Nodule Dry Weight Research Articles

Microrna Regulation of Nodule Zone-Specific Gene Expression In Soybean

Microrna Regulation of Nodule Zone-Specific Gene Expression In Soybean

Symbiotic efficiency of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan(L.) Huth) with different sources of nitrogen

AbstractPigeonpea is an important grain legume. It contributes to the improvement of soil fertility through biological nitrogen (N) fixation. However, the symbiotic efficiency of pigeonpea with native soil rhizobia has not been determined adequately. This study was designed to determine the variation in the N fixation ability of pigeonpea inoculated with the native rhizobia. Forty soil samples were collected from diverse locations across South Africa and used for inoculating pigeonpea seed. Each pigeonpea genotype was inoculated separately with each soil sample and raised in a nitrogen-depleted growth medium in the greenhouse. A split-plot experimental design was used in the study. Several N fixation variables of pigeonpea were measured. There was >40.0% difference in the number of nodules between genotypes ‘Ex-PP-MD-321’ and ‘Mpuma-B-Spot’ but the nodule dry weight between the two genotypes was >80.0%. In contrast, the heaviest dry shoots (0.4513 g), weighed 52.0% heavier than those that were observed for ‘Mpuma-B-Spot’. Pigeonpea showed differential N fixation ability with the nodules, suggesting that there was potential to select for optimum host × rhizobial isolate combinations for the process and to expand the production area of the crop.

Studying the Effect of Different Fertilizers Types and Methods of Application on Nodulation, Growth and Yield of Some Chickpea Varieties Under Rainfed Conditions

This experiment was conducted in Sharya-Duhok area, Iraqi Kurdistan region under rainfed conditions during the season of 2018-2019 to study the nodulation status, growth and yield performance of two local varieties of chickpea (Shamy and Marakshy) in relation to three different fertilizers types and methods of application i.e. bio fertilizer (Corabac G) and seed priming in super phosphate 2% and Diammonium phosphate (DAP) in addition to control treatment. The experiment was designed by Randomized complete block design with four replications. The results clearly showed significant reduction in both number and dry weight of nodules per plant in fertilizer treatment as compared to untreated (control treatment), except seed priming in super phosphate 2% as it significantly enhanced the nodule dry weight displaying non responding of chickpea to soil fertilization in regards of nodules development. However the final seedyield was not significant in the study, but its highly correlated to the above ground biomass (r =0.74**) and number of seeds per plant (r = 0.33*); Shamy variety of chickpea was superior in number of branches, number of pods and seeds per plant, while the Marakshy variety was superior in the plant height, height of lowest pod, and weight of seeds. Regarding fertilizers treatments effects, both seed priming in super phosphate and DAP fertilizer treatments were significantly surpassed in number of branches, pods and seeds per plant. Shamy variety performed better in number of branches and seeds per plant with DAP fertilizer, while Marakshy produced the same traits better in seed priming treatment. Bio-fertilizer (Corabac G) was inferior in most of the studied traits of chickpea. Accordingly, the obtained results conclude that the nodulation in chickpea not respond to the soil application of fertilizers, while positively to seed treatment (priming). The results also suggest both method of fertilization (DAP and seed priming) for improving yield related componets, but Corabac G bio fertilizer is not recommended under similar conditions.

Enhancing Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Productivity, Soil Health and Profitability through Conjoint use of Rhizobium and PGPR

Background: Grain legumes are considered as an important group of food crops that can play a vital role to address national food and nutritional security and also tackle environmental challenges. They are known as the basis for an ecologically-sound, farmer-focused agricultural development effort and an important component of sustainable farming systems. Biofertilizers, being a cheap and environment friendly source of plant nutrients assume a special significance in supplying the plant nutrients under the present context of indiscriminate use and high costs of chemical fertilizers. Biofertilizers could be a good alternative to supplement the chemical fertilizers. Methods: A field experiment was carried out at Pantnagar in Mollisols during 2017-18 and 2018-19 to study the performance of Rhizobium sp. and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculation in mungbean on productivity, soil health and economics.Result: A pronounced effect of biofertilizers application in mungbean was observed on the root nodulation, yields, nutrient uptake and soil health. Co-inoculation of Rhizobium and PGPR significantly increased the nodule number, nodule dry weight, plant dry weight, grain yield, straw yield, N and P uptake in mungbean and improved soil health over the no inoculation. The study suggested that combined application of PGPR and Rhizobium sp. in mungbean is better than Rhizobium sp. alone in increasing crop yields, soil health and farmer’s profit.

Assessment of Consortia Inoculation Effects on the Agronomical Performance of the Common Bean

ABSTRACT The massive use of inputs is often applied in common bean for nitrogen (N) supply, better plant development, and to prevent plant disease. Instead, the co-inoculation of Rhizobium, Azospirillum and Trichoderma may play the same role; however, its effects are unknown in common bean. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of co-inoculating three microorganisms on the development, nodulation and grain yield (GY) of a common bean. The experiments were carried out on a randomized block design with four replicates. The treatments were NI: not inoculated; Rt: inoculated with Rhizobium tropici; Rt+Ab: inoculated with Rt and Azospirillum brasilense; Rt+Ab+Ta: inoculated with Rt, Ab and Trichoderma asperellum; Nf120: 120 kg ha−1 of N. In the inoculated treatments, the seeds were treated with Rt inoculant and with Ta inoculant before sowing, using a dose of 10 g of each inoculant kg−1 of seed. The inoculant containing the Ab was sprayed out in a dose of 300 mL ha−1 at the V2/V3 phenological stage. Evaluations were performed for the number of nodules (NN), nodule dry weight (NDW), root dry weight (RDW), shoot dry weight (SDW), pod number (PN), grain number (GN) and GY. NN and NDW were higher in NI and Rt treatments. The Rt+Ab treatment resulted in higher SDW, whereas the same treatment and Rt+Ab+Ta provided higher RDW and SDW, resulting in values similar to those of the Nf120 treatment. Innoculation with rhizobia (Rt) provided PN and GN equivalent to those of the Nf120 treatment. The inoculation (Rt) and co-iconulation (Rt+Ab) resulted on GY of 2946.27 and 2892.42 kg ha−1, respectively, surpassing the Nf120 treatment, which was 2741.91 kg ha−1. These results indicate that Rt inoculation and Rt+Ab co-inoculation can be alternatives to the substitution of nitrogen fertilizers, guaranteeing high GY levels in common bean.

VARIABILITY AND TRAIT RELATION BETWEEN YIELD AND YIELD RELATED TRAITS IN FRENCH BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.)

Seventeen genotypes of French bean were evaluated to study the genetic variability component and correlation. The research was conducted at Horticultural Research Centre, Chauras Campus, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal), Uttarakhand (India) during zaid season, 2018. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation values were high for fresh weight of nodules & dry weight of nodules per plant, number of pods per plant, pod diameter, yield of green pods per plant, per plot & per hectare and number of picking. The high heritability was found for almost all the traits studied. The yield of green pods per plot had significant positive association both at genotypic and phenotypic levels for number of pods per plant, pod weight, pod length, pod diameter, yield of green pods per plant, number of picking and yield of green pod per hectare. The selection of high yielding genotypes should be given emphasis to number of pod per plant, pod weight, pod length, pod diameter and number of pickings.

Influence of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi isolates in enhancing growth, phosphorus uptake and grain yield of soybean in a phosphorus deficient soil under field conditions

ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive growing seasons (2017 and 2018) to evaluate the effects of inoculations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices and Claroideoglomus etunicatum) and phosphorus (P) fertilization (40 kg P2O5 ha−1) on the growth, yield and P use efficiency (PUE) of two soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars under low soil P (6 mg kg−1) condition. AMF inoculation promotes the growth of soybean to some level compared to the P fertilized plot; however, inoculation (~960 spores per 100 g of soil) of R. intraradices or F. mosseae increased the number of nodules, nodule dry weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, number of pods, 100-seed weight and seed yield in both TGx 1440–1E and TGx 1448–2E soybean cultivars compared to C. etunicatum and the control. The P uptake in the shoot and grain in both cultivars increased with AMF inoculations in the order R. intraradices > F. mosseae > C. etunicatum. The studies showed that the highest yield response (44.2– 45.4%) and (44.9– 46.5%) over the control was revealed by the inoculation with R. intraradices and F. mosseae inoculants, respectively, in both soybean cultivars. TGx 1448–2E variety was more tolerant to low soil P availability and had higher root nodulation, seed yield and PUE than TGx 1448–2E variety. The results confirm functional variation among the three AMF isolates tested, which is crucial in establishing potential formulation of AMF inoculants to enhance soybean productivity in P-deficient soils.

Morphophysiology, Productivity and Quality of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cv. Merlin in Response to Row Spacing and Seeding Systems

The appropriate row spacing and sowing density of soybeans are the basic non-input and pro-environmental agrotechnical factors. The optimal spacing of plants in the field can be crucial in terms of reducing competition between plants for water, nutrients and light, which is particularly important for photosynthesis and maximizes the use of environmental resources. The field experiment was carried out in the years 2017–2019 at the Experimental Station for Cultivar Assessment in Przecław, Poland, on Merlin cv. soybean plants. The experimental factors were: row spacing of 15 and 30 cm and the sowing density of 70, 90 and 110 pcs. m−2. During the research, the influence of row spacing and sowing density on yielding, seed quality, plant morphological features, nodulation and physiological processes in plants was assessed. The obtained soybean seed yield was not influenced by the experimental factors, but only by the weather conditions prevailing in the research years. The smaller row spacing and sowing density of 15/70 and 30/70 resulted in an increase in the parameters of the yield structure, the number and dry weight of root nodules, as well as the parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm, Fv/F0 and PI). Greater plant density per area unit resulted in low yield structure parameters, lower number and dry weight of nodules, poorer parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence and higher protein content in seeds. With the increased sowing density, the plants were higher, the 1st. pod was placed higher and an LAI value was also higher.

Effect of rhizobial inoculants on yield and yield components of faba bean (Vicia fabae L.) on vertisol of Wereillu District, South Wollo, Ethiopia

BackgroundNitrogen fixation by legumes like faba bean is a cheap way of fixing atmospheric nitrogen to plant available form. However, the inoculation of grain legumes with rhizobium bacteria are poorly researched in Amhara Region of Ethiopia.MethodsThus, a study to examine the effects of rhizobium leguminosarum (var vicae) strains on nodulation, growth, and yield of faba bean was conducted in Wereillu district of Amhara Region, Ethiopia during the rainy season of 2018. The treatments comprised of four levels of faba bean Rhizobium strains (un-inoculated, EAL-1018, EAL-1035 and EAL-17) arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The collected data on yield and yield-related parameters were analyzed using Statistical Analysis System (Statistical Analysis System, version 9.1, SAS Institute Inc, Cary, 2003), version 9.1 and subjected to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test for mean separation when the analysis of variance was significant.ResultsThe result revealed that the effect of EAL-1018 brought significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher difference on nodule number, nodulation volume, nodule dry weight, biomass yield and grain yield compared to the control. Faba bean strain, EAL-1018 gave 45.6, 27 and 11.6% grain yield advantage over the control, EAL1017 and EAL 1035 respectively.ConclusionBiologically as well as Economically EAL 1018 brought the maximum yield and net benefit (47020.7) compared to the other treatments. Hence, EAL-1018 is recommended for the study area and similar agro—ecologies.

Dual inoculation of soybean with <i>Rhizophagus irregularis</i> and commercial <i>Bradyrhizobium japonicum</i> increases nitrogen fixation and growth in organic and conventional soils

<abstract> Soil amendment with beneficial microorganisms is gaining popularity among farmers to alleviate the decline of soil fertility and to increase food production and maintain environmental quality. However, farm management greatly influence soil microbial abundance and function, which overly affects crop growth and development. In this work, greenhouse experiments involving soybeans were conducted to evaluate the effects of bradyrhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) dual inoculation on nodulation, AMF root colonization, growth and nutrient acquisition under contrasting farming systems. The experimental treatments were AMF and/or bradyrhizobia inoculation and dual inoculation on SC squire soybean variety. The exotic AMF inoculants used were <italic>Funneliformis mosseae</italic> (BEG 12) and <italic>Rhizophagus irregularis</italic> (BEG 44) while bacteria were commercial <italic>Bradyrhizobium japonicum</italic> (USDA110) and native bradyrhizobia isolates. Experiments with soil samples from organic and conventional farms were set out using a completely randomized design with three replicates. The results demonstrated that bradyrhizobia and AMF dual inoculation consistently and significantly enhanced soybean nodule dry weight (NDW), shoot dry weight (SDW) and AMF root colonization compared with individual bradyrhizobia<italic>, </italic> AMF and non-inoculated control. Moreover, organic soil significantly (p = 0.001) increased soybean SDW, NDW and AMF root colonization compared to conventional soil. Remarkably, shoot nutrients content differed in organic and conventional farming where, shoot nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic carbon were higher in organic farming than the latter. Among individual inoculants, <italic>Rhizophagus irregularis</italic> out-performed <italic>Funneliformis mosseae, </italic> while commercial <italic>Bradyrhizobium japonicum</italic> showed higher performance than native bradyrhizobia. Our results demonstrated the importance of organic farming, AMF and bradyrhizobia dual inoculation in enhancing soybean growth and nutrient acquisition. However, field trials should be assessed to determine the good performance of bradyrhizobia and AMF dual inoculation in organic farming before being popularized and adopted by farmers as a sustainable agronomical management strategy to increase soil fertility and food productivity. </abstract>

Effect of Sulfur and Bradyrhizobium Inoculation on Nodulation and Yield of Soybean (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Glycine max&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; L.) on Nitisols of Southwestern Ethiopia

A field experiment was conducted at Jimma Agricultural Research Center (JARC) during 2017/18 growing season to evaluate the effect of integrated use of Bradyrhizobium strain and sulfur fertilization on nodulation and yield of soybean. The experiment consisted of four levels of S (0, 20, 30 and 40 kg ha^-1) and three Bradyrhizobium strains (MAR-1495, SB-12 and Murdock) arranged factorially in completely randomized block design (RCBD) with three replications. Grain and straw yield increased due to inoculation of Bradyrhizobium strain whether used alone or in combination with S. Nodulation, parameters (nodule number per plant and nodule dry weight) and number of pods per plant were highly significantly influenced due to combined use of Bradyrhizobium strains with sulfur fertilization. The yield and yield components namely (grain yield, hundred seed weight, biomass yield and harvest index) were highly significantly (P < 0.01) affected by individual application of sulfur and inoculation of Bradyrhizobium strains alone. Accordingly, the highest grain yield (1496.35 kg ha^-1) was obtained from application of S at a rate of 30 kg ha^-1 corresponding 30.96% yield advantages compared with control and 1548.55 kg ha^-1 grain yield was recorded due to inoculation with Murdock strain corresponding to 30.32% increase over MAR-1495 strain. The results clearly suggested that proper application of S along with Bradyrhizobium strain affect nodulation, grain and straw yield of soybean.

EFFECT OF FERTILIZER TREATMENTS ON PLANT CHARACTERISTICS IN CHICKPEA VARIETIES IN PRE-FLOWERING AND FULL-FLOWERING PERIODS

The experiment was conducted at Dicle University Field Crops Department, Southeast Anatolia, Diyarbakir, Turkey in early spring growth period in 2018 -2019. The study were evaluated the effect of fertilizer treatments (control, diammonium phosphate, urea, phosphorus, and Rhizobium) on plant traits of chickpea varieties (Gokce, Diyar 95, Aziziye 94 and Taek-Sagel). The fertilizer treatments were applied with sown in both years, and plants were harvest in pre-flowering and full flowering periods. Measurements were taken on root, root nodule and leaf traits. In the pre-flowering period, dap and phosphorus treatments for the number of nodules plant-1were higher than control group. Plant height, fresh root weight, fresh leaf weight, and dry nodule weight were no affected by fertilizer treatments in both periods.

Seed size influences the promoting activity of rhizobia on plant growth, nodulation and N fixation in lima bean

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the activity of rhizobia isolates inoculated in large (18 mm) and small (11 mm) seeds on lima bean growth, nodulation and N fixation. Selected rhizobia isolates were compared with a reference strain CIAT899 and two controls without inoculation. Large seeds contributed for highest plant growth, nodulation and N fixation than small seeds. The isolates UFPI-59, UFPI-18 and UFPI-38 promoted the highest values of shoot and root dry weight, respectively. The isolates UFPI-32 promoted the highest values of nodule number, while UFPI-59 promoted the highest values of nodule dry weight. The isolates UFPI-38 and UFPI-59 promoted the highest accumulation of N. This study showed that seed size really influences lima bean growth, nodulation and BNF. Considering rhizobia isolates, UFPI-59, UFPI-38, and UFPI-18 contributed for plant growth, promoted better nodulation and effectiveness on biological N fixation.

PENGARUH MEDIA DENGAN KRITERIA SALINITAS TANAH SALIN DAN NON SALIN TERHADAP EFEKTIVITAS DAN INFEKTIVITAS ISOLAT BAKTERI Rhizobium sp TOLERAN SALINITAS PADA TANAMAN KEDELAI (Glycine max L. Merril)

Demand for the consumption of soybeans in 2014 was very high amounting to 10.91 kg capita-1 year-1 while soybean production was only 955 thousand tons. Soybean production can be increased by expanding the planting area including saline land areas. The use of soil microbes Rhizobium sp can help overcome this because Rhizobium sp can find symbiosis with soybean plants so that it allows the absorption of nitrogen nutrients for the growth of soybean plants. This study was aimed to determine and analyze the effect of saline soil on the effectiveness and infectivity of Rhizobium sp. inoculated to soybean plants on soil chemical and biological properties and plant growth. The study was conducted using a randomized block design consisting of 10 treatments and 3 replications. The results showed that the bacterial inoculation gave better plant growth than the control treatment on saline and non-saline soils. The high number of colonies was able to increase the number of effective root nodules and N-plant uptake and produced good plant growth with the best results. The inoculation treatment of isolate 12 on non-saline soil yielded N absorption value of 0.32 g plant-1, effective root nodules of 87.67 g plant-1, effective root nodule dry weight of 0.74 g plant-1, and plant height of 134.3 cm. On the biological properties of isolate 12 inoculation treatment on non-saline soil had the highest yield for the number of isolate colonies of 305.45 × 105 CFU mL-1.

Combined Application of Inoculant, Phosphorus and Potassium Enhances Cowpea Yield in Savanna Soils

Low soil phosphorus levels in savanna soils of Ghana limit cowpea response to inoculation. A two-year experiment was carried out on 2 soil types of the Guinea and Sudan savanna zones of Ghana based on the hypothesis that Bradyrhizobia inoculant (BR3267) in combination with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer will significantly increase cowpea root nodulation, growth and yield. The study aimed to determine the effect of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer on cowpea response to Bradyrhizobia inoculant. The treatments were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design, replicated four times. The plot size was 8 × 3 m, with the sowing distance of 60 × 20 cm. The treatment comprises of commercial Bradyrhizobia inoculant, phosphorus (0, 30, 40 kg P2O5 ha−1) and potassium (0, 10, 20, 30 K2O ha−1). Application of Bradyrhizobia inoculant with 30 kg P2O5 ha−1 and 20 kg K2O ha−1 gave the highest grain yield (1.68 and 1.86 tons ha−1) at both soils which did not differ from the yield obtained from BR-40-30 kg ha−1 P2O5 and K2O ha−1 on the Ferric Lixisol and BR-40-20 kg ha−1 P2O5 and K2O on the Ferric Luvisol. The same treatment also gave the highest nodule number and nodule dry weight. The results of this study have shown that the application of Bradyrhizobia inoculant followed by P and K fertilizer was effective for cowpea growth in field conditions.

Growth and Yield Responses of Cowpea and Groundnut to Five Rhizobial Inoculant Strains in the Guinea Savanna Zone of Ghana

Inoculating groundnut and cowpea with highly effective and competitive rhizobial strain improves nodulation. A field experiment was carried out at the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, Nyankpala, to evaluate the growth and yield responses of cowpea and groundnut to five rhizobial inoculant strains in the Guinea Savanna zone. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with eight (8) treatments replicated four (4) times. The treatments included five rhizobial inoculant strains (NC 92, KNUST 1002, KNUST 1003, KNUST 1006, and BR 3267), two N fertilizer levels (20 kg·N/ha and 40 kg·N/ha), and a control. The results showed that rhizobial inoculation and N fertilizer application increased nodulation, biomass yield, pod number, pod weight, hundred seed weight, nodule dry weight, and pod yield of groundnut compared with the control. Rhizobial inoculation averagely increased the nodulation and yield by 63 and 67%, respectively, compared with the control. Mineral N fertilizer (20 kg N/ha) on average increased the nodulation and yield by 24 and 25%, respectively, compared with the control plots. It can be recommended from this study that, in the absence of highly competitive rhizobial strains such as KNUST 1006 and NC 92 as biofertilizers for increasing the nodulation and yield of cowpea and groundnut, 20 kg·N/ha can be used for the purpose. Further research is recommended using these rhizobial strains in combination with lower rates of N fertilizers (&lt;20 kg·ha−1).

CHARACTERIZATION OF SYMBIOTIC EFFECTIVENESS OF RHIZOBIA NODULATING FIELD PEA (PISUM SATIVUM).

Field Pea is one of the most important Legumes plants and widely grown in Ethiopia. A study was made to re- isolate, characterize, and select best rhizobia for field pea. Results showed that all the 25 isolates exhibited typical colony characteristics and presumptive reactions of fast growing rhizobia. Out of the 25 isolates, 3(KL3, BR1 andCF5) relatively superior isolates were selected in sterilized sand. All isolates characterized their morphological and physiological characteristics. All isolates formed watery and mucoid colonies on YEMA medium, their mean growth time mostly between 2 &amp;4 hours and failed to grow on peptone glucose agar medium and to solubilize inorganic phosphate. Almost all isolates were tolerated to pH 5to 9, 2% and 3% salt concentration, and at temperature of 15oC to 35oC. The isolates were also tolerant to erythromycin, streptomycin and ampicillin, and relatively sensitive to penicillin and chloroamphenicol at concentration of 50μg/ml. All isolates utilized to sucrose, glucanate, galactose and fructose as the sole source of carbon, and almost all isolates grow on YEMA medium containing galactose (90%), fructose (88.9%) and glucanate (76.7%) and the isolates utilized many amino acids as the source of nitrogen. BR1 was the most competitive inoculant with nodule occupancy of 75%; followed by KL3 and CF5 with nodule occupancy of 60 and 50% respectively. The mean nodule number, nodule dry weight, mean shoot dry weight and N content and of the host plants inoculated with different isolates showed variations. Particularly BR1 can be recommended as inoculants and good strain for field pea in the future.

Fe3O4 nanoparticles and Rhizobium inoculation enhance nodulation, nitrogen fixation and growth of common bean plants grown in soil

The effects of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) and Rhizobium inoculation on nodulation, nitrogen fixation and plant growth of common bean (cv. Red Guama, Phaseolus vulgaris) plants were investigated in growth chambers. Plants were exposed to: Fe3O4 NPs (2000 mg/L) (T1), Rhizobium inoculation (T2) and Fe3O4 NPs + Rhizobium inoculation (T3); non-treated plants were considered as controls. Harvested 35-day-old treated plants showed improved symbiotic performance including increased nitrogenase activity (51.2–90.7%), nodule leghaemoglobin (44.8–80.9%) and iron content (83.4–84.2%), number of active nodules per plant (58.7–122%) and nodule dry weight (40.2–70.6%). This resulted in enhanced symbiotic nitrogen fixation,and increased shoot (26.5–50.2%) and root (24.1–48.2%) total nitrogen content in treated plants in comparison with the controls. The best result was obtained using treatment T3. Furthermore, Fe3O4 NPs were taken up by bean plants in treatments T1 and T3, and these accumulated in their organs, including in nodules. All treatments led to an increase in root (51.9–79.8%) and shoot (27.5–52.7%) lengths, in leaf area (10.9–16.8%) and in root (10.1–17.8%), stem (9.8–12.7%) and leaf dry weight (8–17.3%) compared to control plants. Thus applied treatments have the potential to improve common bean plant growth through enhancement of nodulation and nitrogen fixation during vegetative growth.This study also provides strong evidence that the presence Fe3O4 NPs in nodules improves the symbiotic performance between Rhizobium (leguminosarum CF1 strain) and the common bean plant, due to enhanced nodulation and nitrogen fixation.

THE EFFECT OF COMMERCIAL ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS AND RHIZOBIUM INOCULATION ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF FABA BEAN (VICIA FABA L.) AND PEA (PISUM SATIVUM L.)

This research was conducted to determine the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers and bacteria inoculation on yield and its components on pea and faba bean in Dicle University Agricultural Faculty, Diyarbakir, Turkey, during 2018 and 2019 growing seasons. The experiment was laid out following a split-plot in completely randomized block design, with three replications. Fertilization treatments and cultivars were designed as main and sub factors, respectively. Data on plant height, plant biomass, pod weight, seed yield per plant, number of pods and number of seeds per plant, biological yield, seed yield and 100-seed weight were recorded at harvest. Number of nodules and nodule dry weight were record in flowering time. The effect of inorganic nitrogen, organic fertilizers and bacteria inoculation on grain yield, seed yield per plant, biological yield was significant at both pea and faba bean. Inorganic fertilizer (urea) was increased the grain yield (2147 kg/ha) and biological yield (4956 kg/ha) in faba bean, but close to control (2080 kg/ha and 4690 kg/ha). Organic-1, Organic-2 and bacteria treatments were decrease the grain yield and biological yield on pea and faba bean, and this decrease on pea was almost half over control. The effect of treatments on number of nodules per plant on pea and faba bean was significant. The highest number of nodules per plant on pea was in bacteria inoculation (125.9) and control (121.5), and differences among nitrogen (109.1), Organic-1 (97.3) and Organic-2 (109.3) treatments was no significant.

Eficiencia en fijación biológica de nitrógeno de cepas de Rhizobium spp. recolectadas en frijol cultivado y silvestre

Se evaluó la eficiencia en fijación biológica de nitrógeno (FBN) de 27 cepas de Rhizobium spp. recolectadas en frijol silvestre y cultivado del occidente de México, al utilizar como hospedero la variedad de frijol Cuarenteño. El trabajo se realizó bajo malla sombra, se usó un diseño experimental completamente al azar con cinco repeticiones y se evaluaron longitud de vástago (LV) y de raíz (LR), peso seco de vástago (PSV) y de raíz (PSR), número de nódulos (NN) y peso seco de nódulos (PSN), nitrógeno total del vástago (NT) y contenido de clorofila (CL). Se realizaron análisis de varianza y de componentes principales; se obtuvieron índices de eficiencia por variable y por grupos de variables. Se detectaron diferencias altamente significativas (P ≤ 0.01) en seis de las ocho variables registradas. Por el valor per se de las variables, se seleccionaron Rhizojal VC3 colectada en frijol silvestre y Rhizojal ZCB3, Rhizojal ZCB1, Rhizojal TP2 y Rhizojal TP3 obtenidas en frijol cultivado. Por índices de eficiencia simples y por grupos de variables, se escogieron Rhizojal VC3, Rhizojal ZCB3 y Rhizojal TP2. El análisis de componentes principales separó a la mayoría de las cepas en dos grupos: cepas procedentes de la forma silvestre de frijol y cepas colectadas en frijol cultivado. Las cepas Rhizojal ZCB3, Rhizojal TP2 y Rhizojal TP3, mostraron los mayores valores en la escala del CP1; la cepa Rhizojal VC3, se ubicó del lado de los aislados de origen cultivado. Considerando los análisis realizados, las cepas identificadas como mejores en FBN fueron Rhizojal VC3 de frijol silvestre y Rhizojal ZCB3 y Rhizojal TP2 de origen cultivado. Los resultados indican que los índices de eficiencia contribuyen a la evaluación y selección de cepas por FBN y que existe potencial para identificar cepas de Rhizobium eficientes en FBN en la región occidente de México.