Dry Temperature Research Articles

Improvement of a mine’s ventilation test bench, using industrial communication and open-source microcontrollers.

This paper shows the results of optimizing a test bed used to simulate parameters related to Underground mines ventilation. The data acquisition card was changed for an Arduino microcontroller; likewise, some sensors were changed for more precise ones, and a sensor was adapted to measure relative humidity, dry temperature, and heat index. The measurements will continue to be observed using the LabVIEW software and complemented by an industrial communication system, the Modbus protocol. This protocol increases the data transmission speed of Ethernet. With the improvement of the system, the precision in the parameters (Pressure, temperatures, relative humidity, concentration of methane gas, Voltage, current) increases, and ultra-fast data transmission is guaranteed.

Optimization of Calorific Value in Briquette made of Coconut Shell and Cassava Peel by varying of Mass Fraction and Drying Temperature

Coconut shells and cassava peels are agricultural residues that are abundantly produced in places where coconut and cassava processing activities are prevalent. formerly these waste products have been disposed of through incineration or natural decomposition, hence exacerbating air pollution and triggering degradation of the environment. The objective of this research is to determine the optimum combination of mixed mass fraction and drying temperature for briquettes produced from coconut shell and cassava peel. Observed variable on this research was Mass fraction with the ratio of coconut shell and Cassava peel 75:25 as level 1, 70:30 as level 2 and 65:35 as level 3. Drying temperature has 3 level 150oC, 200oC and 250oC. The lowest calorific value achieved in briquette made of 65% coconut shell mix with 35% Cassava peel and drying temperature is 200oC on second replication The highest calorific value achieved in briquette made of 65% coconut shell mix with 35% Cassava peel and drying temperature is 150oC on third replication. Coconut shell has a greater effect than Cassava peel on the calorific value of briquettes, but the chemical content of Cassava peel makes the burning rate longer. According to the outcomes of the normality test, versus fits, histograms, and versus order plots indicate that the data has a normal distribution. based on optimization results using Taguchi L9 and ANOVA optimizer the optimal combination using rule larger better is the mass fraction of coconut shell 70:30 Cassava peel with a drying temperature of 250oC.

Operation of BGO with SiPM Readout at Dry Ice 1 and Liquid Nitrogen Temperatures

The light yield and decay constant of BGO weremeasured at both dry ice and liquid nitrogen temperatures using two SiPMs directly coupled to a 6×6×6 cm2 cubic BGO crystal. With the measured light yield (5.2±0.3 PE/keV at dry ice temperature and 10.5±0.4 PE/keV at liquid nitrogen temperature) and decay constants, potential applications of BGO in ToF-PET and SPECT were discussed.

Dry Heat Sterilization of a Pelleted, Natural Ingredient Rodent Diet.

Sterilization of rodent feed is recommended to eliminate potential murine pathogens and minimize microbial variability between batches. Most research institutions sterilize feed using steam/pressure (autoclave) or irradiation. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages that contribute to their suitability, including cost, maintenance, availability, and alterations to the exposed product. Dry heat sterilization, which has been in use for over 75 y, uses higher temperatures and longer sterilization times than steam autoclave and is most often used for delicate instruments or products that would be damaged by water such as powders or oil-based liquids. Dry heat sterilization in vivaria has been limited to date but is gaining popularity due to lower initial purchase and ongoing operational costs as compared with steam autoclaves. Little published information exists on the effects of dry heat sterilization on animal feed. We evaluated the sterility and chemical alterations of a natural ingredient, pelleted, rodent diet (NIH-31) after exposure to dry heat. Feed sterility was achieved using a dry heat exposure temperature of 160 °C (320 °F) for 4 h. This exposure resulted in a significant loss of heat-labile vitamins and significantly more acrylamide production as compared with the nonsterile, irradiated, and autoclaved feed.

A polymer latex modified superfine cement grouting material for cement-stabilized macadam – Experimental and simulation study

Cement-stabilized macadam (CSM) has been prevalently employed in transportation infrastructure owing to its superior bearing capacity and stability. However, with inherent dry shrinkage, temperature shrinkage, and inadequate tensile capacity, cracks will inevitably occur. These cracks can reflect on the asphalt layer and cause diseases such as transverse cracks, dynamic water scouring, voids, etc. A predominant remediation method involves utilizing grouting material for trenchless repair. In this research, a vinyl acetate-ethylene (VAE) latex modified superfine cement (VMSC) for grouting material is proposed to improve the flexibility of the grouting material and enhance crack repair dimensions. The interaction mechanism was investigated through mechanical experiments, microscopic tests, and molecular simulation. The results show that VMSC30 exhibits the highest fluidity. VAE latex addition extends the initial and final setting times of the grouting material, alongside an escalation in yield stress and plastic viscosity. VAE latex reduces the compressive strength of the grouting material, while 10% can increase the flexural strength, and the overall toughness can be improved. Characteristic spectral peaks of VAE latex are identified at 1740 cm−1 and 1240 cm−1, respectively, and it can form a film to cover the surface of cement, inhibit hydration diminish the CH peak value. VAE can form the 2.95 Å ionic bond and the 3.05 Å hydrogen bond on the Ca atom and water molecules, respectively. The peak value of the ionic bond is higher. The ionic bond and hydrogen bond formed by bridging can improve the strength of VAE and cement interfaces.

Implications of heat exchange for a free-living endangered marsupial determined by non-invasive thermal imaging.

We used thermal imagining and heat balance modelling to examine the thermal ecology of wild mammals, using the diurnal marsupial numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus) as a model. Body surface temperature was measured using infra-red thermography at environmental wet and dry bulb temperatures of 11.7-29°C and 16.4-49.3°C, respectively; surface temperature varied for different body parts and with environmental temperature. Radiative and convective heat exchange varied markedly with environmental conditions and for various body surfaces reflecting their shapes, surface areas and projected areas. Both the anterior and posterior dorsolateral body areas functioned as thermal windows. Numbats in the shade had lower rates of solar radiative heat gain but non-solar avenues for radiative heat gain were substantial. Radiative gain was higher for black and lower for white stripes, but overall, the stripes had no thermal role. Total heat gain was generally positive (<4 to >20W) and often greatly exceeded metabolic heat production (3-6W). Our heat balance model indicates that high environmental heat loads limit foraging in open areas to as little as 10min and that climate change may extend periods of inactivity, with implications for future conservation and management. We conclude that non-invasive thermal imaging is informative for modelling heat balance of free-living mammals.

Mathematical Modelling on The Thin-Layer Drying of Centella Asiatica Leaves

The best drying conditions can be selected by using mathematical modeling of herb drying processes. Development of mathematical models for drying Centella asiatica leaves is the major goal of the current study. At temperatures of drying of 50, 55, and 60 C, the drying behavior of Centella asiatica leaves was examined. The drying data were fitted to the eight thin-layer models. Non-linear regression evaluates the accuracy with which validated mathematical models fit the data. By evaluating R2, reduced chi-square, and RMSE between the observed and predicted moisture ratios, the performance of various models was evaluated. The analysis of the drying curve of Cetella asiatica leaves revealed that the Midilli-Kucuk model was the most. accurate.

The effect of different drying temperature profiles on the shrinkage and physical quality of the freeze‐dried strawberries

AbstractThis study aims to investigate the effects of different drying temperature profiles on freeze‐dried strawberries. The drying temperature profiles used in the trials were as follows: Trial I: 20°C–6 h, 30°C–6 h, 40°C–6 h, 50°C–3 h, Trial II: 30°C–6 h, 40°C–9 h, 50°C–6 h, Trial III: 50°C–6 h, 40°C–9 h, 30°C–6 h. The quality of the freeze‐dried strawberries was assessed by measuring various parameters, including shrinkage, total dry matter, color, water activity, and anthocyanin content. The shrinkage rate was resulted at least in the Trial I (3.61% height, 5.44% width). Among all trials, the highest total dry matter content was found in Trial II (95.41%). Color values of freeze‐dried strawberries, the redness value was the highest in Trial I (27.45). Trial III had the highest value of anthocyanin content (317.48 mg/100 g dry matter).Practical applicationsThis study will contribute scientifically to the comparative analysis of freeze‐dried strawberries based on various freeze‐drying trials. This study will assist in determining the most suitable drying profile for freeze‐dried strawberries in terms of the desired quality, physical, and chemical properties.

PENAMBAHAN TEPUNG DAUN KELOR (Moringa oleifera) DENGAN VARIASI SUHU PENGERINGAN DAN KONSENTRASI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN NILAI GIZI TEMPE

Tempeh is a food product made from fermented soybeans using a type of mold called (Rhizopus sp) and contains good nutrition for the health of human body. Likewise, moringa leaves contain useful nutrients such as high antioxidant and protein content. This research aimed to determine the chemical and sensory characteristics of tempeh with the addition of moringa leaf flour using variations in the drying temperature of moringa leaves and the concentration of moringa leaf addition to soybeans based on the highest antioxidant activity and consumer preference. This study used a 2 factorial (CRD). The first factor was the drying temperature of moringa leaves and the second factor was the concentration of the addition of moringa leaf powder. Parameters observed in this study included chemical analysis, physical analysis and organoleptic test analysis. The best research result was at the drying temperature of moringa leaves at 40°C and the addition of moringa leaf powder with a concentration of 9%. From the results of the analysis, it was identified that the water content was 63,03%; the fat content was 0,98%; the protein content was 23,13%; the antioxidant activity was 58,72%; the pH was 5,70. Based on the physical analysis of this treatment, the tempeh had greenish spots from the tempeh and mold or mycelium which were white in color and have a compact texture. Meanwhile, the organoleptic test included the color of 1,54, the moringa leaf aroma of 1,53, the tempeh aroma of 3,64, the tempeh taste of 2,99.

Development of Cascara Tisane with The Addition of Dried Pineapple (Ananas sativus) and Rosella Flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa)

Coffee cherry skin, a form of coffee production waste that accounts for up to 60% of the total yield, contains natural antioxidants that have the potential to become functional foods. Cascara Tisane is a brewed beverage derived from dried coffee cherry skin. Adding other ingredients to this product can help increase consumer acceptance in Indonesia. In this study, the additional ingredients used were dried pineapple and rosella flowers. To determine the effect of adding these ingredients, it is necessary to identify the drying temperature and chemical and organoleptic characteristics to produce Cascara Tisane products according to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The research consisted of two stages, namely (1) the identification of the drying temperature of coffee cherry skin and (2) the formulation of the addition of dried pineapple and rosella. The drying temperatures used were 45 oC, 50 oC, 55 oC, and 60 oC. The sample formulation consists of four levels, namely code 126 (75% coffee cherry skin, 15% dried pineapple, 10% rosella): 216 (65% coffee cherry skin, 20% dried pineapple, 15% rosella); and 616 (55% coffee cherry skin, 25% dried pineapple, 20% rosella). Chemical characteristics analysis was conducted on moisture and ash contents, as well as antioxidant activity. Furthermore, a hedonic test was used to evaluate cascara tisane products' organoleptic characteristics (aroma, taste, color, and aftertaste) with a 5-point hedonic scale. The results showed the optimum drying temperature of coffee cherry skin at 45 oC, with the most preferred formula being formula 616.

Advancing Energy-Efficient Drying: Integration of Phase Change Material (PCM) and Heat Pipe for Temperature Control in Dryers

The existing drying system struggles with efficiency and costs, contradicting its intended resource-saving purpose. Addressing these issues could generate increased interest in its utilization. To tackle this, precise control of the dryer's temperature and optimization of the heat source are essential for obtaining accurate and real-time data. Employing a quantitative approach, the researcher conducted a case study, performing tests subsequent to the completion of the dryer's assembly. These tests encompassed temperature measurements on both the core and periphery of the paraffin medium, as well as at the lower, middle, and upper sections of the heat pipes. Diverse voltage levels (150V, 180V, 200V, 220V) and two distinct airflow velocities (1 m/s and 2 m/s) were implemented. The study yielded a noteworthy finding: at 200 volts and a 2m/s airflow, a stable temperature of 94.8 ºC was maintained for an impressive duration of 1 hour and 5 minutes during testing. This promising outcome holds significant implications for enhancing the system's efficiency.

Pengaruh Suhu Pengeringan terhadap Karakteristik Kimia, Fisik dan Sensoris Dendeng Ikan Lemuru (Sardinella lemuru)

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Lemuru fish (Sardinella lemuru) is susceptible to spoilage, especially when its abundance is high, requiring processing. One form of processing is to turn it into lemuru fish jerky.Tthe production of lemuru fish jerky still faces challenges in achieving satisfactory product quality due to the varying meat characteristics of different fish types, necessitating diverse drying temperatures. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of drying temperature on the chemical, physical, and sensory properties of lemuru fish jerky and to obtain the optimal drying temperature for producing jerky with the best quality. The experiment followed a Randomized block design with five treatment levels: 50°C, 55°C, 60°C, 65°C, and 70°C. Drying was carried out until the moisture content reached a maximum of 12%. All treatments were repeated three times, resulting in 15 experimental units. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance, and treatments showing significant effects were further tested using Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results showed that drying temperature significantly influenced (P&lt;0,05) the moisture content, fat content, protein content, ash content, hardness, water activity (Aw), color values (L, a*, and b*) and sensory characteristics (color, odor, texture, and overall acceptance) of lemuru fish jerky. Drying at 65°C for 7 hours resulted in lemuru fish jerky with the best chemical, physical, and sensory characteristics, including moisture content of 11.51%, fat content of 6,01%, protein content of 49,61%, ash content of 11,04%, insoluble ash content of 0.07%, Aw value of 0.55, hardness value of 69,25 N, L value of 26.50, a* value of 5.00, b* value of 4.87, and preferred sensory properties of color, odor, texture, and overall acceptance by the panelists.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Effect of irrigation water salinity on morphological and physiological characteristics of celery

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of salinity levels of irrigation water on the morphological and physiological characteristics of celery (Apium graveolens L.) during early seedling development. Celery seedlings of Balena cultivar were grown with saline irrigation water consisting of different NaCl levels (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mM). The results showed that increasing salt stress inhibited plant growth by destroying physiological parameters. Each increase in NaCl resulted in a decrease in the length, diameter, number, and fresh and dry weight of leaves. Dry matter, chlorophyll content, leaf temperature, and turgor loss improved when NaCl levels were increased; however, salinity caused a reduction in leaf relative water content. Leaf fresh and dry weights were lower under salt stress, even at 50 mM NaCl. Leaf temperature was higher in plants grown under salinity and reached the maximum level at 100 mM NaCl. The stomata on the abaxial side of the leaves were smaller but more numerous under salinity than in the control plants. It was concluded that celery’s plant growth was significantly influenced by salinity and that it could endure salinity lower than 100 mM NaCl.

Optimization of Temperature and Drying Time on Flavonoids Levels of Anjasmoro Variety Soybean (Glycine Max) Extract Using Response Surface Methodology

Soybeans (Glycine max) contain a number of nutritional and health-supporting compounds, such as protein, fibers, phytosterols, and isoflavones. The pharmacological activities of soybeans include improving the immune system, acting as an antioxidant, inhibiting carcinogenesis, and reducing cholesterol levels. Anjasmoro variety is one of the superior varieties of large-seeded soybeans and is in great demand by farmers. The temperature and drying time of soybeans can have an effect on the level of compounds extracted. The aim of this research was to optimize flavonoid extraction from soybeans based on temperature and drying time using the response surface methodology (RSM). The results show that the optimal temperature and drying time of soybeans was obtained at 60.027 °C and 6.036 hours, with optimal flavonoid levels of 21.9707 mg QE/g. The verification results based on laboratory test confirmed that the level of flavonoids at optimal condition was 20.6461 mg QE/g, with a deviation of 6.03 % from prediction value and accuracy results of 93.97 %. The optimal drying temperature and drying time of soybeans can be used to obtain the highest flavonoid levels.

Pectin Extraction from Cocoa Pod Husk Prepared with Various Drying Temperature and Extracting Solvents

Pectin Extraction from Cocoa Pod Husk Prepared with Various Drying Temperature and Extracting Solvents

Evaluation of the Corrosion Properties of FeCrAl Alloys for Fuel Rods Cladding in the Entire Fuel Cycle

Because of its resistance to high temperature (>1000°C) attack by steam and good mechanical properties above 400°C, iron-chromium-aluminum alloys (FeCrAl) are considered attractive candidates to replace current zirconium (Zr) based alloys as cladding for light water reactor (LWR) fuels. FeCrAl alloys were sporadically investigated for nuclear applications since the 1950s. Most of the knowledge on these alloys in the literature is for dry environments and temperatures above 1000°C and little information was available for lower temperatures or wet environments. As cladding for LWR, the FeCrAl alloys are expected to survive the nuclear fuel cycle, that it, from manufacturing to used fuel disposal. The presentation will cover the corrosion behavior aspects of FeCrAl from manufacturing using powder metallurgy and welding, to residence in the reactor core for up to ten years (including loss of coolant scenarios), to used fuel residence in cooling pools, to fuel retrievability and reprocessing followed by long term dry cask storage and eventual geologic repository disposal.

Experimental and analytical study of the energy and exergy performance for different evaporative pads in hot and dry climate

In this work, effects of using different evaporative cooling pads (ECPs) on the energetic and exergetic efficiency of a direct evaporative air cooler (DEAC) have been theoretically and experimentally investigated. Three types of ECPs were used, i.e., honeycomb cellulose cooler pad (HCCP), shading-cloth cooler pad (SCCP), and aspen wood wool cooler pad (AWWCP). For SCCP and AWWCP, a 3-cm pad thickness was used, while for the HCCP, three different values of pad thickness were used, i.e., 3, 5, and 7 cm. Tests were carried out using air velocities of 8, 14, and 19 m/s, measured at the DEAC outlet. Engineering equation solver (EES) used for performing the required calculations of the various parameters affecting the thermal performance of the DEAC, i.e., dry bulb temperature at exit (Tdbo), relative humidity at exit (RHo), mass of water evaporated, saturation efficiency, energetic efficiency (ηen), exergetic efficiency (ηex), and the overall exergetic efficiency (ηexoverall). Results showed the great effectiveness of HCCP compared to the other studied types. HCCP showed the highest energetic efficiency reached 103 % for 3 cm thickness of the ECP, and the highest exergetic efficiency of about 19 %. All with the highest temperature difference, achieving 10.3 °C.

Optimization of Highly Porous Mannitol Preparation using Ammonium bicarbonate and Citric acid as Templating Agents with Spray Drying Technique

This study investigated the effect of ammonium bicarbonate and citric acid as templating agents using spray drying technique to improve the porosity of D-mannitol powder. It has been shown that textural properties, such as surface area and pore volume produced, are affected by the type and concentration of templating agents, inlet temperature, and outlet temperature of spray drying. The structure of mannitol powder produced changes considerably due to the change in its textural properties to particle powder with high porosity, surface area, and pore volume. The results show that the ratio of D-mannitol to ammonium bicarbonate 10:5 w/w% with water solvent temperature of 30 oC, spray drying inlet temperature of 120 oC, and spray drying outlet temperature of 70 oC, resulting in the highest porosity, surface area, and pore volume. The surface area of mannitol increased from 1.167 m2/g to 3.571 m2/g, followed by an increase in pore volume from 0.0022 cc/g to 0.012 cc/g and pore diameter from 75.33 Å to 115.2 Å. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) results are consistent with the surface area measurement results using the Surface Area Analyzer (SAA). The resulting spray-dried mannitol powder with a high specific surface area allows it to be used as an excipient in solid formulations of oral preparations.

Dry season temperature and rainy season precipitation significantly affect the spatio-temporal pattern of rubber plantation phenology in Yunnan province.

The ongoing global warming trajectory poses extensive challenges to plant ecosystems, with rubber plantations particularly vulnerable due to their influence on not only the longevity of the growth cycle and rubber yield, but also the complex interplay of carbon, water, and energy exchanges between the forest canopy and atmosphere. However, the response mechanism of phenology in rubber plantations to climate change remains unclear. This study concentrates on sub-optimal environment rubber plantations in Yunnan province, Southwest China. Utilizing the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform, multi-source remote sensing images were synthesized at 8-day intervals with a spatial resolution of 30-meters. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series was reconstructed using the Savitzky-Golay (S-G) filter, coupled with the application of the seasonal amplitude method to extract three crucial phenological indicators, namely the start of the growing season (SOS), the end of the growing season (EOS), and the length of the growing season (LOS). Linear regression method, Pearson correlation coefficient, multiple stepwise regression analysis were used to extract of the phenology trend and find the relationship between SOS, EOS and climate factors. The findings demonstrated that 1) the phenology of rubber plantations has undergone dynamic changes over the past two decades. Specifically, the SOS advanced by 9.4 days per decade (R2 = 0.42, p< 0.01), whereas the EOS was delayed by 3.8 days per decade (R2 = 0.35, p< 0.01). Additionally, the LOS was extended by 13.2 days per decade (R2 = 0.55, p< 0.01); 2) rubber phenology demonstrated a notable sensitivity to temperature fluctuations during the dry season and precipitation patterns during the rainy season. The SOS advanced 2.0 days (r =-0.19, p< 0.01) and the EOS advanced 2.8 days (r =-0.35, p< 0.01) for every 1°C increase in the cool-dry season. Whereas a 100 mm increase in rainy season precipitation caused the SOS to be delayed by 2.0 days (r = 0.24, p< 0.01), a 100 mm increase in hot-dry season precipitation caused the EOS to be advanced by 7.0 days (r =-0.28, p< 0.01); 3) rubber phenology displayed a legacy effect of preseason climate variations. Changes in temperature during the fourth preseason month and precipitation during the fourth and eleventh preseason months are predominantly responsible for the variation in SOS. Meanwhile, temperature changes during the second, fourth, and ninth preseason months are primarily responsible for the variation in EOS. The study aims to enhance our understanding of how rubber plantations respond to climate change in sub-optimal environments and provide valuable insights for sustainable rubber production management in the face of changing environmental conditions.

Tea Harvesting and Processing Techniques and Its Effect on Phytochemical Profile and Final Quality of Black Tea: A Review.

Tea (Camellia sinensis) has grown for over 300 years and is recognized worldwide as among other well-renowned crops. The quality of black tea depends on plucking (method, standard, season, and intervals), withering and rolling (time and temperature), fermentation (time, temperature, and RH), drying (temperature and method), and storage conditions, which have a high influence on the final quality of black tea. At the rolling stage, the oxidation process is initiated and ends at the early drying stage until the enzymes that transform tea polyphenols into thearubigins (TRs) and theaflavins (TFs) are denatured by heat. By increasing fermentation time, TRs increased, and TF decreased. Each is liable for black tea's brightness, taste, and color. The amino acids and essential oils also grant a distinctive taste and aroma to black tea. Throughout withering, rolling, and fermentation, increases were found in essential oil content, but during drying, a decrease was observed. However, the Maillard reaction, which occurs when amino acids react with sugar during drying, reimburses for this decrease and enhances the flavor and color of black tea. As compared to normal conditions, accelerated storage showed a slight decrease in the total color, TF, and TRs. It is concluded that including plucking, each processing step (adopted technique) and storage system has a remarkable impact on black tea's final quality. To maintain the quality, an advanced mechanism is needed to optimize such factors to produce high-quality black tea, and an objective setting technique should be devised to attain the desirable quality characteristics.