dSPACE DS1104 Controller Board Research Articles

Power maximization in standalone photovoltaic system: an adaptive PSO approach

A control strategy for power maximization which is an important mechanism to extract maximum power under changing environmental conditions using Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization (APSO) is proposed in this paper. An Adaptive Inertia Weighting Factor (AIWF) is utilized in the velocity update equation of traditional PSO for the improvement in speed of convergence and precision in tracking Maximum Power Point (MPP) in standalone Photovoltaic system. Adaptation of weights based on the success rate of particles toward maximum power extraction is the most promising feature of AIWF. The inertia weight is kept constant in traditional PSO for the complete duration of optimization process. The MPPT in PV system poses a dynamic optimization problem and the proposed APSO approach paves way not only to track MPP under uniform irradiation conditions, but also to track MPP under non-uniform irradiation conditions. Simulations are done in MATLAB/Simulink environment to verify the effectiveness of proposed technique in comparison with the existing PSO technique. With change in irradiation and temperature, the APSO technique is found to provide better results in terms of tracking speed and efficiency. Hardware utilizing dSPACE DS1104 controller board is developed in the laboratory to verify the effectiveness of APSO method in real time.

Development of Closed-Loop Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drive System Prototype

Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) are widely used in low to mid-power applications and high-performance drives. They are preferred over brush-type motors and gradually replacing induction motors in various fields of application due to its advantages. Many researchers are proposing new control methods of PMSM drive system. However, the PMSM system is nonlinear and consists of time-varying parameters with high-order complex dynamics. Due to these factors, researchers cannot rely only on simulation results to prove superiority of their proposed controllers. To validate the results obtained by simulation, experimental validation is necessary, where a closed-loop PMSM drive system prototype has to be developed. This paper describes the development of a PMSM drive system prototype with closed-loop current, speed and position feedback using dSpace DS1104 controller board for a 1.93kW three-phase interior-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor used for experimental validation of a proposed modified fractional order sliding mode speed controller. Using this prototype, the performance of any newly proposed control methods in real applications can be verified. Appropriate signal acquisition procedures of the feedback signals, as described in this work, are crucial to ensure the accuracy of closed-loop performance of the developed drive system.

Fuzzy model based multivariable predictive control design for rapid and efficient speed-sensorless maximum power extraction of renewable wind generators

Introduction. A wind energy conversion system needs a maximum power point tracking algorithm. In the literature, several works have interested in the search for a maximum power point wind energy conversion system. Generally, their goals are to optimize the mechanical rotation or the generator torque and the direct current or the duty cycle switchers. The power output of a wind energy conversion system depends on the accuracy of the maximum power tracking controller, as wind speed changes constantly throughout the day. Maximum power point tracking systems that do not require mechanical sensors to measure the wind speed offer several advantages over systems using mechanical sensors. The novelty. The proposed work introduces an intelligent maximum power point tracking technique based on a fuzzy model and multivariable predictive controller to extract the maximum energy for a small-scale wind energy conversion system coupled to the electrical network. The suggested algorithm does not need the measurement of the wind velocity or the knowledge of turbine parameters. Purpose. Building an intelligent maximum power point tracking algorithm that does not use mechanical sensors to measure the wind speed and extracts the maximum possible power from the wind generator, and is simple and easy to implement. Methods. In this control approach, a fuzzy system is mainly utilized to generate the reference DC-current corresponding to the maximum power point based on the changes in the DC-power and the rectified DC-voltage. In contrast, the fuzzy model-based multivariable predictive regulator follows the resultant reference current with minimum steady-state error. The significant issues of the suggested maximum power point tracking method, such as the detailed design process and implementation of the two controllers, have been thoroughly investigated and presented. The considered maximum power point tracking approach has been applied to a wind system driving a 5 kW permanent magnet synchronous generator in variable speed mode through the simulation tests. Practical value. A practical implementation has been executed on a 5 kW test bench consisting of a dSPACEds1104 controller board, permanent magnet synchronous generator, and DC-motor drives to confirm the simulation results. Comparative experimental results under varying wind speed have confirmed the achievable significant performance enhancements on the maximum wind energy generation and overall system response by using the suggested control method compared with a traditional proportional integral maximum power point tracking controller.

Neural Tracking Control of a Four-Wheeled Mobile Robot with Mecanum Wheels

This study designed an algorithm for the intelligent control of the motion of a mobile robot with mecanum wheels. After reviewing the model kinematics and dynamics of the robot, we conducted a synthesis of the neural control algorithm to determine network weight adaptation, according to Lyapunov stability theory. Using a MATLAB/Simulink computing environment, we developed a numerical simulation for the implementation of the robot’s motion path with parametric disturbances acting on the control object. To determine the quality of the implementation of the desired motion path, a numerical test of the robot’s motion, controlled with the use of a PD controller, was conducted. The proposed control algorithm was verified on a laboratory stand equipped with a dSpace DS1103 controller board and a Husarion Panther four-wheeled mobile robot with mecanum wheels. The conducted research confirmed the improved implementation of the desired motion path by a robot controlled with the use of an intelligent control system.

RST Digital Robust Control for DC/DC Buck Converter Feeding Constant Power Load

The instability of DC microgrids is the most prominent problem that limits the expansion of their use, and one of the most important causes of instability is constant power load CPLs. In this paper, a robust RST digital feedback controller is proposed to overcome the instability issues caused by the negative-resistance effect of CPLs and to improve robustness against the perturbations of power load and input voltage fluctuations, as well as to achieve a good tracking performance. To develop the proposed controller, it is necessary to first identify the dynamic model of the DC/DC buck converter with CPL. Second, based on the pole placement and sensitivity function shaping technique, a controller is designed and applied to the buck converter system. Then, validation of the proposed controller using Matlab/Simulink was achieved. Finally, the experimental validation of the RST controller was performed on a DC/DC buck converter with CPL using a real-time Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL). The OPAL-RT OP4510 RCP/HIL and dSPACE DS1104 controller board are used to model the DC/DC buck converter and to implement the suggested RST controller, respectively. The simulation and HIL experimental results indicate that the suggested RST controller has high efficiency.

A DSP‐based implementation of fuzzy logic and predictive current control for a Sheppard–Taylor power factor correction converter

AbstractEnsuring a high electric power quality of power systems and electric machinery continues to be a major challenge for power engineers. The research on harmonic reduction and improvement of power factor in connection to alternating current (AC) networks has intensified. This paper focuses on the simulation and real‐time implementation of a single‐phase Sheppard–Taylor power factor correction (PFC) rectifier. Compared to conventional PFC rectifiers, this converter provides a better network current tracking and reduces voltage stresses. Furthermore, it proves an ability to control a detuning phenomenon from which most of the PFC circuits suffer. This yields a significant enhancement in the power quality (PQ). The proposed control scheme consists of two successive controllers: (1) a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for the voltage loop, which ensures a good robustness to changes in parameters; and (2) a predictive current control (PCC), which allows to achieve a sinusoidal network current and improves the power factor. The proposed configuration is examined by simulation and implemented in real‐time using a dSPACE DS1104 controller board. The robustness of the proposed control is tested under different loading conditions and output voltage variations. The obtained results validate the superiority of the applied approach in terms of unity power factor (0.998), THD of the network current (3.7%, approximately), and fast dynamic response.

Experimental implementation of a novel scheduling algorithm for adaptive and modified P&O MPPT controller using fuzzy logic for WECS

SummaryThis article proposes an adaptive and modified Perturb and Observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm, using fuzzy logic step size controller, for a wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on wound rotor synchronous generator. The modified P&O controller uses additional current information of the dc‐link, to decrease power oscillation around MPP, and choose the correct direction of the perturbation, while wind speed increase condition, depending on the sign of dc‐link current change. So, in this contribution, a modified drift‐free P&O algorithm was chosen because it gives better results, but the duty cycle step size in the proposed MPPT controller has been varied adaptively, using a fuzzy logic inference system based on the variation of the rectifier output power and the previous change of the duty cycle to get fast convergence until the MPP is reached in increasing and decreasing wind speed conditions. Performances and robustness of the proposed speed sensorless MPPT controller are evaluated in an experiment implementation, using a WECS emulator and dSpace DS1104 controller board, where experimental results show that the proposed method guarantees fast convergence with better energy quality and high robustness against speed or load change conditions.

Real-Time Emulation of a Grid-Connected Wind Energy Conversion System Based Double Fed Induction Generator Configuration under Random Operating Modes

This paper presents the design, modeling, simulation and the experimental implementation of a 1.5 kW relatively low-cost wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on the double fed induction generator (DFIG) configuration. In the preliminary experiments, we test the DFIG power control under fixe speed by applying the vector control principle, then we insert the physical emulator presented in the controlled DC motor in order to simulate the static-dynamic behaviors of a real wind turbine with the use of the Tip Speed Ratio TSR based MPPT algorithm to extract the maximum available power on the emulator. The proposed structure is simulated using MATLAB Simulink environment, the obtained results are validated experimentally on our laboratory setup. We also develop an application with MATLAB AppDesigner that calculates the operating point of our system at steady state and visualize the power transfer, current, voltage and electromagnetic torque values of the DFIG and the DC motor before starting the stimulation or the experimental manipulation. The MPPT, the DC motor control and the DFIG power control algorithms are implanted in C, embedded on a dSPACE DS1104 control board. The obtained results confirm the reliability of the proposed WECS to manage all the probable operating modes, also the effectiveness of the physical simulator in the role of wind turbine emulation.

Improved hardware implementation of a TSR based MPPT algorithm for a low cost connected wind turbine emulator under unbalanced wind speeds

This paper presents the design, modeling, and the experimental build of a 1.5 kW relatively low-cost wind turbine emulator (WTE), based on the variable speed wind power system concept with partly rated power converters. The turbine simulator is composed of a controlled DC motor (DCM) in order to manage the static-dynamic behavior of a real wind turbine, including an ideal gearbox. This emulator is integrated into a connected wind energy conversion system chain (WECS), based on the double fed induction generator (DFIG) configuration. The latter ensures the electromechanical conversion. It allows the transfer of active and reactive power to the power grid during hypo and hyper synchronous modes. The aerodynamic emulation principle requires controlling the DC armature current with a PI controller. This leads to an electrical drive that applies a shaft torque identical to the wind turbine transmission drive train. The current reference is calculated as function of the static settings of the wind turbine and real wind speed data gives different operating points. In addition, this paper also proposes to test the TSR (Tip Speed Ratio) based MPPT algorithm to extract the maximum available power on the emulator by adjusting the rotational speed according to the actual given wind speed data. The MPPT, the DC motor control and the DFIG power control algorithms are implanted in C language, using dSPACE DS1104 control board, meanwhile simulations are done using MATLAB/Simulink. The experimental and simulation results show the effectiveness of using the controlled DC motor to emulate the wind turbine and also the great performances of the proposed MPPT structure to achieve the extraction of the maximum instantaneous power available on the drive shaft.

FPGA in-the-loop implementation of direct torque control for induction motor

In this study, the hysteresis based direct torque control (DTC) of a three-phase induction motor was carried out experimentally. The DTC algorithm was also modelled in the hardware environment by using FPGA’s in-the-loop feature. The dSPACE DS1103 controller board was used in the experimental study and Altera DE2-115 model development board was used in the hardware modelling. Both applications had the same sample time and all of the DTC algorithm was tested within the FPGA. The hardware simulation study conducted in FPGA environment was carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The experimental results were compared with the hardware simulation results obtained from FPGA. As a result of the comparison, it was shown that DTC algorithm could be realized easily in FPGA environment without experimental installation, and the obtained current, voltage and velocity graphs were similar.

Grid Side Inverter Control for a Grid Connected Synchronous Generator Based Wind Turbine Experimental Emulator

This paper describes the real time implementation and control of a wind energy conversion chain emulator based on a synchronous generator (SG) using a full-scale power converter configuration. The proposed structure consists of the mechanical coupling of two 1.5 kW machines, a DC motor which emulates the static-dynamic behaviors of a three-blade wind turbine with a horizontal axis including an ideal gearbox, and a synchronous generator that ensures the electromechanical conversion and manages the different operating modes. The aim of the first part in this work is the design and the implementation of the control of the grid side converter in order to control the flow of the produced/consumed active and reactive power (PGSC / QGSC) in both directions between the generator and the grid. An improved experimental grid voltage vector-orientation control algorithm (VOC) is investigated and applied to the grid inverter to control the GSC powers independently and instantly. The control algorithms are implanted in C, using dSPACE DS1104 control board to drive the 6-IGBT’s inverter. The experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme of the GSC.

Design and implementation of a nonlinear controller and observer for inverter fed permanent magnet synchronous motor drive using dSPACE DS1103 controller board

This paper proposes a control system for the speed control of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive through hardware implementation using dSPACE DS1103 controller board. The proposed control scheme consists of two loops such as the inner current loop and outer speed loop. In the inner current loop a nonlinear full order observer (NFOO) along with the state feedback controller (SFC) is used; whereas in outer speed loop PI controller is used as speed controller. The proposed NFOO estimates all the states of PMSM and fed back to the SFC. A nonlinear controller (NLC) is designed along with SFC, to cancel out the system nonlinearity using the concept of exact feedback linearisation. Also the pole placement technique is implemented in order to shift all the poles to left half of the s-plane resulting the system stable in spite of uncertainties and parameter imperfections. The speed and position information of the PMSM is obtained using an encoder. The proposed control scheme has been extensively simulated under various conditions and verified experimentally through dSPACE DS1103 controller.

Design and implementation of a nonlinear controller and observer for inverter fed permanent magnet synchronous motor drive using dSPACE DS1103 controller board

This paper proposes a control system for the speed control of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive through hardware implementation using dSPACE DS1103 controller board. The proposed control scheme consists of two loops such as the inner current loop and outer speed loop. In the inner current loop a nonlinear full order observer (NFOO) along with the state feedback controller (SFC) is used; whereas in outer speed loop PI controller is used as speed controller. The proposed NFOO estimates all the states of PMSM and fed back to the SFC. A nonlinear controller (NLC) is designed along with SFC, to cancel out the system nonlinearity using the concept of exact feedback linearisation. Also the pole placement technique is implemented in order to shift all the poles to left half of the s-plane resulting the system stable in spite of uncertainties and parameter imperfections. The speed and position information of the PMSM is obtained using an encoder. The proposed control scheme has been extensively simulated under various conditions and verified experimentally through dSPACE DS1103 controller.

Power quality improvements of arc welding power supplies by modified bridgeless SEPIC PFC converter

This paper proposes an efficient bridgeless power factor corrected (PFC) modified single ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC) for arc welding power supplies (AWPS). The overall configuration is composed of two converters: (1) a modified bridgeless SEPIC PFC converter, which is controlled by a PI controller to achieve a high power factor and fast response; and (2) a full bridge buck converter with high-frequency transformer for high-frequency isolation to ensure arc welding stability. The proposed system is simulated under different operating conditions of an AWPS. It is also tested in real time by a hardware-in-the-loop system based on a dSPACE DS1103 control board. The system performances are evaluated based on power quality indices such as power factor, total harmonic distortions of the AC grid current, and voltage regulation. The obtained results show that the proposed controller enhances the weld bead quality by keeping a constant current at the output and a stable arc, meet the international power quality standards and robustness for voltage regulation.

Implementation of a V/f Controlled Variable Speed Induction Motor Drive

DSP implementation of speed control of three phase induction motor drive is presented in this paper. A closed loop speed control has been achieved using constant V/f technique which is a simple scalar control method used to control the magnitude of the control quantities. In this study, a fourth order polynomial drived from V/f curve is constructed instead of using look up table which takes much time for determination of voltage from frequency value. A PI controller is used in speed control. dSPACE DS-1103 controller board is used for the implementation with Matlab/Simulink, which has a simple real time interface. Steady-state speed characteristics and transient responses with various reference speed commands are presented by experimental system. The simulation and experimental results provide a smooth speed response and good performance under various dynamic operations. Real time speed control has been implemented and some results are presented.

Design and experimental implementation of a wind energy conversion platform with education and research capabilities

Today, pitch-controlled variable speed wind turbines (WTs) are the most installed Wind Energy Conversion (WEC) systems. They mainly use two types of generators: the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and the double-fed induction generator (DFIG). In this paper, the overall configuration of DFIG-based WEC systems is reviewed and its control strategy is experimentally implemented using dSPACE DS1104 controller board. In this context, emphasis is placed on active power transfer management, reactive power compensation, and sinusoidal current injection into the main grid to improve power quality. The built lab-scale prototype allows validating different subsystems operation and demonstrating DFIG-based WEC capabilities.This paper specifically provides a thorough and consistent step-by-step modeling and control design methodology for a DFIG-based WEC simulation and experimentation platform that could be used for education and research addressing the wind energy conversion timely topic.

Implementation of second order sliding mode disturbance observer for a one-link flexible manipulator using Dspace Ds1104

In this paper, a second-order sliding mode (SOSM) disturbance observer will be designed and implemented for a single link manipulator using Ds1104. The target system model is derived via the expression of the Lagrange equations of movement based on an energy approach. The flexible link is a clamped-free Euler–Bernoulli beam, and the assumed modes method is used to approximate the elastic movement. The proposed observer is meant to estimate the single-link flexible manipulator state, and the equivalent output injection method is applied to reconstruct the determinist unknown time varying disturbance. To appraise the performance of the proposed strategy, the observer is implemented using dSPACE DS1104 Controller board Real-Time Interface (RTI) running under MATLAB/Simulink software and ControlDesk 4.2 graphical interface. The illustrated results, either of the simulation or the experimental setting up, show that the proposed strategy provides finite time and robust estimation of single link nonlinear flexible manipulator state. Furthermore, the observer gives with accuracy the reconstruction of external perturbation.

Predictive Flux Control for Induction Motor Drives With Modified Disturbance Observer for Improved Transient Response

This paper proposes an extended model based predictive flux control (MPFC) with modified disturbance observer speed loop for induction motors. The main advantages of the proposed method are the improvement of load estimation, the suppression of current overshoot at step changes in reference speed and the removal of weighting factor in the newly formulated cost function. Weighting factor is removed by using extended reference transformation which translates reference torque, generated by the speed controller, into equivalent stator flux vector eliminating the challenging task of gain tuning at different points of operation. Then, the load torque is considered as an unknown disturbance and the accuracy of load estimation during speed jumps is improved by using a reduced order PI observer (ROPIO) with low-pass filter (LPF) for improved integration. The observer is combined with disturbance rejection based control to design a composite speed controller replacing conventional PI loop. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated on a two-level three-phase inverter fed induction motor drive using dSpace DS1104 controller board. The dynamic response of the proposed method is compared to previously proposed disturbance observer based controller (DOBC) for predictive torque control method. The load estimation error of the proposed method at speed jumps is reduced by 66% while current surges are also suppressed effectively.

Implementation and validation of backstepping control for PMSG wind turbine using dSPACE controller board

This paper describes the design and implementation in real time of a nonlinear control for a wind energy conversion system (WECS). The Backstepping control has been implemented to improve the performance of the conversion system based on a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) connected to the grid. Two static back-to-back converters ensure grid connection and are controlled by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). The proposed control algorithm ensures proper speed control to extract maximum power. First of all, a WECS full review has been discussed. Thereafter, a Backstepping control laws detailed description based on the Lyapunov stability technique has been reported. Consequently, these control thus helping it possible to operate the complete system in the best performances in the static and dynamic regimes. The second part of this article has been devoted to the Backstepping control experimental validation using the dSPACE DS1104 control board and the Matlab–Simulink environment in order to check and validate the system efficiency. The results achieved have been clearly responded to the requirements of robustness and follow-up of references even under fluctuating wind conditions, and confirmed the control effectiveness in both static and dynamic operating modes.

Performance of a vector control for DFIG driven by wind turbine: real time simulation using DS1104 controller board

<span>In this research paper we investigate the modelling and control of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) driven in rotation by wind turbine, the control objectives is to optimize capture wind, extract the maximum of the power generated to the grid using MPPT algorithm (Maximum Power Point Tracking) and have a specified reactive power generated whatever wind speed variable, the indirect field oriented control IFOC with the PI correctors was used to achieve such as decoupled control. To validate the dynamique performance of our controller the whole system was simulated using dSPACE DS1104 Controller board Real Time Interface (RTI) which runs in Simulink/MATLAB software and ControlDesk 4.2 graphical interfaces.</span>