Dry Fish Research Articles

MINI SURYA KOLEKTOR TYPE HYBRID

Drying fish is the oldest method of preserving fish, this is done using blowing wind and direct sunlight. In principle, drying is a way of preserving fish by reducing the water content in the fish's body as much as possible so that bacterial activities are inhibited and, if possible, kill the bacteria. Fish bodies contain 56% - 80% water. If the water content is reduced, bacteria experience difficulties in their metabolism, namely in dissolving food. At a water content of 40%, bacteria can no longer be active, some have even died, but the spores are still alive. Salted fish is a food ingredient made from fish meat that is preserved by adding a lot of salt. With this preservation method, fish meat which usually rots in a short time can be stored at room temperature for months, although it usually has to be tightly closed. In principle, the drying process is the process of reducing the water content in fish. The basis of drying is the evaporation of water into the air due to the difference in water vapor content between the air and the material being dried. In this case, the water vapor content in the air is less or the air has a low relative humidity so that evaporation occurs.

Threats and Challenges to Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development in India: Implications for Agricultural Extension

Agriculture, rooted in ancient civilizations, has shaped the course of human history. India, currently holding the second global position in farm output, witnesses over 50% of its workforce engaged in agriculture, contributing approximately 17-18% to the GDP in 2018. The agricultural and allied sectors constituted 15.4% of the GDP in 2016. India stands as the largest producer of fresh fruits, including mango, guava, papaya, and lemon, as per FAO 2014 statistics. Moreover, it ranks second globally in the production of dry fruits, textiles, pulses, fish, and vegetables. Cash crops like coffee and cotton have also played a pivotal role, with India ranking fifth in their production in 2010. Undeniably, agriculture is a cornerstone of India's economy. Despite India's prowess as a major exporter, consumer, and advocate of agriculture, the sector grapples with multifaceted challenges, significantly impacting rural development initiatives. Pressing issues include water scarcity, poverty, challenges in natural resource management, and environmental concerns. The complex interplay of factors, such as population growth, lack of information and awareness, limited technological knowledge, and the suboptimal implementation of agricultural programs in rural areas, further compounds these challenges. This article endeavors to meticulously identify the agricultural sector's predicaments, explore viable farm management solutions, and underscore the critical role of effective agricultural extension services in attaining sustainable yields and fostering rural development in the nation.

Innovative Insights into Solar Drying of Kola Fish: Mechanisms, Modeling, and Optimization

Innovative Insights into Solar Drying of Kola Fish: Mechanisms, Modeling, and Optimization

Socio-economic Conditions of Dry Fishers and Wholesalers: A Case Study of the Coastal Dry Fishing Communities of Bangladesh

The coastal areas of Bangladesh, particularly the southeast region, is notorious for producing a majority of dried fish products in the country by recruiting numerous dry fishers and wholesalers (locally called Mohajon). This study examines the socio-economic condition and livelihood status of small scale dry fish producing communities in Nazirartek, a renowned fish drying village situated in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. It was perceived that the dry fishers lived in a very underdeveloped state with low income and literacy rates, poor living standards and malnourished condition, whereas the livelihood of wholesalers was comparatively better. The inadequate compensation during rainy seasons was another reason for the unimproved livelihood of the fishers. Because of this, they had to take up substitute agricultural or other occupations during the off-seasons of fish drying activities. Majority (60%) of the wholesalers had attended secondary school, considering 56.66% fishers went up to primary school with no further secondary school education. Furthermore, over 50% fishers had an annual income of 81,000 to 100,000 BDT while 70% wholesalers earned above 100,000 BDT year-1. Primarily, the major constraints encountered by the communities are vulnerability to extreme weather, reliance on loans due to low wages, inadequate off-season income opportunities, lack of good treatment facilities, no prior training and scarcity of technological facilities. With appropriate management strategies, comprehensive marketing systems, national co-operation and employment opportunities, the dry fishing industries of Bangladesh can be developed to its’ full potential.

Development of a hybridized small modular reactor and solar-based energy system for useful commodities required for sustainable cities

The current study develops a hybridized small modular nuclear reactor and solar-based system designed specifically for sustainable communities in metropolitan areas to meet their power, heat, clean fuel, fresh water and food requirements. Both floating-type and bifacial-type photovoltaic arrays are integrated with a high-temperature gas-cooled small modular reactor. In the integrated system, a Rankine cycle subsystem for power generation, a solid oxide electrolyzer for hydrogen production, a pressure swing adsorption unit with ammonia reactor for nitrogen and then ammonia production, a multi-effect desalination unit for freshwater generation, and heat recovery units in order to provide heating to residential area, food drying facility, greenhouse, and fish farm facilities. For both floating and bifacial PV options, the 120 MWp PV modules are considered and integrated with two small modular reactor units at 250 MWth capacities each, 500 MWth in total. A thermodynamic analysis, which is based on energy and exergy approaches, is carried out. The time-dependent analyses are carried out for floating-type PV and bifacial-type PV options for the cities of Istanbul in Turkey; Barcelona in Spain; Los Angeles (LA) in the United States; Tokyo in Japan; and Toronto in Canada by using their hourly meteorological data, source and load capacities in a typical meteorological year. Among ten cases, between 112835 and 146180 tonnes of ammonia are generated in a typical year while meeting the heating and power requirements of sustainable communities in metropolitan areas. Among ten cases, the average overall energy and exergy efficiencies are found as 41.04% and 46.88%, respectively. The hybridization of such nuclear and solar systems achieves unique advantages by preventing intermittencies compared to the renewable-alone systems, reducing carbon emissions compared to fossil-based systems, and lowering the levelized costs of energy compared to the nuclear energy-alone systems.

Pendekatan Spasial dalam Perencanaan Lanskap Kampung Wisata Jamburea di Kabupaten Garut

Spatial Approach in Landscape Planning for Jamburea Tourism Village in Garut Regency. Jamburea, located in the Banyuresmi District of Garut, is a potential tourist haven with its unique blend of natural beauty and rich cultural traditions. Dominated by wetland landscapes influenced by the seasonal Situ Rancakukuk lake, residents adapt by converting its periphery into rice fields during the dry season and fish ponds during the rainy season. Furthermore, the kampong region is a repository of intangible cultural assets, such as culinary speciality, Pencak silat, traditional children’s games, 'Asgar' barber shops, and bamboo handicrafts. Employing ArcGIS tools, this study used a spatial approach to analyze physical-biophysical, non-physical, and tourism aspects for optimal zoning. This paper has two objectives: firstly, to plan the landscape of the Jamburea tourism village using a spatial approach in the analytical process. The second objective is to examine the application of spatial methods in landscape planning. Results suggest 72.09% of the kampong is suitable for tourism development, 13.68% is moderately suitable, and 14.23% requires conservation. Proposed zones include natural and cultural tourism, tourism support, welcome areas and buffer zones. This study underscores the efficacy of the spatial approach in devising comprehensive plans for Jamburea's tourism potential.

Функционально-технологические свойства сухих рыборастительных концентратов

The studies of the functional and technological properties of dry fish-vegetable concentrates (DFVC) justifing the technology of their use in food products are presented in the article. The important functional and technological properties that determine the consistency of products obtained by using dry concentrates are the degree of swell-ing and the kinematic viscosity of the mixtures. The samples for the study were dry fish vegetable concentrates from Sardinella (S. maderensis) based on minced fish fillet, minced fish fillet with carrots, minced fish fillet with corn flour and minced fish fillet with powdered okra. We studied the process of swelling of dry fish vegetable concentrate samples. According to the type of kinetic curves it was found that dry fish vegetables are characterized by limited swelling, which ends with the absorption of the solvent by natural biopolymers. In the course of the experiment it was found that the highest degree of swelling in dry fish vegetable concentrate was with okra (180%), the smallest – in dry concentrate from minced fish without herbal additives (140%). The degree of swelling of samples of dry fish and vegetable concentrate with okra and cornmeal is higher than that of dry fish vegetable concentrate with carrots. The highest kinematic viscosity was observed in solutions of DFVC with corn flour (3.03 mm2/s and okra (2.86 mm2/s), the lowest in the control sample without vegetable ingredients (2.21 mm2/s). Thus dry fish concentrates with okra and cornmeal are recommended for use in the preparation of sauces, pureed soups and molded culinary products.

Determination of biogenic amines in dry fish samples (Scomber scombrus)

The research focuses on the comprehensive analysis and quantification of biogenic amines in dry fish samples, an essential aspect of food safety and quality. To achieve accurate and reliable results, a robust analytical method was adopted using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with DAD UV/ Vis detector. The extraction of biogenic amines from dry fish samples was optimized to ensure maximum recovery, and suitable derivatization techniques were employed to enhance the detectability of these compounds. Nine (9) biogenic amines; Histamine (HIS), Cadaverine (CAD), Tyramine (TYM), Ethylamine (ETH), Methylamine (MET), Putrescine (PUT), Typtamine (TYP), Agmatine (AGM) and Isoamlamine (ISO) were analyzed in the fish samples. The correctness and repeatability of the method were assessed by performing replicate analyses (n = 3) for two samples of dried fish from Mile 2 and Choba sites respectively. The detection levels of biogenic amines in the dried fish samples ranged from 1.mg/kg to 1.70 mg/kg for agmatine; from 0.03 mg/kg to 0.04 mg/kg for cadaverine; from 5.52 mg/kg to 5.60 mg/kg for Ethylamine; from 0.42 to 0.48mg/kg for histamine; from 7.15 mg/kg to 7.16 mg/kg for Methylamine; from 5.13 mg/kg to 5.29 mg/kg for Isoamalamine; from 0.84 mg/kg to 0.90 mg/kg for Putrescine; from 2.70 mg/kg to 2.90 mg/kg for tryptamine and from 4.26 mg/kg to 4.44 mg/kg for tyramine across all sample locations respectively. The maximum histamine, Cadaverine and Agmatine detection levels were significantly less than other bioamines detected. Nine biogenic amines were detected where Cadaverine tends to be the lowest and high Methylamine concentration was recorded in both samples, though less than those of the regulation and recommendation set by the EU regulations and national standards for fish products.

Improved innate immunity in juvenile vimba bream (Vimba vimba) fed a dry diet with an additive of hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Abstract A few reports indicate the beneficial effects of organic acids and their salts on anti-infective immunity in fish species. In the role of immunostimulants, inorganic acids may prove to be a much cheaper alternative to their organic equivalents. However, no report has described the effect of using inorganic acid as a feed additive on fish immunity. This study is the first attempt to evaluate the effect of hydrochloric acid (HCl) as a fish feed supplement on cellular immunity in the stomachless fish, cypriniform vimba bream, Vimba vimba (L.). Two groups, three replicates each, of juvenile vimba were fed a commercial dry fish diet or its variant containing a 1.5% additive of HCl for 55 days. The experiment was conducted in a recirculating aquaculture system at 25°C. Mortality, growth, condition factor, feed conversion ratio, respiratory burst activity (RBA), potential killing activity (PKA), and the proliferative response of head kidney lymphocytes were determined for both groups at the end of the experiment and compared. The PKA was higher in the group fed the diet with HCl. For all other parameters studied, there were no significant differences between the experimental groups. The results of the current study prove that the dietary additive of inorganic hydrochloric acid can substantially improve immune response to bacterial infections in juvenile vimba bream.

Feasibility of Air Conditioning (AC) Utilization as Heat Pump System for Fish Cracker Drying Machine

Fish crackers are one of the most popular snacks in Southeast Asian countries, including Malaysia. Traditionally, the process of fish crackers drying usually uses sun drying method. The problem of this method is uncontrollable weather conditions. Drying of fish crackers requires an alternative in the drying process. The heat pump is the most effective and controllable alternative dryer in reducing the moisture content of the material. Air Conditioning (AC) is one type of heat pump. The heat produced by the AC condenser can be used to dry fish crackers. In this study, the AC utilization as a heat pump system to dry fish crackers has an Evaporate Capacity (EC) of 1,838kg/h, a Specific Moisture Extraction Rate (SMER) of 1,998kg/kWh, and a Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) of 0.425kWh/kg of dry crackers. This drying machine is also economically feasible because it has an NPV> 0 which is RM28201.58 with an investment period of 1 year.

682 Accidental Toothpick Ingestion Causing Liver Abscess – a Case Report and Review of Literature

Abstract Introduction Perforation due to foreign body ingestion leading to pyogenic liver abscess is an unusual but fatal event. We present a rare case of accidentally ingested toothpick that perforated the duodenum and migrated to the liver causing abscess. Case Presentation A 40-year-old gentleman presented with symptoms and signs of sepsis. He reported having eaten dry fish and chicken with bones 4 days prior to presentation. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan revealed hepatic collection containing a linear object in the middle. Non-operative management improved patient’s general condition but an increase in the size of collection lead to operative management. Discussion Usual course of formation of a pyogenic liver abscess is due to ascending cholangitis or infections causing hematogenous spread. Such an event due to a foreign body perforating the gastro-intestinal tract and migrating to liver is rarely seen. Presentation ranges from mild abdominal pain to full blown septicemia. Diagnosis is challenging as patients may present with vague symptoms, or sometimes don’t even remember having ingested an indigestible object. A trial of conservative management can be given to stable patients who improve, but deterioration necessitates surgical intervention. Conclusions Pyogenic liver abscess due to foreign body ingestion leading to intestinal perforation and displacing to liver is seldom encountered, and a toothpick leading to such an event is a very rare event. Patients may improve clinically with non-operative management; definitive management lies in the surgical removal of foreign body.

Impacts of microplastic on fisheries and seafood security — Global analysis and synthesis

This review paper collected, collated, analysed, interpreted, synthesised, and documented the research investigations conducted on microplastic (MPs) pollution impacts on seafood organisms (including fish, sharks, shrimps, lobsters, crabs, oysters, mussels, and seaweeds) during the last ten years (2012−2022) covering fifty-seven locations/countries in the world. MPs contaminated 926 seafood species comprising 895 finfish, 09 crustaceans, 20 molluscs and 02 seaweeds. Seafood from Asia was found to be most contaminated with MPs. High MP contamination/ingestion was revealed in several seafood organisms. The ingestion of MPs can reduce fish growth and fish fitness, leading to reduced yield/fish production. Fish and seafood play a significant role in supporting the economy, employment, food sources, and livelihoods of people across the globe, which can be threatened due to the contamination of seafood organisms with MPs. MPs have bioaccumulated in fish skin, gills, stomachs, liver, intestine, and muscles as well as dry fish and canned fish. Hence, the consumption of MP-contaminated fresh fish, whole fish, dried fish or canned fish poses risks as it may be a pathway of MP transfer to humans. MPs can increase the health risks to seafood fish consumers since there is a probability that high risks pollutants adsorbed on MPs (heavy metals, pesticides, and oil compounds) can transfer to humans via the food chain. Several of the chemicals (heavy metals, DDT, PAHs) adsorbed onto MPs are carcinogenic. MPs have also been detected in fish meals, therefore, farmed livestock such as aquaculture fish and chicken fed to fish meals can be exposed to MPs and ultimately to humans. Preventive and safety measures are suggested to reduce the exposure of MPs to humans. In addition, several policy strategies are recommended to reduce the impacts of plastic waste and plastic pollution on the environment, aquatic biota, wildlife, seafood and human health.

Women in dry fish processing activities: an in-depth study of a selected coastal region of Bangladesh

ABSTRACT This research adopted an exploratory mixed methods approach to explore women's participation, its associated determinants, causes, and obstacles to participation in dry fish processing in a selected coastal region of Bangladesh. Data were collected using structured interviews, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions with women residing in six coastal villages. Extreme poverty, supporting family expenditure, and bearing children's educational expenses drive women's participation in dry fish processing activities. Multiple regression analysis indicates that intra-family empowerment status, self-confidence, personal income, family land ownership, and family size can significantly explain women's participation in dry fish processing. It was also discovered that women worked long hours in dry fish processing and were underpaid compared to men workers. The major obstacles to participation were physical hazards, low salary payment, seasonality of work, and low social status of the job. This study recommends strategies to improve the status of women’s participation in dry fish processing.

Strengthening the Role of Women (wives) of Fishermen Through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Programs to Improve the Fishermen's Economy on the Coast of North Aceh, Indonesian

Purpose:This study confers growth the female role of fishermen during CSR programs to recover the frugality of fishermen on the Northern Aceh coast. During a CSR program based on strengthening the role of women, it is hoped that it can increase the economic revenue of fishing families along the Northern Aceh coast. Method:This research uses a sociological legal method, with news causes consisting of primary data and secondary data. This research is qualitative study using a sociological legal approach. Primary data collection is supervised by structured interview techniques, while secondary data collection is supervised by searching the literature in the form of regulations and protocols, journal books, and research results. Results and Conclusions: The findings of the research are that CSR programs were not administered by the firm as prescribed in the laws and prinmethodciplesre. One of the initiatives that companies can take to strengthen the role of coastal women is to conduct coaching or skill growth Exercising for fishermen's wives to manage the family economy. Research implications: Exercising or leadership can be given for dry fish making, brick and woven pallet making business. Exercising is supervised from the production stage to advertising. Originality/value: The Exercising is supervised with mentors to successful entrepreneurs who are qualified and have many rewards, including monitoring and evaluation for the growth of the firm's program.

Organoleptic and Biochemical Analysis of Traditional and Customized Product of Shidhils

A detailed survey was conducted to collect information on the present status of traditional preparation procedure of Shidhil at the Northern region of Bangladesh. A total of 10 samples of traditionally prepared Shidhil was collected from Rangpur, Kurigram and Nilphamari districts and brought to the Department of Fisheries Technology in zipper polythene packets. Proximate composition of the traditionally prepared Shidhil showed that, percent moisture content in Rangpur samples was higher than other samples whereas the percent protein found higher in kurigram samples. Customized product of improved Shidhils were prepared in the same laboratory with kachki (Corica soborna), mola (Amblypharyngodon mola), punti (Puntius ticto) and mixture of these three species of fishes. The survey on traditional preparation procedure of Shidhil revealed that the traditional preparation procedure of Shidhil is quite similar among the districts though there were some differences in shape and weight. Variations were observed in the price of Shidhils per piece and it ranged from 10 to 40 taka/piece. No wholesaler could be found in the marketing channel of Shidhil and it is prepared mostly for home consumption. The biochemical study of the improved Shidhils showed that the percent mean value of moisture, protein lipid and ash of dried fishes obtained at the initial stage changed while Shidhil was prepared using these dry fishes. In the case of kachki fish percent moisture content increased from were 16.12 to 23.84. The percent mean value of protein of dried punti fish were 51.48 which decreased to 41.07% after preparing Shidhil. On the other hand, the percent lipid value was 15.08 for dried mola which increased to 24.25 in mola Shidhil. In the case of mixture of three species of these fishes the percent mean value of ash was 12.73 which decreased 10.38 after preparing Shidhil.
 J. of Sci. and Tech. Res. 4(1): 01-12, 2022

Packaging Innovation for Dry Fish Lemuru Products in Perancak Village, Jembrana Regency, Bali

Vacuum packaging is one way to extend the shelf life of dry food products. Dry fish lemuru is one of the regional superior products in Jembrana Regency, Bali. Processing of these fishery products has been produced and marketed by them, but not yet intensively, and they want to increase the quantity and quality. This community did not have prior knowledge in the field of business management, so they experienced obstacles in managing production and marketing. Solutions made to solve the problems faced by them were: providing appropriate technology in processing the fish products as well as storing and packaging with vacuum packaging methods including marketing, and business management. The output targets achieved were appropriate technology for traditional fishery processing; increased turnover; increased product quality and quantity.

Exploration and Inventory of Banjar Etnochemistry as a Learning Source in Indonesia Senior High School Chemistry Context

Ethnochemistry is the study of chemical practices by specific cultural groups that are used for activities following the ideology of the community, including the Banjarese community. Banjar ethnochemistry can be integrated into science learning, especially for Indonesia’s senior high school chemistry learning context. This study aims to analyze the results of exploring the local wisdom of the Banjarese community, which is included in ethnochemistry, and to take an inventory of Banjar ethnochemical knowledge as a source of Indonesia senior high school chemistry learning. The study uses an exploratory qualitative approach with ethnographic methods. The subjects in this research are community leaders and academics who understand Banjar ethnochemistry. Data collection techniques used interviews, observation, and documentation. The results of the Banjar ethnochemical exploration include Banjar soup, sasirangan, basungu, rub ash, batimung, sepat dry fish, diamond, tanggui, tapai Gambut, laduman, kelakai, ironwood, ironwood hair oil, fish pentol, selangat shredded fish, Mangurak wells, mandai, and lahang ice. An inventory of Banjar ethnochemical knowledge that can be used as a source for Indonesia senior high school chemistry learning consists of acids and bases, chemistry and its scope, alkane derivatives, macromolecules, elemental chemistry, and colligative properties of solutions.

Present status of traditional dry fish processing and marketing, and assessment of socio-economic status of dry fish processors in Nazirartek, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

The aim of this study was to examine the existing production procedure of traditionally dried marine fish, their marketing system, and estimate the profit margin of different actors involved in the marketing chain along with the socio-economic status of the dried fish producers in Nazirartek, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. Data were collected through questionnaire interviews. It was found that 23 marine fish species were used to produce dried fish which continues from in mid-October to the end of midFebruary. The wholesale or retail markets prices of those products varied on the basis of species, size and quality of the end product. The retail price per kg dried Chinese pomfret (Pampus chinensis), Ribbon fish (Trichiurus haumela), Bombay duck (Harpadon nehereus) and, Indian threadfin (Leptomelanosoma indicum), ranged from BDT 300-500, 350-1400, 400- 850 and, 1500-3200, respectively. Maximum (29.41%) gross margin was calculated for dried Loytta and, minimum (10%) for dried Indian white shrimp (Chaga chingri). Several marketing problems were identified including lack of capital, higher transportation cost, storage problem, lower market demand and higher loan interest rate. Policy level intervention including financing producers was recommended to tackle the non-institutional money lenders.

Market demand of conventional and non-conventional fish species and price comparison between BFDC landing center and two popular fish markets, the Baharchora and Borobazar, in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

The study of conventional (common commercial fish species which is consumed by people in Bangladesh like Seabass,Ribbon fish, Hilsha, Bombay ducketc.) and non-conventional (fish species which is consumed by people in Bangladesh like Milk shark, Stingrayetc.) fish species at BFDC landing center was conducted to know the current condition of fish, their market demand, prices and price difference between BFDC landing center and two popular fish market Baharchora and Borobazar. There were about 32 varietiesof conventional fish species and most common were Seabass,Ribbon fish, Hilsha,Bombay duck, Mackerel, Silver pomfret, Red snapper, etc. The average price for most demandable fish were Hilsha (TK. 600-1000 kg), Silver pomfret(TK. 550-900 kg), Seabass (TK.500- 650 kg),Bombay duck(TK. 100 kg), Ribbon fish (TK. 300 kg) which varied with size and season. There were about 20 species of non- conventional fish includingMilk shark, Stingray,Long Tung Sole,Mud spiny lobster, Mud crab etc. observed. Milk sharkand Dog shark was common at the landing center. Their average size and weight were 1-2 feet and 1-3 kg which were sold for TK. 120-140 kg. The regular price of Stingray was TK.180-220 kg at the landing center with average weight of 2-8 kg. Normally marketing channel of both fish was maintained by middle men. A large number of fish from the landing center was sold to them by auction. The landing center is the common place from where local fish seller collects fish and sell by for around 15-25% of the profit. Usually, unsold raw fishes were preserved in the freezer and rests were sold to dry fish processors mainly in Nazirartek. The study shows a variation of conventional and non-conventional fish species, their price, and market demand in Cox’s Bazar region.

Peningkatan Pendapatan Masyarakat Dengan Program Inovasi Desa Melalui Pengolahan Limbah Ikan Curah

The purpose of this community service is to test and train the community on the technology of making high protein fish feed pellets from trash fish waste which is useful for reducing the high purchase of fish feed on the market. Therefore, the need for a technology or innovation for the manufacture of fish feed in the community, especially areas where there is fish farming and is expected to reduce the high cost of purchasing feed. The method consists of presentations or training, mentoring and discussions, as well as analysis of business benefits. Members of the catfish breeding partners are mostly aged between 18 to 68 years, have elementary, junior high and high school education. The raw materials for the waste are 5 kg of dry trash fish, 100 g of tapioca flour/0.1 kg, 4.9 kg of rice bran and 1 l of diesel oil and plastic, so you can get up to 8 kg of fish pellets. with the cost required is IDR 39,050 Gross income IDR. 72,000 and a profit of Rp. 32,950. Comparing the benefits and costs incurred is IDR 32,950.00 :I DR 39,050.00 = 0.8 (B/C). Therefore, the fish pellet business is very profitable to develop and can increase the income of the Jati Emas villagers.