuals’ preferences, resulting in group polarization. In the latter scenario, our investigation shows that individuals with low bias show acceptance (inward conformity) while those with high bias exhibit compliance (outward conformity). We further analyze the influence of parameters on the co-evolution of dual opinions.

Reliance and Confinement: Washington Allston’s Dual Attitudes Towards European Ideals in His Paintings

The paper examines the dual attitudes reflected in the artistic work of Washington Allston. Born in 1779 and died in 1843, Allston is a famous American painter and poet whose artworks are greatly shaped by European philosophical concepts and artistic traditions. Allston's inheritance of such traditions could be mainly reflected by the deliberate representation of the concept of sublimity and divinity in his artistic creation. This could be readily seen from Allston’s artistic techniques, by which he better instills his aesthetics into his religious paintings while arousing greater empathy among the audience. However, against the background of American Romanticism, Allston was faced with the conflict between conforming to the European aesthetic standards in terms of “general air” and tradition, and the dramatic departure of objects from their “proper place”. As a result, Allston resorted to the institutional liberation, thus forming his distinct artistic style with an evident feature of dual attitudes.

Fairtrade coffee consumption in Spain: Employing dual attitudes and construal level theory to draw insights on the ethical purchasing gap

As a contribution to the debate about Fair Trade contributions to the United Nations Sustainability Development Goals, this article investigates Spanish shoppers' behaviour towards Fairtrade coffee. Although consumers generally state that they purchase fairly traded products, the market shares of most of them remain low, a phenomenon known as the ethical purchasing gap. Our review identifies a gap in extant literature to draw insights on the ethical purchasing gap, utilising two existing theories: attitudes and construal level as appropriate theoretical framework. The first theory highlights the duality of individuals' attitudes towards an object: explicit attitudes are accessible to the consumers, whereas implicit attitudes are the ones they cannot recall, but nonetheless affect behaviour. The second theory examines the influence of low-level construal (concrete, specific) or high-level construal (general) information on decision-making. A three-stage experiment took place in two sessions in a large university in Madrid in order to apply these two theories. It was based on an online survey on explicit attitudes and purchase intention, and an Implicit Association Test (IAT) to identify implicit attitudes. It was run two weeks apart to capture three points of time effects. The results reveal that, despite exposure to different stimuli, implicit attitudes remain stable along three points of time. The average difference in purchase intentions was positive for low-level construal and negative for high-level construal. Explicit attitudes were not influenced by the exposure to the stimuli. No correlation was found between purchase intentions and implicit or explicit attitudes. These findings have useful managerial implications for both Fair Trade practitioners and academics.

감정욕구와 콘텐츠 선호유형의 웹툰에 대한 이원 태도에서의 역할

본 연구는 국내에서 시장 규모를 키워가고 있는 웹툰 소비에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대하여 탐구한 것이다. 일반인을 대상으로 웹툰 소비 패턴을 알아본 결과, 소비자의 감정민감도를 의미하는 감정욕구가 웹툰에 대한 평가에 영향을 미치는 심리적인 요인으로 나타났고 콘텐츠 상징성도 웹툰에 대한 태도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 기능적 태도와 쾌락적 태도로 나누어 보면 나이가 어린 이용자들의 웹툰에 대한 기능적인 태도와 쾌락적인 태도가 모두 긍정적으로 나타났고, 감정욕구도 두 가지 태도에서 모두 유의미한 영향력을 미치고 있었다. 다만, 콘텐츠에 대한 상징적인 소비의 경우 기능적인 태도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있었고 콘텐츠 유희성은 쾌락적인 태도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 웹툰 플랫폼 이용에 있어서는 카카오를 제외한 네이버, 다음, 레진코믹스가 두 가지 태도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 웹툰 소비에 있어 소비자 심리적인 요인과 콘텐츠 요인에 대한 이해를 제공하고 웹툰 마케팅에 시사점을 제공하고 있다.

The antecedents and consequences of the perceived positive eWOM review credibility

PurposeThis study explores the effects of interpersonal determinants (tie strength and homophily) and informational determinants (source trustworthiness and customer endorsement) on perceived positive electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) review credibility (PPERC), which subsequently affects attitude toward the product (ATP), attitude toward the Fan Page (ATFP), and eWOM review adoption (ERA) based on the cognition-affection-behavior (CAB) model.Design/methodology/approachThe research sample consists of 402 subjects who used the Fan Page of Fashion Guide for more than one year. This research adopts a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to test the proposed model, which shows a good fit.FindingsThe results indicate that tie strength, homophily, source trustworthiness and customer endorsement each have a significant and positive effect on PPERC, respectively. In addition, homophily has a significant and positive effect on the strength and source trustworthiness. Furthermore, the results reveal that PPERC has a significant and positive effect on ATP, ATFP and ERA.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature by integrating multi perspectives and factors from informational determinants and interpersonal determinants. In addition, this study proposes that these determinants affect ERA via PPERC and dual attitudes (ATP and ATFP).

Why Are Consumers Willing to Pay More for Liquid Foods in Environmentally Friendly Packaging? A Dual Attitudes Perspective

Considering that one of the key components of liquid food in environmentally friendly packaging is its higher price, it may not be appealing to all consumers. However, a growing body of evidence has shown that the sale of liquid food in environmentally friendly packaging is increasing. The purpose of this study was to analyze why consumers are willing to pay more for liquid food in environmentally friendly packaging. Drawing on the theory of dual attitudes by Wilson, Lindsey, and Schooler, this study proposes that consumer purchasing behavior can be explained through implicit and explicit attitudes. Moreover, a consumer’s ecoliteracy and ecofriendly lifestyle might be important predictors of consumer attitudes toward environmentally friendly packaging. Our conceptual model was tested on survey data from 11 countries, with a total of 7028 respondents. The study revealed that consumers’ willingness to pay a higher price for liquid food in environmentally friendly packaging could be predicted by their positive attitudes toward (a) the environmental friendliness of the packaging, (b) the brand of the liquid food, and (c) the affordability of the liquid food in the environmentally friendly packaging. Ecoliteracy and having an ecofriendly lifestyle were found to be important predictors of consumer attitudes toward environmentally friendly packaging. This study contributes to the literature that aims to explain consumers’ willingness to pay more for food in environmentally friendly packaging. It identifies how much more consumers are willing to pay for food in environmentally friendly packaging and why.

The Value of Animal Life and Coexistence with Human Being - Dual attitudes of Human toward a Companion Animal -

The Value of Animal Life and Coexistence with Human Being - Dual attitudes of Human toward a Companion Animal -

The dual attitudinal dynamics of public opinion: an agent-based reformulation of L. F. Richardson’s war-moods model

This study proposes a new model of public opinion dynamics, focused specifically on attitudes toward war. The model consists of citizen-agents who have dual (public and private) attitudes. While they change the two levels of attitude according to different rules of two-layered interactions with neighboring agents, they also change their own attitudes internally. Our model shows that public opinion has “meta-stable” states, which generate overlapping, or two-valued, stable states. This characteristic can explain how public opinion responds to the outbreak and continuation of war very differently, not just in our model, but also in the opinions of European citizens on the First World War and those of American citizens on U.S. wars after the Second World War.

Examining attitudes toward bicycle-share program use: A dual-process theory approach

The transportation sector, the largest contributor to global warming, is responsible for around 75% of the tourism industry’s total CO2 emissions. Accordingly, encouragement of eco-friendly travel behavior has come to the fore as a key tourism-industry responsibility. One promising alternative transportation option, bicycle-share programs (BSPs), have developed rapidly over the past two decades, but studies of non-commuter BSP use have been limited. Moreover, the small body of BSP research that does exist has mostly applied social-cognitive models to explore individuals’ rational decision-making processes, while largely ignoring the influences of emotional and intuitive factors. This study utilized Single Target Implicit Association Tests to bridge this gap by examining the influences of individuals’ dual attitudes toward leisure use of BSPs. The results suggest that the research participants generally have favorable implicit attitudes toward both leisure-time cycling and leisure cyclists. Overall, this study points to a potentially fruitful new direction for future work.

Atitudes duplas no varejo, sua capacidade preditiva e interação com a empatia na mitigação de respostas negativas de consumidores dissociados

When dissociative social groups are in a shared shopping environment, the formation of dual attitudes occurs in a divergent way, leading to antagonistic responses from consumers. Dual attitudes are conscious (explicit and self-declared) and unconscious (implicit) attitudes that we develop toward the same object of attitude. Explicitly, people are in favor of the social groups they encounter, whereas implicitly, consumers are unfavorable to retail. This study identifies the formation of dual attitudes in retail, its predictive capacity, and the moderation of pro-social behaviors, mainly mitigating the negative effects of unfavorable attitudes. The influence of dissociative social groups on the formation and predictive capacity of dual attitudes was observed through two studies. In addition, the empathy moderation was identified by reducing negative evaluations, both in laboratory tests and in empirical study in a supermarket, in the city of Sao Paulo. Finally, we discuss theoretical implications for the study of consumer behavior, and the practices for retail managers.

Proposta de Modelo Conceitual de Atitudes Implícitas e Explícitas no Varejo

Atitudes duplas, uma mais refletida (consciente) e outra mais impulsiva (inconsciente, ou automtica) podem ser desenvolvidas em relao a um mesmo objeto de atitude. Ao mesmo tempo, a maior parte das pesquisas em comportamento do consumidor no varejo estuda as influncias de marketing e do ambiente sobre o consumidor, e poucos estudos observam as influncias que os prprios consumidores exercem entre si. O varejo um espao compartilhado em que as atitudes duplas podem ser observadas, sob as influncias sociais. Este trabalho prope um modelo conceitual para estudo de fenmenos de consumo no varejo que estejam sujeitos a divergncia de avaliaes conscientes e inconscientes dos consumidores. Estabelecemos ainda proposies tericas fundamentadas no modelo conceitual em um campo de pesquisa que ainda pouco desenvolvido no mbito de marketing. Soma a isso o potencial dos fenmenos estudados por meio de processos duplos de formao e mudana de atitudes produzirem concluses complementares ou at diferentes para pesquisadores e gestores.

中華民國 國民과 滿洲族 사이 : 琿春 滿洲族의 二重的 正體性, 1911~1931

This article tries to figure out the internal identity of the Hunchun Manchus during the Republican Period. After the 1911 revolution, the Republican government attempted to assimilate the Manchus into the Chinese. The authorities in Hunchun indoctrinated the inhabitants including Manchus in the Chinese nationalism at school and united them through various national rituals. As a result, in public, Manchu local elites and students considered themselves as participants of Chinese civilization and categorized themselves as the Chinese (Huaren) along with the Hans. However, the distinguishing Manchu language, house, food, clothes, and customs repeatedly convinced them of their Manchu identity in their everyday life. Furthermore, they emphatically asserted their ancestors’ achievements and their Manchu origins and attempted to maintain some Manchu traditions through publishing genealogies and local gazetteers and reforming family rituals.BR These dual attitudes of the Hunchun Manchus came from their unique conditions. Unlike the Manchus in China Proper, they could maintain their high social status with the help of ROC local authorities. However, the downfall of Qing and the increase of the number and influence of the Hans in Hunchun made the Manchus feel threatened so that they launched activities to emphasize their Manchu identity in order to justify their domination of Hunchun society and strengthen the solidity among them.

Not Walking the Walk: How Dual Attitudes Influence Behavioral Outcomes in Ethical Consumption

Although consumers increasingly claim to demand ethical products and state that they are willing to reward firms that are ethical, studies have highlighted that there is a significant gap between consumers’ explicit attitudes toward ethical products and their actual purchase behavior. This has major implications for firm policies revolving around business ethics. This research contributes to the understanding of the attitude–behavior gap in ethical consumption that literature has identified but not explored much. We utilize the model of dual attitudes as a basis for the arguments presented in the paper and test them. We suggest that the gap in ethical consumerism exists because individuals have implicit as well as explicit attitudes, which are impacted differentially by stimuli and elicit dissimilar behavioral responses and thus have different implications for business ethics policies. Two longitudinal studies are conducted to better understand the impact of an individual’s dual attitudes on preferences and choice. Our findings support the presence of dual attitudes in consumers. Explicit attitudes are found to be easily influenced by the nature of the stimuli. On the other hand, implicit attitudes are relatively unaffected by the nature of the stimuli present and remain relatively constant. Based on the findings, implicit attitudes guide behavior and determine an individual’s preferences. Even though explicit attitudes react to the stimuli presented, our findings suggest they have no impact on the choice of consumers. These findings improve the understanding of ethical consumption, provide a reason as to why the attitude–behavior gap exists, provide a foundation for future researchers and help firms better understand the impact of perceived business on creating a behavioral shift in ethical consumption.

"At the Dawning of the Twentieth Century": W.E.B. Du Bois, A.C. McClurg & Co., and the Early Circulation of The Souls of Black Folk

This article examines the publication history of W. E. B. Du Bois's The Souls of Black Folk, which has received only occasional scholarly attention. Recent publications of the book, from both W. W. Norton & Company and Oxford University Press, reprint the first edition of the text without mentioning changes to the second printing. Likewise, the book's editor has been widely misidentified by scholars. In light of this history, the essay reconsiders the initial publication and reception of The Souls of Black Folk, considering how the text circulated among a popular audience. I argue that while Du Bois and his Chicago publisher, A. C. McClurg & Co., sought to target a predominantly white audience by simultaneously appealing to and subverting fantasies of racial dominance, these efforts encountered dual attitudes of resistance. On the one hand, the vast majority of readers harshly rejected Du Bois's argument for racial equality. On the other hand, they interpreted The Souls of Black Folk as confirming racial stereotypes and essential characteristics of the Negro. Such racialized misreading dominated the US literary marketplace at the dawning of the twentieth century, and Du Bois's encounter with this reaction profoundly influenced his authorial approach for the remainder of his career.

Dual Attitudes toward the Model’s Race in Advertising

The current research investigated the effect of model’s race on attitude toward the ad employing stringent methodology to achieve a high degree of internal validity. In an attempt to test the possibility of dual attitudes, we compared participants’ reactions with advertising model’s race by using both time-unconstrained and time-constrained measures. As a result, both African and Caucasian Americans reported similar attitudes toward ads with either African or Caucasian American models under a time-unconstrained condition. Under a time-constrained condition, Caucasian American participants did not report differences in their attitudes toward models of different races. Moreover, African American participants reported more positive attitudes toward the ad with Caucasian American models than with African American models. A similar pattern of reporting attitudes under a time-constrained condition was found when examining reaction times. The implications and contributions are discussed.