Du Mouvement Research Articles

From Navier to Stokes: Commemorating the Bicentenary of Navier’s Equation on the Lay of Fluid Motion

The article presents a summarised history of the equations governing fluid motion, known as the Navier–Stokes equations. It starts with the work of Castelli, who established the continuity equation in 1628. The determination of fluid flow resistance was a topic that involved the brightest minds of the 17th and 18th centuries. Navier’s contribution consisted of the incorporation of molecular attraction effects into Euler’s equation, giving rise to an additional term associated with resistance. However, his analysis was not the only one. This continued until 1850, when Stokes firmly established the boundary conditions that must be applied to the differential equations of motion, specifically stating the non-slip condition of the fluid in contact with a solid surface. With this article, the author wants to commemorate the bicentennial of the publication of “Sur les Lois du Mouvement des Fluides” by Navier in the Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences de l’Institut de France.

"Il faudrait cesser d'écrire des romans": The Paradoxical Influence of the Situationist International on Jean-Patrick Manchette

The goal of this article is to examine the work of Jean-Patrick Manchette (1942–95) as a form of case study that could highlight some of the contradictory effects and emotions that the Situationists provoked in writers of their time. Sincerely influenced by ultra-left politics and Situationist theory, Jean-Patrick Manchette, a crime fiction writer particularly active in the 1970s, was conscious quite early on that his work could be recuperated or that he was himself a recuperator, his novels being "récupérations feuilletonesques du mouvement social". This article summarizes the various aspects of this paradox, which he emphasized himself. It investigates how Manchette tried to develop a theoretically acceptable writing strategy inside this contradiction, a strategy that he would later consider faulty. This article also examines how, regardless of these unresolved preliminary conditions, Manchette experimented with different writing strategies that also bear the trace of political and formal questions sparked by his interest in this political current, thus reacting to it.

Analysis of the movements of the upper extremities during gait: Their role for the dynamic balance

BackgroundThe movement of the upper extremities is important for balance control in human walking. However, it is still unknown which mode of arm swing ensures the most stable gait due to the lack of appropriate measures which can quantify the movement of the upper extremities. In this study, we formulate a new parameter to numerically describe the arm swing. We investigated the effect of walking speed, sports activities and the subject’s BMI on the movement of the upper limbs. MethodsData of healthy 50 subjects from an external database was used. We used a human gait database for this analysis. All experimental trials were performed in Centre National de Rééducation Fonctionnelle et de Réadaptation – Rehazenter in Laboratoire d′Analyse du Mouvement et de la Posture in Luxembourg. Participants were asked to walk on a straight level walkway at 5 different speeds: 0–0.4 m/s, 0.4–0.8 m/s, 0.8–1.2 m/s, self-selected spontaneous and fast speeds. The human motion was recorded by using a 10-camera optoelectronic system. FindingsThe amplitude of arm swing was greater in gait with self-selected fast speed then in slow walking. Higher walking speeds entailed also the more structured and repetitive movement of the upper extremities. For self-selected fast speed, the mean value of Pearson's correlation coefficient between arm swing amplitude of the left and right side was 0.935 ± 0.102, 0.943 ± 0.073 and 0.973 ± 0.020 for the young, middle aged and elderly group respectively, while in slow walking it was in the range 0.393–0.633 (for the representatives of the three groups). Our results could suggest other factors which influence arm swing, such as obesity and doing asymmetric sports. InterpretationsOur results suggest that choosing the lowest possible walking speed is not the best strategy as the most symmetric arm swing occurs during gait with self-selected speed.

Edmond Halley's Contributions to Hydrogeology.

Edmond Halley's Contributions to Hydrogeology.

Death as Cataclysm or Catharsis: Yves Bonnefoy’s Douve

One of Bonnefoy’s best known poetic works, the 1953 Du mouvement et de l’immobilité de Douve, is also one of his most elusive, a complex piece presenting subtle juxtapositions of metaphysical inquiry, linguistic experimentation, and artistic innovation. Of the many engaging aspects of this substantial poem, the motif of the human body represents a central tenet. Intricately related to Bonnefoy’s subtle notion of présence—the interiorization of external reality though the infinite dynamics of art—the human body emerges as a living incarnation of that exquisite, unnamable state to which Bonnefoy’s poetry aspires. The systems continually at work in a biological organism—and its constant movement towards the definitive gesture of death—present the writer’s holistic view of the complex human form.

Sujet – objet: entretiens et pourparlers

The text analyses the work developed by the Théâtre du Mouvement, founded in Paris in 1973, highlighting diff erentiated practices undertaken with the object and their possible relationships with puppet theatre arts and contemporary tendencies in puppet theatre. The analyses are enriched with refl ections on the pedagogical activities and activities in theatre direction developed by the author at the École Nationale Supérieure des Arts de la Marionnette — ESNAM [National Higher School for Puppet Arts], in Charleville-Mézières, France, where the author has been a lecturer since 1988. Th e work of the actor-puppeteer, its ramifi cations, and the complex relationship with the object/puppet constitute the central focus of the present study.Keywords: Theatre of movement. Theatre of objects. Theatre performance. Manipulation of objects. Manipulation of puppets.

Naturalisme — Vous avez dit naturalismes? Sous la direction de Céline Grenaud-Tostain et Olivier Lumbroso.

Céline Grenaud-Tostain and Olivier Lumbroso have brought together sixteen wonderful essays by a range of scholars, largely based in France, who all turn, in ingenious and diverse ways, towards the plurality of ‘naturalismes’ promised in the playful interrogation of the collection’s title. This range spans from many of the doyens of the field to the most exciting doctoral researchers, and the sense that lingers is one of the sheer vitality of this domain. The excellent Introduction by Grenaud-Tostain and Lumbroso poses key questions. First, ‘[d]e quelle manière cette notion [de naturalisme] est-elle utile pour analyser le développement de l’esthétique réaliste dans la seconde moitié du xixe siècle?’ (p. 7). Second, which comparative approach would best account for the movement’s geo-linguistic and chronological variations? Third, how can we best analyse the intellectual exchanges generated by the act of translating naturalist literature between France and other cultures? And finally, ‘de quelle façon est-il possible de circonscrire ce qu’on peut appeler le “néo-naturalisme” (naturalisme et roman colonial, roman psychologique, œuvres naturistes…), révélant la puissance recréatrice des écrivains et la fécondité du mouvement artistique?’ (ibid.). In its ‘Prologue’ of four chapters, Henri Mitterand, René-Pierre Colin, Colette Becker and Pierre-Jean Dufief, and Kosei Ogura reflect on the vast dictionary projects that have characterized the field in recent times and to which they, as major players in this area, have themselves contributed. Renaud Oulié on Léon Hennique, Béatrice Laville on naturistes such as Saint-Georges de Bouhélier, and Marie-Ange Fougère on psychological novelists like René Boylesve and Édouard Estaunié, contribute to a section on the influence of naturalism on French fiction: ‘Les Héritages: filiations et désaffiliations’. The international reach of naturalism is then asserted in four essays on ‘Métamorphoses et résonances naturalistes en contexts’: Aurélie Barjonet on Curt Grottewitz and Germany, Zaki Coussa on the Arab world, Ogura again on Japan, and Béatrice Desgranges on Mo Yan and China. The concluding section on ‘Interactions et tensions: l’héritage critique du naturalisme au xxie siècle’ brings together Chantal Pierre’s critique of interpretations that reduce naturalism ‘à une écriture désempathique’ (p. 152); Véronique Cnockaert’s reading of Au Bonheur des Dames in light of Claudia Senik’s L’Économie du bonheur (Paris: Seuil, 2014); Marion Glaumaud-Carbonnier’s truly inspired account of the very absence of divorce from Zola’s œuvre; and Sophie Guermès’s ingenious deconstruction of the failure of subsequent novelists and theorists properly to engage with ‘les audaces des textes composant Le Roman expérimental’ (p. 191). This volume, so rich in its energized sense of the international reach of naturalism, and of future lines of investigation not least in digitally fuelled research, reaches its finale in Corinne Saminadayar-Perrin’s exemplary account of the ‘poétique cyclique de l’histoire’ in Les Rougon-Macquart.

Maurice Clavelin. Galilée, cosmologie et science du mouvement, suivi de Regards sur l’empirisme au XXe siècle. 392 pp., index. Paris: CNRS Editions, 2016. €25 (cloth).

Previous articleNext article No AccessMaurice Clavelin. Galilée, cosmologie et science du mouvement, suivi de Regards sur l’empirisme au XXe siècle. 392 pp., index. Paris: CNRS Editions, 2016. €25 (cloth).Enrico GiannettoEnrico Giannetto Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Isis Volume 108, Number 2June 2017 Publication of the History of Science Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/692495 Views: 47Total views on this site Citations: 1Citations are reported from Crossref © 2017 by The History of Science Society. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Enrico Giannetto The Transformations of Physico-mathematical Visual Thinking: From Descartes to Quantum Physics, (Jan 2023): 237–248.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11317-8_8

Leonhard Euler and the mechanics of rigid bodies**Euler, the man who ‘put most of mechanics into its modern form’ (Truesdell 1968 Essays in the History of Mechanics (Berlin: Springer) p 106).

In this work we present the original ideas and the construction of the rigid bodies theory realised by Leonhard Euler between 1738 and 1775. The number of treatises written by Euler on this subject is enormous, including the most notorious Scientia Navalis (1749), Decouverte d’un noveau principe de mecanique (1752), Du mouvement de rotation des corps solides autour d’un axe variable (1765), Theoria motus corporum solidorum seu rigidorum (1765) and Nova methodus motu corporum rigidorum determinandi (1776), in which he developed the ideas of the instantaneous rotation axis, the so-called Euler equations and angles, the components of what is now known as the inertia tensor, the principal axes of inertia, and, finally, the generalisation of the translation and rotation movement equations for any system.

Affirmation without End: Some Syntactical Similarities between the Poetry of Yves Bonnefoy and the Philosophy of Jean-Luc Nancy

Affirmation without End: Some Syntactical Similarities between the Poetry of Yves Bonnefoy and the Philosophy of Jean-Luc Nancy Emily McLaughlin SINCE HE CAME TO PROMINENCE with the publication of Du mouvement et de l’immobilité de Douve in 1953, Yves Bonnefoy has always been quick to affirm the value and the function of poetry. Whether writing about his own work or the work of others, whether writing essays, poetry or prose, he reminds us that poetry’s function is affirmative. Poetry is presented as an ontological act, an affirmation of the sense of existence, and a quest to affirm the physical and embodied reality of “la présence” within language. In “L’acte et le lieu de la poésie,” published in L’improbable in 1959, the poet insists that the “destin privé de chaque œuvre” is to “donner un sens à ce qui est.”1 The poet continues, “je ne crois pas que soit de poésie vraie que ne cherche aujourd’hui, et ne veuille chercher jusqu’au dernier souffle, à fonder un nouvel espoir” (Bonnefoy, L’improbable 122–23). It is therefore no surprise that Bonnefoy’s writings are dotted with simple affirmative statements, statements that use the verb “être” to affirm the existence of a phenomenon and then provide a simple definition of it. Bonnefoy writes in the early seminal essay “Les tombeaux de Ravenne, “L’objet sensible est présence” (Bonnefoy, L’improbable 26); “Simplement, [le monde] est avec nous. Dans le sensible” (Bonnefoy, L’improbable 28). In an essay on Paul Valéry, he affirms, “La poésie comme l’amour doit décider que les êtres sont” (Bonnefoy, L’improbable, 101). In a more recent essay on Christian Dotremont, published in 2010, he affirms, “la vie est une réalité ultime, enracinée si profond dans l’être qu’elle s’y obstine en dépit de tous les obstacles, qu’elle est donc comme telle la vérité, mais une vérité âpre, ‘rugueuse.’”2 As his use of the word “rugueuse” here suggests, Bonnefoy conceives of this act of affirmation in Rimbaldien terms. The poet is the one who affirms “la réalité rugueuse à étreindre,” in all its irreducibility and ungraspability.3 And he does so, over and over again. Critics have been quick to discern the provocative or resistant nature of Bonnefoy’s affirmations. Roland Gérard Giguère and Michèle Finck have highlighted how Bonnefoy’s affirmative poetics advertise his fidelity to material reality or embodied experience,4 at a time when writers and critics are increasingly [End Page 110] preoccupied with the modalities of linguistic production, the ways in which language forms our perception and experience of reality. With the emergence from the 1950s onwards of structuralism and post-structuralism, and literary and psychoanalytic strains of theory, Bonnefoy’s simple affirmations seek to counter what he describes as “un parti pris des mots” (Bonnefoy, Le siècle 174). The poet affirms the primacy of presence, the real, and the world. He affirms the sense of words that Heidegger and then Derrida place scrupulously under erasure, words that according to a logic of différance are irretrievably spaced and suspended. At a time of growing artistic and critical skepticism, Bonnefoy’s affirmations appear to be defiantly or even willfully naive. Yet Bonnefoy’s affirmations are so striking precisely because they are so effusive. An initial affirmation —“Le sensible est une présence,” for example—offers a definition that is simple and persuasive, assuaging a basic human need for clarity and identity. This definition then tends to be supplemented by an appositional syntax that repeatedly equates one term with another. The more enthusiastic the poet’s affirmations grow, the more they tend to spill, from one clause to another, in a long series of appositions, parataxes or parentheses. The poet’s effusively affirmative syntax thus voids processes of definition. Bonnefoy affirms the existence of phenomena that cannot be defined, measured or signified. And whilst the words that he affirms are not erased, as they are in Heidegger’s or Derrida’s writings, they are nonetheless revealed to be inherently elusive or excessive. Bonnefoy writes, “Le sensible est une présence...

One-day symposium “Memories of the Civil Rights Movement / Mémoire(s) du mouvement pour les droits civiques”

The one-day symposium on memories of the civil rights movement (Memoire(s) du mouvement pour les droits civiques), held at the University of Toulouse - Jean Jaures on February 28, 2014, brought together six scholars whose work evaluates how the cultural memories emerging from the mid-twentieth century civil rights struggle in the United States are shaped in words and images. Organized by two members of the Toulouse based research group “Cultures Anglo-Saxonnes” (CAS), the symposium was part o...

Seismic response evaluation of bridges under differential ground motion: a comparison with the new Algerian provisions

Seismic response of extended structures, such as bridges, must take into account spatial variability of earthquake ground motion (SVGM). Eurocode 8 (EC8) and the Algerian bridge seismic regulation code (Règles Parasismiques applicables au domaine des Ouvrages d’Art; RPOA) are among the rare bridge design codes that introduced simplified approaches for SVGM. This paper aims at evaluating the accuracy of the method proposed by the RPOA through comparison with more refined approaches and the EC8 provisions. Various bridges are considered and the results show that the RPOA’s simplified method does not give satisfactory results and clearly overestimates the seismic demand. The solution proposed in this paper is to modify some provisions, and the new approach gives results which are in better agreement with the other methods. L’effet de la variabilité spatiale du mouvement sismique (SVGM) doit être considéré lors du calcul sismique des structures étendues, telles que les ponts. L’Eurocode 8 (EC8) et récemment le règlement parasismique Algérien des ouvrages d’art (RPOA), sont parmi les rares codes de conception de pont à proposer des approches simplifiées pour tenir en compte de la SVGM. L’objectif de cet article est d’évaluer la méthode proposée par le RPOA en la comparant avec des approches plus raffinées et avec les dispositions de EC8. Pour cela, différents ponts ont été étudiés et les résultats obtenus montrent que la méthode simplifiée du RPOA ne donne pas des résultats satisfaisants dans le sens où elle surestime la demande sismique. La solution proposée dans cet article est d’en modifier quelques dispositions pour obtenir des résultats semblables aux autres méthodes.

Le temps malhabile by Olivier Bourque

Benameur effectively shuttles between the events leading up to Antoine’s current circumstances and his reactions to them. In addition, she convincingly blends a potent cocktail of sentiments: Antoine’s adolescent dissatisfaction with his status as his parents’ “child,” his shame at not having made his way into the working man’s world, and a more troubling sense of existentialist void. The novel changes direction when Antoine decides to travel to Montlevade, Brazil, the factory’s relocation site. Motivation is two-fold: he wants to travel and see the Brazilian factory workers who are his counterparts. But this change in direction threatens to pull the story apart. Antoine becomes far more engaged in experiencing the exotic than in investigating the world of work. To be fair to Benameur, the novel nominally accomplishes the expectations set up at the beginning: Antoine will find another kind of work that he deems meaningful, that is, writing; and he will have surpassed the minimalist ambitions of his parents in doing so. The book he is writing may eventually be related to the questions about work that the novel has raised at the beginning (Antoine will write about the French capitalist who launched the steel industry in Brazil, in part, by enslaving Brazilian indigents). The connections, however, are not clearly made: how or what he will write and with what purpose is left to the reader to guess. Least convincing of all is his affair with a young Brazilian woman who confections wildly colored outfits harkening back to French fashion of the 1950s. She becomes, quite inexplicably, his muse and model for pursuing his dream. Insurrections are most usually organized , collective actions against authority (civil rebellion and perhaps even labor protests come to mind, especially this year). I do not quibble with Benameur for having chosen to make Antoine’s insurrection “singular,” that is, solitary and perhaps even a little odd. Had I had a clearer sense of what in fact Antoine was rebelling against, I might have been better able to share his sense of satisfaction at the end of the novel. Lawrence University (WI) Eilene Hoft-March BOURQUE, OLIVIER. Le temps malhabile. Montréal: Triptyque, 2011. ISBN 978-2-89031705 -5. Pp. 50. $16 Can. Bourque offers a collection of—what we call with Baudelaire—poèmes en prose: thirty-eight texts identified by a date, plus two introductory texts that open each of the two parts of this small volume. However, the dates which function as headlines of the poetic entries do not offer the number of a year—they just indicate the season of the year and, thereby, create a general structure of time, especially since the entries are not laid out like the day-to-day account of a diary, but rather like occasional notes written at irregular intervals. They cover a period of roughly one and a half years. The leitmotiv of these poetic notes is the difficult relation between two human beings, i.e., a man and a woman, whose existence is overshadowed by the consciousness of mortality (mourir and la mort are recurring code words). The metaphors building on the bold and unexpected word echo the surrealistic movement that had an impact on Canada’s Francophone literature since the 1930s. Bourque’s first poetry volume, La matérialité du mouvement (2004), had also shown the influence of surrealism. It is, therefore, not surprising to find the author as a participant at a conference titled Héritage du surréalisme (2009). The poetic ego or speaking voice of Le temps malhabile applies frequent shifts 978 FRENCH REVIEW 85.5 of perception. The poetic images often reflect the hermetic symbolism to which we are accustomed from surrealistic paintings—fascinating but hard to decipher. These images in Bourque’s collection are samples of pure poetry and absolute beauty—absolute in the etymological sense, i.e., absolved from the burden of everyday realism and, thereby, truly surrealistic. The author has, however, not followed blindly André Breton’s concept of écriture automatique. Despite its sometimes dreamlike imagery, Bourque’s poetry is well crafted. New effects are created by the introduction of medical terminology from the author’s professional environment . The human body...

AUTOBIOGRAPHY, SEXUALITY AND IDENTITY IN PIERRE GUYOTAT'S FORMATION AND ARRIERE-FOND

Although, as Pierre Guyotat writes in reference to his recently published Arrière-fond, ‘[t]out ce que je fais est généralement autobiographique,’1 his concept of autobiography is both fluid and questioning: ‘Les textes autobiographiques intéressants sont ceux qui rendent compte de l'incertitude, du mouvement, de l'infini, de ce qu'est que la matière même de la vie […]. C'est pour cela aussi que le texte est toujours en mode interrogatif.’2 Whilst this fluidity may well characterize Arrière-fond as a loose, impressionistic account of the fifteenth year of his life, to what extent is this also true of the earlier, more conventionally chronological ‘autobiography’, Formation?3 In what ways does Guyotat's steady progress through his school years in Formation anticipate Arrière-fond, which represents a kind of stream-of-consciousness in the mind and desires of the fifteen-year-old, uprooted and adrift in Northumberland? And, perhaps even more importantly, how do the seeming conventionality and security of Guyotat's early upbringing in Formation ground the sexual indeterminacy, and yet the sexual obsessions, of the young adult? For whilst some might have hoped that Formation and Arrière-fond would be incipient ‘coming-out’ narratives, showing the young Guyotat emerging into sexuality and into at least some form of homosexuality,4 this is very far from the case. For, whilst sexual experience, generally in the form of masturbation, is a key theme in Arrière-fond, any accompanying desires focus on the simultaneous writing of poetry rather than on fantasized male or female partners.5 How, then, does the Guyotat of Formation prepare himself — and the reader — for a combination of repetitive, even obsessive, ‘branlées-avec-texte’ and a seemingly irrevocable ‘indécision sexuelle’?6

Histoire littéraire du mouvement monastique dans l'antiquité , Première partie: Le monachisme latin , Tome XI: La Gaule franque et l'Espagne wisigothique (VI e -VII e siècle) (review)

Reviewed by: Histoire littéraire du mouvement monastique dans l'antiquité, Première partie: Le monachisme latin, Tome XI: La Gaule franque et l'Espagne wisigothique (VIe-VIIe siècle) Philip Rousseau Histoire littéraire du mouvement monastique dans l'antiquité, Première partie: Le monachisme latin, Tome XI: La Gaule franque et l'Espagne wisigothique (VIe–VIIe siècle). By Adalbert de Vogüé, O.S.B. [Patrimoines christianisme.] (Paris: Éditions du Cerf. 2007. Pp. 317. €39 paperback. ISBN 978-2-20408-257-0.) This is the eleventh volume of Adalbert de Vogüé's monumental history of le monachisme Latin (the twelfth volume has also now appeared). Its completion marked as well his sixtieth anniversary (in 2004) as a Benedictine monk. It is an histoire littéraire only in the special sense of textual analysis and rather less a study of Rules and Lives as literary forms. This means that there is more narrative précis than historical reflection; but one values, of course, the authoritative judgment about interweavings and dependencies, and the author consistently identifies, in relation to much more than regulae, both the pathways and the mechanics of transmission. De Vogüé has become in our time so towering a figure in the historiography of late antique and early medieval monasticism that we can forget his genius for clear summary, for essays both precise and sympathetic, informed always by what one might term his lateral wisdom. This volume covers the period between the great pioneers (Pachomius, Cassian, and Benedict) and the Carolingian age. It focuses, in other words, on a period marked especially by the Irish and the confluence of their culture with both Gallic and Italian traditions. The regulae in particular were the instruments that mediated the earliest patterns of organization to men living in [End Page 540] rather different circumstances. It is always striking how loyally these "middle-phase" rule-writers remembered their own forebears. So the Regula Donati bears witness to the way Caesarius had begun to inject specifically feminine elements into his own broader heritage and Columbanus, with his interest in confession, regularized more fully the notion of obedience. Similar shifts can be observed in Jonas of Bobbio's Life of John of Réomé. Of two major components of the book, the first concerns precisely Jonas of Bobbio and Columbanus (chapters 3–5). De Vogüé is surely right in suggesting that Jonas's portrait of Columbanus himself was less important, in terms of histoire littéraire, than his account of what followed Columbanus's death. He regards the triumph of the Irish as at least coterminous with, if not the explanation of, the "decline" of the Lérins tradition—that is, the Lérins tradition as conceived of by de Vogüé himself: still a problematic interpretation. It is also convincing to suggest that we are witnessing here (in Jonas) a challenge to the influence of Gregory the Great and of the Benedictine legacy that the Carolingians would so ardently revive. That makes all the more apposite the second major section, the Spanish, beginning with Leander of Seville (well known, of course, to Gregory). It would probably have been useful to note more clearly that Leander was operating in circumstances marked not only by the definitive adhesion of the Visigoths to Catholic orthodoxy but also by their close if volatile relations with the Franks. When we come to Leander's brother, Isidore, we see a firm allegiance to the legacy of Augustine (and his contemporaries) rather more than to Benedict; and Isidore betrays a clear sense that Spain might not yet be ready for the detailed discipline of the sixth century. De Vogüé is skillful in his appropriate reference to what we might call Isidore's monastic temper, evident even in the Sententiae; but he also provides a very full analysis of the Regula monachorum. The concluding emphasis of the book, therefore, is invaluable, since Spain, in relation to monasticism as to so much else, is a neglected bridge between late antiquity and the high Middle Ages. De Vogüé's treatment is centered, not surprisingly, on Fructuosus of Braga; but he provides excellent reflections in chapter 8, "Le Monachisme espagnol à l...

Negotiating The Nation: “Expanding” the Work of Joyce Wieland

La façon dont l’œuvre de Joyce Wieland a été conceptualisée par le discours dominant sur l’art et le cinéma canadien empêche un questionnement plus large de son rôle historique, politique et culturel. Cet article démontre, d'une part, que la notion de « cinéma élargi » de Gene Youngblood permet de situer le travail de Wieland à l’intérieur du mouvement de synesthésie artistique des années 1960. D’autre part, nous situons Wieland à l’intersection de la seconde vague féministe et des idéologies nationalistes qui émergent à la même époque pour élucider son articulation symbolique de la nation canadienne, des notions de citoyenneté et des différences sexuelles.

Women Pioneers in Canadian Sociology: The Effects of a Politics of Gender and a Politics of Knowledge

Abstract: This article examines the life histories of ten anglophone Canadian pioneer women sociologists: Helen Abell, Grace Anderson, Jean Burnet, Eleanor Cebotarev, Kathleen Herman, Helen McGill Hughes, Thelma McCormack, Helen Ralston, Aileen Ross and Dorothy Smith. All were born before 1930, encountered significant sexism, and found jobs very easily. This pattern is placed into the context of a of gender and a of knowledge. Politics of gender in the institutional context and in family roles resulted in disadvantages, while the effect of the women's movement led to solidarity among women sociologists and eventual improvements in their situation. The simultaneous emergence of the women's movement and the Canadianization movement led to a of knowledge which proved advantageous for both. Nevertheless, the sociological canon so far has not included women pioneers -- the author needed to conduct interviews since almost no published information existed about most of these important soci ologists prior to this paper. Resume: Le present article se penche surl'histoire vecue de dix pionnieres canadiennes anglophones dans le domaine de la sociologie: Helen Abell, Grace Anderson, Jean Burnet Eleanor Cebotarev, Kathleen Herman, Helen McGill Hughes, Thelma McCormack, Helen Ralston, Aileen Ross et Dorothy Smith. Nees avant 1930, elles se sont toutes heurtees un sexisme marque ce qui ne les a pas empechees de trouver tres facilement du travail. Le phenomene est mis en perspective au vu d'une politique du genre et d'une politique de la connaissance. La politique du genre dans le cadre des institutions et des responsabilites familiales s'est traduite par des handicaps, tandis que le mouvement feministe a engendre une solidarite des femmes sociologues et, finalement, une amelioration de leur situation. L'emergence simultanee du mouvement feministe et de celui de canadianisation a engendre une politique de la connaissance quis'est revelee avantageuse pour les Canadiennes. Neanmoins, jusqu'a present, les pionnieres brillent par leur e xclusion du pantheon sociologique. L'absence quasi totale de donnees prealablement publiees sur ces importantes sociologues a d'ailleurs amene l'auteure du present article devoir effectuer des entrevues. Introduction [1] In reviewing the status of the women founders of sociology and social theory, Lengerman and Niebrugge-Brantley argue that the women have been of our history, rather than having been invisible. Being written out suggests that they were once seen as a presence in the community and that they were subsequently erased from its record (1998:2-3). This politics of erasure is premised on two interrelated processes: a of gender and a of knowledge. While their account deals with the issue at a time before sociology was established as a professional discipline in Canada, their questions are relevant to understanding the position of women pioneers within Canadian sociology. This paper asks how a of gender and knowledge affected some of the early anglophone women sociologists in Canada. When approaching histories of Canadian sociology we find little about women. I therefore decided to use a life history approach. Goetting (1995:9-12) identifies several advantages of this approach: it fills knowledge gaps (sorely needed in this instance); it provides a window on organizational structures by making informal power relations visible; it is a tool for interpreting the intersection of micro- and macro-levels of social order; and, when dealing with women's biography, it can contribute to the correction of the social production of obscurity. Life history is thus a critically helpful way of understanding our gendered world. I wanted to focus on the earliest group of anglophone women sociologists and thus chose birthdate and position as my selection criteria. The subjects of my study had to have been born prior to 1930 and formally trained in sociology. …

A numerical investigation of landfill hydraulics using variably saturated flow theory

Percolation of liquid in waste refuse is fundamental to the leachate generation process. This paper describes a preliminary investigation into the modelling of moisture transport in engineered, landfilled waste. Variably saturated flow theory is applied to simulate jointly liquid movement in both fully and partially saturated zones. The fundamental characteristics of engineered landfill and variably saturated flow are introduced; then the governing equation and method of solution are presented. Characterization of the waste and interpretation of boundary flows are discussed. The practical application of the model is illustrated by the simulation of leachate discharge during the infilling of an idealized landfill site. La percolation des liquides dans les décharges joue un rôle prédominant dans le processus de lixiviation. L'article décrit une étude préliminaire de la modélisation du mouvement des liquides dans les décharges contrôlées. Les auteurs appliquent la théorie de l'éoulement à saturation irrégulière pour simuler le mouvement des liquides simultanément dans des zones complètement et pardellement saturées. L'article décrit les caractéristiques fondamentales des décharges contrôlées et de l'éoulement à saturation irrégulière, puis présente l'quation maîtresse et la méthode de résolution. II examine la caractérisation des déchets et l'interprétation des écoulements limites. L'application pratique du modèle est illustrée par la simulation de la lixiviation pendant le remplissage d'une décharge idéalisée.

Histoire du Mouvement Ouvrier Chrétien en Belgique ed. by Emmanuel Gerard and Paul Wynants

Histoire du Mouvement Ouvrier Chretien en Belgique. Edited by Emmanuel Gerard and Paul Wynants. 2 vols. KADOC-Studies 16. (Leuven: Leuven University Press. 1994. Pp. 399; 645. 2400 FB.) This is a very impressive work. First published in Flemish in 1991, this edition represents a slightly revised and updated French translation. Its various chapters--six for Volume I and nine for Volume II--were prepared by separate authors. All contain copious illustrations, statistical and other tables, biographical vignettes, and extensive bibliographies. Volume I is essentially one of synthesis, dealing with the Belgian Christian Workers' Movement in general, while Volume II is concerned with the history of the constituent elements of that movement. Each volume, and indeed each chapter of both volumes, can be read independently of one another. Together they constitute a most up-to-date and reliable guide for an understanding of a movement which to this day constitutes a major socio-political force in the public life of the Belgian people. This reality began to take place only after the end of World War II. For the previous one hundred yeas or so the precursors of the present-day Christian Workers' Movement led a tenuous existence, not only in terms of their evident minority status vis-a-vis a rapidly growing socialist movement, but also in view of the opposition of numerous Catholic leaders from the political, the business, and ecclesiastical milieus. It was not until the very end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries that an increasingly autonomous and assertive workers' movement began to be able to win recognition by Catholics and non-Catholics alike. By that time, too, the basis had been laid for the establishment of a plethora of organizations, including mutual-aid societies, cooperatives, women's, youth, and family groups, and especially trade unions, all presenting themselves as various facets of a single movement, that of the Belgian Christian Workers. A uniquely Belgian reality had also to be taken into account arising from the existence of two separate ethnic entities, namely, the Flemish and the Walloon. It is clear from a study of these two volumes that for the Christian Workers' Movement, the Flemish component was by far the more important, so that for most of its history its development coincided with and was largely the result of initiatives that sought to obtain recognition and equality of treatment for that element of the population which had historically been ignored, if not indeed discriminated against by its wealthier and better educated French-speaking compatriots. Another reason for the ascendancy of the Flemish-speaking Christian workers in the overall movement was the fact that the Walloon area was the heartland of the industrial revolution in Belgium because of its mineral wealth, especially that of coal. Not too surprisingly, therefore, it was there that the socialist movement had acquired a headstart that Christian workers were hard put to compete with. By the time that Christian initiatives began there too, the phenomenon of dechristianization had begun to make itself felt: there were fewer workers there to whom an appeal based on a Christian vision of life was meaningful. Yet, be it in the Flemish or French-speaking areas, the original inspiration for the developing movement was explicitly couched in an antisocialist outlook, socialism being considered as inherently vitiated by its materialistic and atheistic attributes. Not too surprising, also, was the influence wielded in the early years by members of the clergy, such as the Reverend Antoine Pottier in the south and Father Georges Rutten, a Dominican priest, in the north. …

Asymmetries in the preparation and control of manual aiming movements.

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine if typical right hand target aiming advantages could be reduced or eliminated by increasing the spatial demands of the aiming task. In Experiment 1, we found right hand advantages for both movement time and error regardless of spatial characteristics of the task. When we introduced a greater degree of spatial uncertainty in Experiment 2, subjects exhibited a left hand reaction time advantage. Taken together our results suggest that the right cerebral hemisphere may have a special role to play in preparing the spatial aspects of an aiming movement, while the left hemisphere is more important for movement execution.Resume Deux experiences ont ete effectuees afin de determiner si l'augmentation des demandes spatiales de la ta@che de visee pouvait reduire ou eliminer les avantages typiquement relies a la main droite lorsque celle - ci s'oriente vers une cible. Dans l'experience 1, nous avons observe des avantages relies a la main droite pour ce qui est de la duree du mouvement et de la marge d'erreur, peu importe les caracteristiques spatiales de la ta@che. Dans l'experience 2 ou le degre d'incertitude spatiale etait plus eleve, nous avons observe chez les sujets un avantage relie a la main gauche et au temps de reaction. Mis ensemble, les resultats laissent supposer que l'hemisphere cerebral droit pourrait jouer un ro@le particulier dans la preparation des aspects spatiaux des mouvements diriges vers une cible, tandis que l'hemisphere gauche serait plus important pour l'execution des mouvements.Asymmetries in the performance of various manual tasks are often attributed to the proficiency of the contralateral cerebral hemisphere for specific types of processing (Todor & Smiley, 1985). For example, right - hand advantages for finger sequencing (Edwards & Elliott, 1987) and rapid finger tapping (Todor, Kyprie, & Price, 1982) have been ascribed to left hemisphere specialization for the organization and control of sequential movement. Left side superiority for tasks involving tactile discrimination (Benton, Varney, & deHamsher, 1976; Witelson, 1974) and kinesthetic spatial judgements (Carnahan & Elliott, 1987; Roy & MacKenzie, 1978) are thought to result from a right hemisphere propensity for spatial processing. Of interest here is how the cerebral hemispheres might interact or share responsibility to ensure optimal performance in motor tasks such as reaching and aiming which entail both important spatial, and movement organization components.Almost a century ago, R.S. Woodworth (1899) demonstrated that right hand target aiming movements were more precise than left hand movements unless the movements were made very slowly. A right hand advantage for either accuracy or movement time has been demonstrated repeatedly over the ensuing years (Annett, Annett, Hudson, & Turner, 1979; Bradshaw, Bradshaw, & Nettleton, 1988; Carson, Chua, Elliott, & Goodman, 1990; Fisk & Goodale, 1985; Flowers, 1975; Honda, 1982; MacKenzie, Sivak, & Elliott, 1988; Roy, 1983; Roy & Elliott, 1986, 1989; Todor & Cisnesos, 1985; Todor & Doane, 1978).(f.1) While it has been suggested that the right hand system is superior at processing movement related feedback (Flowers, 1975; Todor & Cisnesos, 1985), Roy and Elliott (1986, 1989) have shown that manual aiming asymmetries do not depend on the availability of visual information about limb and target during the actual movement (see also Carson, Chua, Elliott & Goodman, 1990; Woodworth, 1899). This finding prompted Roy and Elliott (1989) to propose that right hand advantages at aiming/reaching result from a left hemisphere superiority at timing the forces required to accelerate and decelerate the movement. This type of explanation not only appears to reconcile the findings from aiming studies, but is also compatible with suggestions about the mechanisms underlying right hand advantages in rapid finger - tapping (Peters, 1980), finger sequencing (Todor & Smiley, 1985) and throwing (Peters, 1990; see also Watson & Kimura, 1989). …