DSLR Camera Research Articles

Measuring and Modelling Crescent Image Contrast with a DSLR Camera

Measuring and Modelling Crescent Image Contrast with a DSLR Camera

Vegetation index value on chili leaves with symptoms of geminivirus disease (case study in Konda district, Konawe Selatan regency, Southeast Sulawesi)

Expression of symptoms on chili plants infected with the Geminivirus can vary. This variation can be determined by viral satellite DNA (alphasatellites, betasatellites, deltasatelites) and the degree of plant resistance. The visual limitations of the human eye become an obstacle in recognizing and assessing the severity of plant virus symptoms in the field. It is hoped that an assessment method based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) value obtained from the processing of symptomatic plant images is expected to be a solution. No precise information has been found regarding the magnitude of the NDVI value in each variation of virus symptoms in chili plants. It can be an obstacle in the application of this method. The study aimed to measure the value of NDVI for each variation in the symptoms of virus-infected chili plants. Field survey activities accompanied by image recording of symptomatic and asymptomatic plants were carried out in curly chili plantations (as a model plant) in Konda District, South Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. Plant image recording was carried out during the day using a Canon 750D DSLR camera equipped with an NDVI lens filter, followed by image processing using the Fiji-ImageJ application + the Photo Monitoring plugin. The results showed that plants with various symptoms of severe mottle, narrow leaves, uneven leaf surface, mosaic, and stunting had an average NDVI index higher than 0.269 and a lower standard deviation value of 0.024 compared to other variations of symptoms.

Pengembangan Video Profil Sebagai Media Promosi Pada Pondok Pesantren

This study focuses on the development of profile videos. Where the research location of the education field had several attempts at promotion that had been applied by the society, including the creation of brochures, banners, and pamphlets. But some of the efforts made are still less effective. This is because promotion efforts already undertaken have a broader range and are easily accessible to the public.The issues of this study are solved using a voice-corrections application, adobe lightroom desktop for photo editing, shotcut software for video editing, and Windows 7 ultimate operating system. Hardware with a tripod, a DSLR camera, a handy camp, and a laptop. Primary data: the boarding house promotion at the Muhammadiyah junior high school village of Jono neighborhood graft district Purworejo.The results of the study were measured in terms of three aspects: social attraction, visualization of profile video content, and profiling media benefits. Public interest aspect assessments were achieved 78% of the 35 respondents. The visualizing aspect of the video profile of 76% of the 35 respondents. The visualizing aspect of the video profile of 76% of the 35 respondents. Of the 14 percent more than the average.

Simultaneous imaging of CH*, C2∗, and temperature in flames using a DSLR camera and structured illumination.

Measurement of chemical species and temperature mapping in flames is essential to understanding the combustion process. Multiple cameras are conventionally employed for measurement in such scenarios making the experimental setup not only cost-intensive but also challenging. To circumvent this, structured illumination (SI)-based methods are reported for multispecies chemiluminescence (CL) imaging using a single camera. In this paper, we demonstrate four-channel SI-based imaging for simultaneous snapshot C H ∗ and C2∗ CL imaging and two-color pyrometry for temperature profiles in a butane diffusion flame. We demonstrate our approach using individual species and multiple species imaging. Taking the advantage of the axisymmetric nature of the flame, the Abel transform is performed on the line-of-sight averaged images to obtain deconvoluted images. The deconvoluted maps of temperature are compared with the temperature data obtained by using a physical thermocouple probe.

Biodiversitas Burung Air di Kawasan Mangrove di Sekitar Muara Sungai Lakawali dan Sungai Ussu Kecamatan Malili, Kabupaten Luwu Timur, Sulawesi Selatan

Water bird diversity in mangrove ecosystem of the Malili District, East Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi, is rarely studied. This reseacrh aims to examine the diversity of bird species in the mangrove ecosystem, Malili District, East Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi. The study was conducted at two stations, namely mangrove forests at the Lakawali River estuary and at the Ussu River estuary. Data collection was carried out using field by field methods, observations were made with binoculars and a Nikon D5200 DSLR camera. Data analysis was performed using the Diversity Index (H’) formula according to Shannon-Winner and evenness index (E) according to Magurren. Species conservation status is determined based on Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/ KUM.1/12/2018 and IUCN redlist. The results showed that 417 individual birds were found consisting of 5 orders, 7 families and 17 species, there was one protected species, namely great knot (Calidris tenuirostris). The diversity index (H’) in the estuary of Lakawali river is 2.48, and in the estuary of Ussu river is 2.59 which indicates the medium category. The evenness index (E) in the estuary of Lakawali river was 0.92 and in the Ussu River was 0.93 which showed that the distribution of species in both habitats was quite even.

Does Camera Type Affect Patient Comfort? An Analysis of Patient Opinions of Office Photography

Purpose: Photography is an essential part to plastic surgery in terms of procedural planning and documentation. With the increasing quality of commercially available digital cameras, an investigation of the effect of camera type on patient perception of the office visit is necessary. Therefore, we aim to investigate the impact of using a traditional DSLR style camera versus a smartphone in office-based patient photography. Method: A Likert scale survey was completed by patients following office visits to assess comfort with office photography. Key points included: sex, age, number of previous visits, comfort with photographic experience, and camera type used. Results: 100 patients (78 F, 21 M) were included; 47 had photographs taken with a DSLR camera and 52 had photos taken with a smartphone. The mean decade of cohort age was 40 to 49 years old. No statistical difference in patient comfort between DSLR camera and smartphone use was observed (4.71 ± 0.72 vs 4.64 ± 0.57, P: .58). When data was stratified by sex or number of previous visits, there was still no difference in comfort across camera types. There was no significant main effect of age on comfort level ( P = .109); However, a post-hoc Tukey’s analysis showed significant comfort differences between the <18 and 18-29 subgroups and the <18 and 60 to 69 subgroups ( P = .040 and P = .041 respectively). Conclusion: Patients were overall equally comfortable with their photographic experience when providers used either camera. Smartphone cameras, therefore, should be regarded as a suitable alternative for office use without fear of invoking negative perceptions in patients.

A REPLICABLE OPEN-SOURCE MULTI-CAMERA SYSTEM FOR LOW-COST 4D GLACIER MONITORING

Abstract. Image-based monitoring has emerged as a prevalent technique for sensing mountain environments. Monoscopic time-lapse cameras, which rely on digital image correlation to quantify glacier motion, have limitations due to the need for a Digital Elevation Model for deriving 3D flow velocity fields. Multi-camera systems overcome this limitation, as they allow for a 3D reconstruction of the scene. This paper presents a replicable low-cost stereoscopic system designed for 4D glacier monitoring. The system consists of independent and autonomous units, built from off-the-shelves components, such as a DSLR camera, an Arduino microcontroller, and a Raspberry Pi Zero, reducing costs compared to pre-built time-lapse cameras. The units are energetically self-sufficient and resistant to harsh alpine conditions. The system was successfully tested for more than a year to monitor the northwest terminus of the Belvedere Glacier (Italian Alps). Daily stereo-pairs acquired were processed with Structure-from-Motion to derive 3D point clouds of the glacier terminus and estimate glacier retreat and ice volume loss. By combining the information about ice volume loss with ablation estimates and ice flow velocity information, e.g., derived from monoscopic-camera time series, a multi-camera system enables a comprehensive understanding of sub-seasonal glacier dynamics.

A survey based comparative study about dental clinical photography amongst intern and postgraduate students

Dental photography is a vital component in the diagnosis and documentation of dental cases. This study aimed to evaluate the familiarity, approach, and practice of dental interns and postgraduate students with respect to dental clinical photography. A total of 250 participants completed a questionnaire, with 78.4% being interns and 21.6% postgraduates. The study found that only 7.3% of participants used a DSLR camera for dental clinical photography, with mobile cameras being the most extensively used device. The high cost of equipment was cited as the primary reason for this. The study also revealed that learning and education needs to be significantly improved in dental clinical photography to ensure better documentation and patient confidentiality.Photography has been widely used in health sciences, including dentistry, to diagnose, document, and record cases. Dental photography is renowned for aiding in clinical diagnosis, similar to the use of x-rays, laboratory workup, or other examinations or tests. However, the use of dental clinical photography varies widely among dental interns and postgraduate students. This study aimed to evaluate their familiarity, approach, and practice in this field.A total of 250 participants, including dental interns and postgraduate students, completed a questionnaire about their familiarity, approach, and practice with dental clinical photography. The survey data were collected and analyzed to evaluate the use of different devices, patient consent and confidentiality, and the overall approach of participants towards dental photography. The study found that only 7.3% of participants used a DSLR camera for dental clinical photography, with mobile cameras being the most extensively used device. The high cost of equipment was cited as the primary reason for this. The majority of participants found it essential to document cases for marketing purposes. In terms of maintaining patient consent and confidentiality, informed consent was obtained from the majority of patients before documenting pictures. Additionally, a few of the participants covered their patient’s eyes to avoid breaching confidentiality. The study revealed that learning and education needs to be significantly improved in dental clinical photography to ensure better documentation and patient confidentiality. Dental photography can be made an intriguing subject to record cases efficiently and provide exceptional opportunities for instruction, patient simulation, and recall visits by students. Dental interns and postgraduate students need to be educated on the benefits and correct approach to dental clinical photography.

Automatic classification of cowpea leaves using deep convolutional neural network

This paper uses a binary classification to discriminate cowpea leaves from other/weed leaves. Cowpea is one of the nutritional crops, but research on cowpea is negligible worldwide. Hence our experiments are purely based on cowpea leaves to increase the productivity of the high fiber consumed. An automatic model implementation has yet to be done on the cowpea leaves dataset. Therefore, our work is essential for researchers in this field. In such cases, various state-of-the-art algorithms are available, but our approach appears competitive against existing ones. The overall analysis of the complete results we have cited in the paper in table format. The images have been collected from the cowpea field of The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi and dataset constructed in the lab. The plants are grown under suitable environmental conditions, and images have been collected with a standard DSLR camera. In the proposed CNNs model, data (images) of cowpea leaves have been collected from a Research farm. For all collected data, we have made labeled data (Databank) to utilize cowpea leaves for further research, and then we applied three convolutional neural networks to classify cowpea leaves for smart agriculture. The experimental results show that the DenseNet121 realizes a detection performance with the highest accuracy on the CLDC. We have also used two more CNN architectures to identify cowpea leaves from the weed, and a comparative study has been made and explored in the paper. DenseNet121 methods give an accuracy of 86.12% (training dataset) and 88.89% (testing dataset), respectively.

Morphology Study of the Corrosion Rate on Weld Joint of Double Side Friction Stir Welding Aluminum Alloy AA6061

DSFSW welding uses the rotating of a tool in the workpiece to create heat owing to friction between workpiece and tool to be connected. Corrosion is influenced by the presence of high heat owing to friction and a non-uniform cooling rate. The heat transforms the metal in the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) and Weld Metal (WM) region, which can result in flaws such porosity, kissing bond, fractures, voids (from welding penetration), and flash as well as changes to the microstructure. Changes in the microstructure of welded joints can affect the resistance of welded joints to corrosion. The purpose of this study is to experimentally analyze the main causes of failure of AA6061 DSFSW joints based on welding temperature, weld defects, microstructure, corrosion rate and morphology of the corroded surface. Temperature testing using thermocouple to analyze the temperature, welding joint defects using DSLR camera and radiography test, microstructure using optical microscope, corrosion rate using AUTOLAB PGSTAT and morphology of corroded surface using SEM. The temperature analysis results show that the advancing side has a higher temperature than the retreating side, due to friction between the tool and base metal accompanied by the opposite welding direction. Visual inspection shows that all specimens and welding positions produce flash that is quite rough on the top (1G) and bottom (4G) surfaces and radiographic test results show incomplete fusion in 4 specimens. Microstructure shows a change in shape and size resulting in recrystallization in the form of fine grains. The highest corrosion rate is found in specimen B 1G welding position of 0.63856mm/year and the lowest corrosion rate in specimen A of 0.058567mm/year. SEM test results show the type of corrosion that occurs in DSFSW welding joints is pitting corrosion.

Macaroni-type breakup in the primary breakup of discontinuous shear-thickening suspension

The primary breakup of discontinuous shear-thickening suspension is studied experimentally. A divergent nozzle was used as the annular passage of a coaxial two-fluid nozzle. The breakup morphology was observed with a DSLR camera and a high-speed camera. According to the experimental results, the discontinuous shear-thickening behavior and the geometry of the annular air nozzle of divergent section significantly affect the breakup morphology of the suspension jet. Under the action of the annular air, the suspension jet near the exit of the nozzle tends to expand radially and becomes hardened and incompressible in the axial direction. For discontinuous shear-thickening suspensions, the axial hardening does not affect the good fluidity in the radial direction because of their anisotropic microstructure. Therefore, a hollow structure appears, and the suspension jet exhibits the macaroni-type breakup. This breakup mode strengthens when the radial expansion increases. Based on the equation of continuity, the force analysis and mechanism of the macaroni-type breakup are discussed.

Comparison of Patients' Satisfaction Between 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional Digital Smile Simulation

Objectives: To compare 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) smile simulation techniques from the perspective of patient preferences in comfort during data collection and the simulation outcome. Methods: Twenty subjects (10 males and 10 females) with no experience with smile simulation participated in this study. Data collection was performed by using a DSLR camera (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) for dentofacial photography, an intraoral scanner (3-Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark) for an oral scanning file, and a tablet device (iPad, Apple, CA, USA) for smile video recording. The subjects’ perceptions of comfort towards each data collection process were evaluated using a standardized questionnaire. A week later, both 2D and 3D smile simulation outcomes were presented to participants, and subjects’ preferences toward the simulation outcomes were evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed with Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test and the one-sample chi-square test. Results: A statistical implication presented the significant difference between 2D and 3D subjects' satisfaction in terms of time consumption for data gathering. The results showed that 90% of subjects were satisfied with 2D simulation rather than 3D simulation due to time (p=0.002). For satisfaction of the simulation outcome, there was a significant difference in the statistical implication (p<0.05). Even though preference and recommendation were significantly different factors, the subjects' overall satisfaction levels were not significantly different (p=0.74). Conclusions: Although the satisfaction of recruited individuals in the 2D simulation was higher than that in the 3D simulation during the data collection process, there was no difference in patients' preferences between the 2D and 3D outcomes.

Wavelength Selection Using a Modified Camera to Improve Image-Based 3D Reconstruction of Heritage Objects

ABSTRACT Tools for image-based 3D-reconstruction are commonly used for cultural heritage applications; however, wider usage has increased variability in the quality of output 3D models. Geometric variations between 3D models acquired with differing methods make metric conservation applications such as condition monitoring and measuring change over time challenging. This article presents an investigation of wavelength selection using a modified off-the-shelf DSLR camera and bandpass filters to improve input image quality in a 3D-reconstruction study of a wooden sculpture of a coyote and turtle from the Smithsonian American Art Museum. The sculpture has a large crack of concern to conservators, but its curved, dark shiny surface challenges image-based dimensional monitoring. Selecting infrared wavelengths rather than the visible light for 3D reconstruction input images reduced specular surface reflections and improved image contrast resulting in improved recording of the 3D shape. 3D-reconstructions using infrared radiation produce better reconstructions than those using visible light. In this case reconstructed surface discrepancies between visible light are ∼0.6 mm whilst those using infrared are ∼0.3 mm. Results suggest that reflected infrared images are more forgiving and flexible for recording 3D data over time for dark, shiny wooden surfaces and thus improve the reliability and comparability of image-based 3D-reconstruction.

Development of a Dundee Ground Truth imaging protocol for recording indoor crime scenes to facilitate virtual reality reconstruction

Early and accurate visualisation of a crime scene is highly desirable such that a rapid, agile, and informed decision-making process can be undertaken by an investigative team. We present a new standard operating procedure for imaging an indoor scene using DSLR cameras conventionally used by crime scene investigators and examiners. The standard operating procedure (SOP) enables the systematic photography of indoor spaces in such a way that the Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry technique can be implemented, allowing the scene to be recreated in Virtual Reality (VR). To demonstrate the method’s validity, we compare two VR-rendered representations of an example scene using (a) photographs taken by an experienced crime scene examiner using a conventional photographic method and (b) photographs taken by a novice photographer following the developed SOP.

Evaluation of Mobile and Digital Single-Lens Reflex Photography for Facial Surgical Analysis.

High-quality perioperative photography is imperative to good surgical planning in facial reconstructive and aesthetic surgery. We explore the utility of an add-on smartphone telephoto lens to avoid the distortions noted in prior studies using smartphone cameras. Standard perioperative photographs of the same subject were taken with three distinct cameras using a dual-ring light setup. The three camera setups iPhone 11 alone, iPhone 11 with the 58 Moment telephoto lens attachment, and a D3300 Nikon DSLR APS-C sensor camera with a 60 mm NIKKOR F2.8G ED macro lens were compared using a 47-question online survey consisting of demographic and image-specific questions sent to plastic surgeons. Forty-nine facial plastic surgeons completed the survey. The iPhone 11 alone was identified as having the lowest quality for central/peripheral distortion (83%), columella/caudal septum/alar anatomy (58.3%), and skin quality (38.3%). With the addition of the telephoto lens, the ability to assess all categories was significantly improved. 53.1% (n= 26) of respondents found the iPhone 11 + 58 mm telephoto lens setup to be the most useful for perioperative surgical planning. Smartphone photography with the addition of a telephoto lens can offer a comparable option to the DSLR with regard to photo quality and detail. A telephoto add-on lens is an effective solution to overcome the central distortion seen in images taken by the iPhone for perioperative photography. This photo quality was found to be comparable to that of traditional DSLR cameras in our survey study. 3 Laryngoscope, 133:2590-2596, 2023.

Implementation of EMVA 1288 Standard Release 4.0 for Characterization of Image Sensors

The EMVA 1288 Standard offers a unified method for the objective measurement and analysis of specification parameters for image sensors, particularly those used in the computer vision industry. Models for both linear and non-linear sensor responses are presented in the version 4.0 release of the standard, and are applied in the characterization of a commercial DSLR camera sensor. From image capture to analysis, this paper details the equipment, methodologies, and analyses used in the implementation of the latest standard in a controlled lab setting, serving as both a proof of concept and an evaluation of the presentation and comprehensibility of the standard from a user perspective. Measurements and analyses are made to quantify linearity, sensitivity, noise, nonuniformity, and dark current of the chosen sensor, according to the methods laid out in the EMVA 1288 standard. This paper details the realistic implementation of these processes in a controlled lab environment and discusses potential flaws and difficulties in the standard, as well as complications introduced by nonideal experimental variables.

RoboDoc: Smart Robot Design Dealing with Contagious Patients for Essential Vitals Amid COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic took valuable lives all around the world. The virus was so contagious and lethal that some of the doctors who worked with COVID-19 patients either were seriously infected or died, even after using personal protective equipment. Therefore, the challenge was not only to help communities recover from the pandemic, but also to protect the healthcare staff/professionals. In this regard, this paper presents a comprehensive design of a customized pseudo-humanoid robot to specifically deal with contagious patients by taking basic vitals through a healthcare staff member from a remote location amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The proposed design consists of two portions: (1) a complete design of mechanical, electrical/electronic, mechatronic, control, and communication parts along with complete assembly to make a complete multitask-performing robot that interacts with patients to take vitals, termed as RoboDoc, and (2) the design of the healthcare staff side (master/operator side) control of a joystick mechanism with haptic feedback. The proposed RoboDoc design can be majorly divided into three parts: (1) the locomotion part is composed of two-wheeled DC motors on a rover base and two omni wheels to support the movements of the robot; (2) the interaction part consists of a single degree-of-freedom (s-DOF) neck to have communication with different heights of patients and (3) two anthropomorphic arms with three degrees-of-freedom (3-DOF). These parts help RoboDoc to reach to patient’s location and take all of the vitals using relevant devices such as an IR temperature thermometer, pulse oximeter, and electronic stethoscope for taking live auscultations from the lungs and heart of the patient. The mechanical design was created using solid works, and the electronic control design was made via proteus 8.9. For haptic teleoperation, an XBOX 360 controller based on wireless communication is used at the master/operator side. For the convenience of the healthcare staff (operator), an interactive desktop-based GUI was developed for live monitoring of all the vital signs of patients. For the remote conversation between the healthcare staff and the patient, a tablet is mounted (that also serves as the robot’s face), and that tablet is controlled via a mobile application. For visual aid, a DSLR camera is integrated and controlled remotely, which helps the doctor monitor the patient’s location as well as examine the patient’s throat. Finally, successful experimental results of basic vitals of the remote patient such as temperature sensing, pulse oximeter, and heart rate (using haptic feedback) were obtained to show the significance of the proposed cost-effective RoboDoc design.

Ispitivanje pouzdanosti pozicioniranja tačaka pri analizi asimetrije lica na fotografijama - pilot studija

Introduction: In dental clinical practice, devices such as mobile phones and DSLR cameras (Digital Single Lens Reflex) are used to take intraoral and extraoral photographs. The existence of a large number of studies would allow the establishment of standards for the analysis of photographs and their wider use in daily practice in order to establish a rapid diagnosis, predictability of results and the development of teledentology during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the pilot study was to determine the repeatability of point positioning in the analysis of facial symmetry in digital 2D photography. Materials and methods: One face was photographed using two different photography techniques. Points were positioned in one photo and used for each subsequent measurement. Two evaluators positioned 20 points in three time-separated periods. Results: The results suggest a relatively high degree of agreement of the point positioning provided by the two evaluators. Absolute matching of estimates was registered on 22 parameters (ICCs = 1.00), while on another 17 this value was high (ICCs >.96) Conclusion: This study shows that the values of the interclass of correlation coefficients calculated by the method of two-way random effects for each of the six indices are higher than the values of the lower limit of acceptability (ICC> 0.70). It is necessary to do additional research that will include a larger sample and different phone models to establish the diagnosis of facial asymmetry and the development of teledentistry.

Automated cataract disease detection on anterior segment eye images using adaptive thresholding and fine tuned inception-v3 model

Early detection of cataracts plays a vital role in ensuring the prevention of vision loss. This paper aims to propose an algorithm that will act as an assistive measure in the process of automating cataract disease detection. The majority of the existing works are focused on the utilization of either fundus images, slit lamp images, or visible wavelength images captured using a DSLR camera. The novelty of this proposed algorithm is the capability to deliver equally accurate and precise performance using both normally captured visible wavelength images as well as medically captured anterior segment images which can, in turn, prove to be cost-effective as well. The image pre-processing techniques particularly adaptive thresholding hereby employed provides fast and accurate results on the input dataset fed to the CNN model which in turn is a fine-tuned version of Inception-v3. Here the training of the model has been done using visible wavelength images whereas the validation testing has been done using the anterior segment eye images medically obtained from a hospital. The proposed image pre-processing technique along with the model architecture ensures the achievement of a high classification accuracy of about 95%. Since the model deals with the examination of the anterior segment of the image, cases concerning nuclear cataract, cortical cataract, or a hybrid case involving the detection of both the aforementioned cataract types lie under the range of detection of our system.

Luminance Measurements using Smartphone Cameras

We evaluate the daylight performance visual comfort buildings by measuring light in luminance and illuminance using luminance and lux meter respectively. Detailed measurements of illuminance in a space using these methods on a grid can be time-consuming, while luminance meters to measure luminance values are quite expensive. Recent studies indicate that luminance-based metrics have the best fit to occupant responses in visual comfort surveys. But High Dynamic Range (HDR) techniques can quickly capture a large field of view at a high resolution and can be done with DSLR cameras that are more accessible than luminance meters. This research goes one step further to evaluate the HDR acquisition method using even more accessible smartphone cameras. The method includes calibration of the HDR images using lux meters which are affordable and easily available. A variety of smartphone cameras were evaluated in a wide range of brightness conditions in a scene. The error between the low-cost HDR approach and the conventional approach of HDR imaging is determined and a method for correction factors is proposed. Vignetting corrections for the smartphone camera lens have been demonstrated. A visual comfort survey of a primarily daylit workshop space is done to document as a test case to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of the low-cost HDR approach. Lux meter for calibration of HDRI images is found to be reasonably accurate (average error of 7%). Of the 6 smartphones studied, the maximum luminance was captured by iPhone 6 and which could only capture 17% of the measured luminance. The fisheye lens used in this study increases the FOV from 68º (no fisheye) to 136° (with fisheye) but the FOV outside 100° was not useful due to large vignetting effect.