Dual Articulation Research Articles

The semantics of old church Slavonic dobr'' and blag''

This paper deals with the semantics of OCS dobr'' and blag'' in the translation of tetraeuangelion, compared with the semantics of their Greek correlates kal?s, agath?s and hr?st?s. It points out the semantic changes which occurred in creating Slavic theological terminology. OCS dobr'' is an evaluative of the physical aspect of a notion, including its function, while blag'' through the process of semantic transposition acquired the meaning 'good in a spiritual sense'. This distinction reflects the Christian dual articulation of the world. This research reveals that a change of a cultural model induces semantic changes, be they 'natural' or consciously created in the development of certain terminologies, as witnessed here by Old Church Slavonic. In this process universal concepts are submitted to a culture-specific categorization, as seen in Greek kal?s ('beautiful' > 'good') and OCS blag'' ('pleasant' > 'good spiritually'). These changes are possible only because of the fuzzy nature of meaning itself.

The Answers of Applied Islamology

The starting point of the article is the archive, characterized as a query about the future, and Foucault’s call for a discourse that provides a dual articulation of the history of individuals on the subconscious of culture and the historicity of the latter on individual subconsciousness. The archive has not been read as such either by exponents of the Islamic tradition or by modern scholarship in the Orientalist tradition, thus the first ambitious task of applied Islamology is to deconstructively analyse the foundational discourse of an imaginary that, since the Middle Ages, has opposed Arab-Islamic consciousness to a Jewish and Christian consciousness. Applied Islamology also explores the ‘universal values’ that were invented in the West and then seen as transferable to all cultures worldwide. The public is deprived of the conceptual tools necessary to explore both this imaginary and the West’s ‘universal’ values. The social frameworks of knowledge regarding Islamic studies are in operation as much in the West as in Muslim contexts.

Analyse de surface après explantation de 40 cupules rétentives en polyéthylène à double mobilité

Purpose of the study The original concept of dual articulation retentive liners has been implemented in routine clinical practice for total hip arthroplasty since 1976. The retentive liner improves stability and the dual mobility favors preservation of joint motion. In this study, we analyzed wear of the two concave and convex surfaces in 40 retrieved polyethylene implants in order to search for factors favoring wear. Material and methods Forty polyethylene inserts were examined. These implants had been removed after mean implantation of eight years. Mean patient age at implantation was 48 years. The inserts were removed because of prosthesis infection or mechanical failure. Macroscopic examination was followed by a surface analysis with direct measurement of alterations of the curvature radii. Internal concavity was measured in the three dimensions using a 4-mm stylus (BNH 706). External convexity was measured by lateral projection. The estimated error was ± 5 μm for both measurement methods. Manufacturers’ tolerances for these implants were approximately 50 μm. Linear and volumetric wear was determined by comparing the measured dimensions with the theoretical dimensions of new inserts. Results Macroscopically, all of the pieces studied had lost their initial striation on the convex surface; 40% of the pieces displayed visible wear of the retentive collar. Mean annual wear was 9 μm (SD 9μm) for the convex surface and 73 μm (SD 69 μm) for the concave surface. Mean total wear, taken as the sum of the wears on the convex and concave surfaces was 82 μm (SD 72 μm). Volumetric wear was 28.9 mm 3/yr for the convex surface (SD 27.6) and 25.5 for the concave surface (SD 23.2) giving a mean annual total volumetric wear of 54.3 mm 3/yr (SD 39.6). Discussion Total wear observed for these 40 dual articulation liners which had functioned in vivo was to the same order as reported for the metal-polyethylene bearing with 22.2 mm femoral heads. Considering the wear on both the convex and concave surface, the dual articulation was not associated with increased wear compared with the conventional metal-polyethylene bearings, but with the advantages of retention and greater stability. Conclusion Use of a dual articulation acetabular liner is an attractive solution when a metal-polyethylene bearing is considered. The benefit in terms of joint stability does not increase wear.

Anatomy of the feeding apparatus of the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum

The anatomy of the feeding apparatus of the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum, was investigated by gross dissection and computer axial tomography. The labial cartilages, jaws, jaw suspension, muscles, and ligaments of the head are described. Palatoquadrate cartilages articulate with the chondrocranium caudally by short, laterally projecting hyomandibulae and rostrally by ethmoorbital articulations. Short orbital processes of the palatoquadrates are joined to the ethmoid region of the chondrocranium by short, thin ethmopalatine ligaments. In addition, various ligaments, muscles, and the integument contribute to the suspension of the jaws. When the mouth is closed and the palatoquadrate retracted, the palatine process of the palatoquadrate is braced against the ventral surface of the nasal capsule and the ascending process of the palatoquadrate is in contact with the rostrodorsal end of the suborbital shelf. When the mandible is depressed and the palatoquadrate protrudes slightly rostroventrally, the palatoquadrate moves away from the chondrocranium. A dual articulation of the quadratomandibular joint restricts lateral movement between the mandible and the palatoquadrate. The vertically oriented preorbitalis muscle spans the gape and is hypothesized to contribute to the generation of powerful crushing forces for its hard prey. The attachment of the preorbitalis to the prominent labial cartilages is also hypothesized to assist in the retraction of the labial cartilages during jaw closure. Separate levator palatoquadrati and spiracularis muscles, which are longitudinally oriented and attach the chondrocranium to the palatoquadrate, are hypothesized to assist in the retraction of the palatoquadrate during the recovery phase of feeding kinematics. Morphological specializations for suction feeding that contribute to large subambient suction pressures include hypertrophied coracohyoideus and coracobranchiales muscles to depress the hyoid and branchial arches, a small oral aperture with well-developed labial cartilages that occlude the gape laterally, and small teeth. J. Morphol. 241:33–60, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Anatomy of the feeding apparatus of the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum.

The anatomy of the feeding apparatus of the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum, was investigated by gross dissection and computer axial tomography. The labial cartilages, jaws, jaw suspension, muscles, and ligaments of the head are described. Palatoquadrate cartilages articulate with the chondrocranium caudally by short, laterally projecting hyomandibulae and rostrally by ethmoorbital articulations. Short orbital processes of the palatoquadrates are joined to the ethmoid region of the chondrocranium by short, thin ethmopalatine ligaments. In addition, various ligaments, muscles, and the integument contribute to the suspension of the jaws. When the mouth is closed and the palatoquadrate retracted, the palatine process of the palatoquadrate is braced against the ventral surface of the nasal capsule and the ascending process of the palatoquadrate is in contact with the rostrodorsal end of the suborbital shelf. When the mandible is depressed and the palatoquadrate protrudes slightly rostroventrally, the palatoquadrate moves away from the chondrocranium. A dual articulation of the quadratomandibular joint restricts lateral movement between the mandible and the palatoquadrate. The vertically oriented preorbitalis muscle spans the gape and is hypothesized to contribute to the generation of powerful crushing forces for its hard prey. The attachment of the preorbitalis to the prominent labial cartilages is also hypothesized to assist in the retraction of the labial cartilages during jaw closure. Separate levator palatoquadrati and spiracularis muscles, which are longitudinally oriented and attach the chondrocranium to the palatoquadrate, are hypothesized to assist in the retraction of the palatoquadrate during the recovery phase of feeding kinematics. Morphological specializations for suction feeding that contribute to large subambient suction pressures include hypertrophied coracohyoideus and coracobranchiales muscles to depress the hyoid and branchial arches, a small oral aperture with well-developed labial cartilages that occlude the gape laterally, and small teeth. Copyright 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

What is applied linguistics?

Applied linguistics in one of its manifestations can be defined as that knowledge of language that can be used to influence language performance. Yet it is an ill‐defined and underdefined discipline. Earlier definitions have been of two principal kinds: the ostensive and the expository. These are assessed here. The key to a meaningful definition lies in the dual articulation of applied linguistics: it is an interface between linguistics and practicality. While this interface has traditionally been a human expert, it is suggested here that, following other disciplines, applied linguistics might illuminatingly be viewed as an ‘expert system’where two forms of expertise, value‐free and value‐added, inter‐react in the form of a transdiscipline.

Studies on Monogenetic Trematodes. XXII. Dactylogyrus californiensis sp. n. from the Sacramento Squawfish

This species is of moderate size (0.377 mm average length by 0.045 mm average greatest width) and differs from other known species of the genus by the presence of three to six (usually five) thickened cuticular folds on the left margin of the trunk near its mid-length. The cirrus and accessory piece resemble corresponding structures of D. banghami Mizelle and Donahue, 1944 (pl. II, figs. 33 to 36) but differ from them by the absence of a proximal process on the cirrus, and the presence of a dual articulation of the accessory piece to the base of the cirrus. Twenty specimens were used in the description. Host specimens of the Sacramento squawfish, Ptychocheilus grandis (Ayres), were obtained from Folsom Lake (Sacramento Co.) through the courtesy of Mr. D. A. LaFaunce and Mr. J. B. Kimseyl of the California Department of Fish and Game, to whom the author wishes to express his gratitude. The branchial material and the accompanying parasites were treated as described by Mizelle and Klucka (1953). Measurements were made with a compound microscope and a calibrated filar micrometer. Curved structures were measured as a straight line extending between the two most distant points of such structures. Measurements of anchor length, for example, extend from the tip of the superficial root to the most distant point on the curved portion in the area of junction of the shaft and point. Measurements of the length of the accessory piece extend from the tip of the base at its articulation with the cirrus, to the termination of the pointed ramus. Measurements of anchor widths (base) were made between the margin of the base on the deep-root side to a parallel line extending from the margin of the tip of the superficial root. In the following description all measurements are in millimeters. Dactylogyrus californiensis sp. n. Host and locality: Ptychocheilus grandis (Ayres), Folsom Lake, Sacramento Co., California. Specimens studied: Twenty. Type specimens: Type USNM Helm. Coll. No. 59656, Washington, D. C. Paratypes in author's collection. Received for publication 22 January 1962. Present address: Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Galveston, Texas. Description: Moderate-size dactylogyrid provided with a smooth cuticle; length 0.377 (0.254 to 0.481), greatest body width 0.045 (0.038 to 0.062). Left margin of trunk near mid-length with a dorsal (or ventral) cavity in which three to six (usu lly five) conspicuous cuticular folds are contained (figs. A, G). Eye spots four; members of posterior pair slightly larger and closer together than those of the anterior pair. Often some of the melanistic granules forming the eye spots are dissociated (fig. All). Cephalic area bifurcated to produce two terminal lobes each of which may possess one or two secondary lobes (figs. A, B). Head organs and associated cephalic glands not observed. Pharynx inconspicuous, ovoid in outline (dorsal view) and 0.015 (0.012 to 0.018) in transverse diameter (fig. A 10). Peduncle of moderate dimensions; haptor subpentagonal in outline (dorsal view), 0.049 (0.035 to 0.066) long and 0.058 (0.044 to 0.088) in greatest width. Anchors and connecting bar situated dorsally in haptor. Each anchor composed of: (1) a base with an elongate superficial and a small deep root; (2) a solid shaft; and (3) a recurved point (fig. C). Anchor wings inconspicuous. Anchor length 0.049 (0.044 to 0.052), greatest width of base 0.020 (0.017 to 0.022). Dorsal bar well developed, usually slightly bent posteriad in mid-region and with an indentation on posterior border near each end (fig. C 1); length 0.036 (0.033 to 0.038). Vestigial ventral bar inconspicuous, platelike anteriorly, and bifurcated near middle to produce two rami which project laterally and whose ends frequently are bent anteriorly (fig. D). Distance between ends of rami 0.025 (0.021 to 0.029). Hooks 14 (seven pairs) in number and normal in arrangement (Mizelle 1938) with members of pair number 6 often shifted somewhat ventrad. Each hook composed of: (1) a solid elongate base; (2) a shaft much shorter than the base; and (3) a sickle-shaped termination provided with an opposable piece (figs. H 1, 2). Hook bases infrequently inflated proximally (fig. H 2). Posteriorly projecting process of sickle-shaped termination apparently absent. Hooks of pairs 1 and 5 usually shorter than those of remaining pairs. Hook lengths: pair no. 1,