Dry Sliding Conditions Research Articles

Investigation of Wear Characteristics on Gas Nitrided AISI 304 Stainless Steel under Dry Sliding Conditions

Stainless steel is a popular material used in various industries due to its excellent corrosion resistance, high strength, and durability. Gas nitriding has been found significantly to improve wear resistance. Chosen for this research work AISI 304 were examined and the impact of gas nitriding to 12 hrs, 24 hrs and 36 hrs were analyzed for better wear behavior. To evaluate the tribological behavior, wear tests were carried out using pin on disc tribometer. The samples were undergone with hardness tests and the microstructures were examined through scanning electron microscope The difference between the compound layer and the diffusion layer were analyzed on the microstructure. The results of untreated samples and nitride samples were compared.

Tribological Properties of Carbon Fabric/Epoxy Composites Filled with FGr@MoS2 Hybrids under Dry Sliding Conditions.

Hybrids of fluorinated graphite/MoS2 (FGr@MoS2) were prepared via a hydrothermal method and used as lubricating additives to take full advantage of the synergy between FGr and MoS2 in carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP). The results show a 21.6% reduction in the friction coefficient compared to the neat sample when the CFRP was filled with 1.2 wt.% FGr@MoS2 hybrids. The addition of 1.5 wt.% FGr@MoS2 resulted in a 60.9% reduction in the wear rate compared to neat CFRP. For the 1.2 wt.% FGr@MoS2-reinforced CFRP, the friction coefficient maintained a relatively steady value of approximately 0.46 at various temperatures, indicating frictional stability. However, the wear rate increased by 13.95% at 60 °C compared to that at room temperature. The interfacial bonding force between the FGr@MoS2 hybrid and the matrix, as well as the adhesive force with the surface of the counterpart ball, is improved, caused by the heterostructure of FGr@MoS2, resulting in enhanced mechanical properties and formation efficiency as well as the transfer film on the surface of the counterpart ball. The results suggest that an FGr@MoS2 micro-nano structure is a promising additive to be applied in polymer tribology.

ANN Technique Implementation for Wear Prediction of Bronze-Based Composites Under Dry Sliding Conditions

ANN Technique Implementation for Wear Prediction of Bronze-Based Composites Under Dry Sliding Conditions

Effect of Load and Fiber Orientation on Wear Properties of Additively Manufactured Continuous CFRP Composites under Dry Sliding Conditions

The present research investigates the wear properties of a continuous carbon fiber-reinforced additively manufactured polymer composite under dry sliding conditions. The effect of load and fiber orientation is examined on polymer composite specimens. The wear test of the additively manufactured polymer composite specimens is conducted on pin-on-disk test equipment. The result shows that the applied load and fiber orientation significantly affect the composite specimen’s wear properties. The wear and coefficient of friction (COF) increase with load. The minimum effect on wear and COF is observed for 0° fiber orientation, and the maximum effect is observed for 90° fiber orientation. Finally, morphological analysis is conducted using an optical micrograph of the worn-out surfaces to understand the failure type for different fiber orientations.

Impact of surface texturing on the tribological behaviour of aluminium-silicon (Al-Si/Al2O3) advanced composite under dry and lubricating conditions

In the present work, modification of aluminum-silicon (Al-Si) alloy based advanced composite surface is performed using laser texturing (LT). Surface texturing (ST) with different patterns, i.e., dimple (T1), square (T2), triangular (T3), and line hatched (T4) textures are done on the alloy surface and its impact on the mechanism to reduce friction and wear are investigated. The tribo tests are conducted at 10 N load, Hertzian contact pressure (Pmax) 708.7 MPa, 1 mm stroke length, frequency 50 Hz and sliding distance (SD) up to 450 m. The tribological behavior of the non-textured surface (NTS) and textured surface (TS) are examined under dry sliding conditions (DSC) and two lubricating sliding conditions (LSC) comprising of virgin PAO-4 (Lube-1) and PAO-4 + 1 wt% graphene nanoplatelets (Lube-2). T2 texture reveals a 49.53%, 69.21% and 44.91% decrease in friction coefficient(COF) and 58.1%, 43.74% and 83.86% decrease in wear volume (WV) than the NTS for DSC, Lube-1 and,Lube-2, correspondingly. Results show that ST improved friction efficiency, and shortened the running-in period. The current study results help to provide in-depth interpretation of micro-texturing and its relationship w.r.t. tribological characteristics.

Improving Tribological Performance of 42CrMo under Dry Sliding Conditions by Combining Rhombic-Textured Surfaces with Sn–Ag–Cu Solid Lubricant and MXene-Ti3C2TX

Improving Tribological Performance of 42CrMo under Dry Sliding Conditions by Combining Rhombic-Textured Surfaces with Sn–Ag–Cu Solid Lubricant and MXene-Ti3C2TX

Influence of Counter Surface Roughness and Lay on the Tribological Behaviour of Self-Lubricating Bearing Materials in Dry Sliding Conditions at High Contact Pressures

In Kaplan turbines, the most critical components are the self-lubricating polymer composite bearings used to control the guide vanes and the turbine blades. Reducing the sliding wear and friction of these bearings can benefit both the economy and the environment, including longer useful life, lower operational costs, and higher efficiency. In this study, the influence of stainless-steel counter surface roughness and lay on the tribological behaviour of three bearing materials used in hydropower applications were investigated using a linear reciprocating flat-on-flat configuration under high contact pressure and low sliding speed. The surface roughness was measured using white light interferometry. SEM and EDS analysis were used to investigate the worn surfaces. Results from this study show that overly smooth surfaces result in higher friction and wear of the counter surface, while rougher surfaces have a negative effect on the wear of the polymers. Highest surface coverage using protective transfer layers is found on the steel surfaces with the perpendicular lay and is accompanied with a lower coefficient of friction compared to the parallel lay. The dominant wear mechanism of the bearing materials changes from delamination wear to abrasive wear between the lowest and the intermediate roughness for steel surfaces with the parallel lay. It can be concluded that counter surface topography has a significant influence on the tribological behaviour of these bearing materials and that the effect differs between the self-lubricating polymer composites.

UNRAVELLING THE TRIBOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF MERCERIZED COCONUT INFLORESCENCE FIBER FORTIFIED UNSATURATED POLYESTER COMPOSITES

The need for eco-friendly materials made researchers move towards lignocellulose fibres as potential fortification materials for polymer matrices. In this regard, a unique fibre known as the coconut inflorescence fiber was extricated from the coconut tree and added to unsaturated polyester resin. As the fibres are subjected to mercerization treatment, XRD and FTIR studies show that the amorphous materials present in the fibers are removed, and the tensile strength of the fibre increases. For the tribology studies of the CIF/polyester composite, the load and sliding distance were chosen as the operation parameters under dry-sliding condition. Extensive testing demonstrated that the wear rate increases as the load increases, and it is reduced as the fiber volume faction increases. Due to the hardness of the composite materials, the wear rate decreases as the sliding distance rises. The composites with fiber volume fraction 25 % exhibit the minimum wear rate of the entire experimentation. Furthermore, the friction coefficient drops as the load and sliding distance increase with the increasing volume fraction, which is due to micro-melting generated by the frictional heat at greater loads. A SEM analysis revealed fiber pull-outs in composites with fiber volume fraction 30 %, owing to a lack of fibril wetting during the manufacturing of composites.

Contact Characteristics and Tribological Properties of the Weaving Surface of Mn-Cu and Fe-Zn Damping Alloys.

In this paper, laser texturing is performed on the surface of Mn-Cu and Fe-Zn damping alloys and the tribological properties of the samples with various surface weaves under dry-sliding conditions are investigated. The results show that the surface weave parameters affect the size of the contact surface and change the number of micro-convex bodies at the contact interface. This leads to changes in the tangential damping of the contact and further affects the magnitude of the friction coefficient. Additionally, the damping properties significantly affect the wear mechanism and make it more prone to adhesive wear.

Assessment and Optimization of Tribological Parameters for Bionic Textured AISI 4140-SnAgCu Self-Lubricating Composite Under Dry Sliding Conditions Using AHP and RSM

Herein, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and central composite experimental design in response surface methodology (CCD-RSM) are used to evaluate and optimize the tribological parameters of bionic textured AISI 4140-SnAgCu self-lubricating composite under the conditions of load (L: 20–40 N), velocity (V: 16–32 mm/s), and distance (D: 40–80 m). AISI 4140 biomimetic composites exhibit excellent tribological properties under the conditions of L 27.15/V 16.43/D 40, L 27.05/V 17.08/D 60, and L 27.42/V 17.85/D 80, respectively. The sensitivities of influence factors on the tribological overall score are load, velocity, and distance, in order from high to low. The good antifriction properties of self-lubricating composites under conditions with the optimized tribological parameters benefit from the fact that the solid lubricants are uniformly spread at the contact interface.

Optimization of wear behaviour of Al7075/SiC/Al2O3 MMCs Using statistical method

ABSTRACT The metal matrix composites are widely used in various engineering applications. The fabrication of MMCs with different wt. % of reinforcements helps to improve the mechanical and the wear properties. In this research work, different wt. % of ceramic reinforcements with Al-7075 alloy were used to fabricate the hybrid MMCs routed through liquid metallurgical technique. The hardness of the fabricated composites was measured using Vickers hardness tester. The obtained results revealed that the hardness values increased by increase in the wt. % of reinforcement. Wear behaviour of composites was studied using pin on disc wear test equipment under dry-sliding conditions. Experimental trials were carried out based on the Taguchi method. L27 OA (Orthogonal array) was used for investigation of the data. Effect of the wear parameters on the wear and coefficient of friction were studied using ANOVA technique. ANOVA results revealed that the wt. % of reinforcement has a substantial influence on wear loss and COF. Finally, the orthogonal array results were verified by conducting confirmatory tests. The wear mechanism of the worn-out surface was analysed using SEM and EDS analysis.

Experimental Investigation on Tribological Behaviour of AA6066: HSS-Cu Hybrid Composite in Dry Sliding Condition

Aluminum is among the most preferred materials based on the desired properties. This investigation focused on to evaluate the wear rate of the AA6066 aluminium alloy composite by using pin-on-disc apparatus. The composites were created with three materials such as AA6066 alloy, high-speed steel, and copper which have a volume percentage variation of 92%, 5%, and 3%, respectively. These three parameters were considered for the experimental results of the wear rate such as load applied, sliding speed, and sliding distance. Experimental results of the composites were compared using an applied load of 20 N, a sliding velocity of 3.0 m/s and 1800 m of sliding distance with AAHSSCu reinforced composites offering a minimum wear rate. Similarly, using a 40 N applied load, the minimum wear rate is obtained. Further increasing the applied load to 60 N with 600 m of sliding distance provided a lower wear rate. The various graphical representations such as three-dimensional surface plots, contour plots, and bar charts were used for the experimental results. Wear rate consequences were expressed individually compared based on the considered parameters. Experimental results were having the reliability of nearly ninety-one percentage with only wear rate being focused. Finally, an optimized wear rate is obtained at the sliding distance of 1200 m with an applied load of 40 N and a spindle speed of 3 m/s.

Synergetic effect of surface texturing and graphene nanoplatelets on the tribological properties of hybrid self-lubricating composite

In the present work, investigation is carried out to study the combined effect of graphene as a solid lubricant (SL) and surface texturing (ST) on the friction and wear reduction mechanism of hybrid aluminum composite and chromium plated chrome steel tribo pairs. The friction and wear behavior of nontextured surface (NTS) and textured surface (TS) were analyzed under dry sliding conditions (DSC) and lubricated conditions (LSC). All TS displayed a lower coefficient of friction (COF) and wear volume than the NTS sample. T2 texture reveals 63.88%, 70.53% and 44.99% decrease in COF and indicates a decrease of 32.13%, 60.30%, and 86.03% in wear volume than the NTS under DSC and LSC (virgin PAO-4; SAE20W50), respectively.

Tribological Characteristics of GCI‐EN31 Steel Surface Contact with Dry Sliding Condition

Grey cast iron (GCI) and steel contact surface application is an inevitable component and provides good wear resistance in several applications, not only in automobiles. Grey cast iron consists of a predominantly pearlitic/ferrite matrix or both with graphite flakes. The majority of previous research works were based on three different types of wear regimes. The wear regimes enumerate the wear track morphology, wear rate, and COF of the respective application. In this research work, dry sliding wear properties of GCI and EN31 pins were examined with different sliding parameters using pin on disc wear test. The weight loss, coefficient of frictions, and surface morphology were considered for experimental analysis. Due to the transfer of wear debris from the GCI disc, the counter steel pin surface experienced a progressive reduction in wear with increasing speed and load. With 30 N and 45 N contact loads and sliding speeds up to 1 m/sec, the GCI shows marginally positive wear. The surface textures were analyzed with the help of SEM and a surface roughness tester.

An Investigation into the Wear Behaviour of a Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite Under Dry Sliding Conditions Using Taguchi and ANOVA Methods

An Investigation into the Wear Behaviour of a Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite Under Dry Sliding Conditions Using Taguchi and ANOVA Methods

Wear and Corrosion Resistance of AlSi10Mg-CP-Ti Metal-Metal Composite Materials Produced by Electro-Sinter-Forging.

Metal–metal composites are a class of composite materials studied for their high ductility and strength, but their potential applications are currently limited by the complex manufacturing processes involved. Electro-sinter-forging (ESF) is a single-pulse electro discharge sintering technique that proved its effectiveness in the rapid sintering of several metals, alloys, and composites. Previous studies proved the processability of Ti and AlSi10Mg by ESF to produce metal–metal composites and defined a correlation between microstructure and processing parameters. This paper presents the wear and corrosion characterizations of two metal–metal composites obtained via ESF with the following compositions: 20% Ti/80% AlSi10Mg and 20% AlSi10Mg/80% Ti. The two materials showed complementary resistance to wear and corrosion. A higher fraction of AlSi10Mg is responsible for forming a protective tribolayer in dry-sliding conditions, while a higher fraction of Titanium confers improved corrosion resistance due to its higher corrosion potential.

Tribological Behavior of Surface Bionic Rhombic-Textured M50 Steel Containing SnAgCu and MXene-Nb2C under Dry Sliding Conditions

Tribological Behavior of Surface Bionic Rhombic-Textured M50 Steel Containing SnAgCu and MXene-Nb2C under Dry Sliding Conditions

Wear Maps and Statistical Approach of AISI 316L Alloy under Dry Sliding Conditions

Wear Maps and Statistical Approach of AISI 316L Alloy under Dry Sliding Conditions

Tribological Characterization of Iron-Based Self-Lubricating Composite under Dry Sliding Conditions

Tribological Characterization of Iron-Based Self-Lubricating Composite under Dry Sliding Conditions

Study of boriding surface treatment in the tribological behavior of an AISI 316L stainless steel

AISI 316L stainless steel possesses high tensile and rupture strength at low and high temperatures; therefore, it is employed in several industry fields like manufacturing gas turbine parts, automotive pieces, and prosthetic devices like joints prosthesis. However, the debris and oxide products resulting from wear lead to detrimental performance, particularly in medical applications like partial hip prosthesis, orthopedic screws, or bone plates. This liberation of metallic ions may cause aseptic implant loosening, granuloma formation, and demineralization of bone tissue. On the other hand, research in the last few years has focused on improving the tribological performance of the steel surface, including ceramic coatings and different engineering surface treatments. In this work, the tribological performance of boride layers synthesized on an AISI 316L was studied. As it was mentioned before, the AISI 316L steel is widely used for biomedical applications, so the improvement of their tribological properties is the particular interest in this field. Also, boriding treatment increases the corrosion resistance of the steel due to the boride layers acting as a barrier that reduces the pitting corrosion properly of the stainless steel. For this purpose, diffusional boriding treatments were performed at the following parameters: 850, 950, and 1050 °C over 2, 4, and 6 h for each temperature. Surfaces were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, micro and nano-hardness testing, and roughness measurements. The tribological response was studied through a ball on disc tribometer under dry-sliding conditions with a distance of 10 km, tracking the coefficient of friction, mass loss, wear rate, and surface damage. All borided conditions decreased the wear rate in comparison with the untreated samples. The differences in wear performance among the borided surfaces were detailed discussed in this paper.