Reed Switch Research Articles

Resource-saving microprocessor-based reed switch current protection

We suggest designing a cutoff and an overcurrent protection for 6–35 kV electrical installations with switchgear cubicles on the basis of reed switches and a microprocessor without current transformers. A reed switch is a small glass tube with plates inside, which contact under the action of the corresponding magnetic field. Two reed switches are mounted near each busbar inside a switchgear cubicle at a safe distance using specially designed structures. The magnetic induction which acts on them is determined by the Biot–Savart law with experimentally found coefficients. The effect of currents in neighboring electrical installations and in switchgear cubicle casings is taken into account. We have developed and describe here an algorithm of protection operation and a technique for selecting parameters and estimating protection sensitivity. Such protections are noise-resistant due to detection of short circuits by the third actuation of a read switch; they detect a failed component with the help of built-in diagnostics. The test diagnostics is performed by means of supplying current simultaneously to the control windings of two reed switches, and the functional diagnostics, by means of supplying current to them in turn. The efficiency of such protections is confirmed by the simulation results.

Design of a Home Door Security System Based on NodeMCU ESP32 Using a Magnetic Reed Switch Sensor and Telegram Bot Application

With very rapid technological advancements, it is not possible now that all activities can be carried out quickly, easily, and instantly. The Internet of Things (IoT) allows us to solve various problems by making some devices communicate with each other across the virtual world network. This study uses the prototyping method by explaining how to design a home door security system that can be controlled by a smartphone with a WiFi connection and can use a card consisting of a chip connected to a reader. The design of this tool consists of several stages, namely designing a block diagram of how the circuit works, and designing hardware (Hardware) and software (Software). From the results of system testing, it can be seen that when conducting RFID testing by tapping the card on the reader. The system is successful and the door can be opened according to the NUID card that has been registered with the program and it can fail by using a card that is not registered in the system. Which indicates the test results are working properly. The working capability of the system on the door security device is as expected and the response from the magnetic reed switch sensor as input from the notification is very good. This system using RFID functions to make it easier for users to control the door of the house with a smartphone connected to wifi so that users don't just use conventional keys.

SISTEM KONTROL DAN MONITORING SMART HOUSE BERBASIS IoT DENGAN SMARTPHONE ANDROID

Smart house is one of the automatic home control systems that can provide comfort to homeowners to control electronic devices and monitor room security using an android smartphone. The concept of a smart house is a system that is intended for homes so that we can live comfortably. The application of the smart house concept aims to regulate electronic equipment and monitor security and temperature in our homes. With the development of technology, we can take advantage of smartphone android as a smart house control tool. Switch systems can be replaced by using relay devices and security systems can be installed using reed switch sensors, temperature monitoring systems can be installed using temperature sensors and all of these tools can be controlled and monitored through a network-based microcontroller device so that it can be connected to an installed smartphone. smart house control and monitoring program.

PROTÓTIPO DE UMA CAMARA DE RADIAÇÃO UV-C PARA DESINFECÇÃO DE OBJETOS

Hospitals use germicidal lamps at ultraviolet wavelengths (UV-C -254 nm) to sterilize equipment, water and the environment in operating rooms. The food and medicine industries use them to disinfect various types of products, containers and packaging. Thistechnology is currently being used to disinfect environments, medical and hospital equipment and protective equipment in common use in the face of the current COVID-19 pandemic. In view of the UV-C applications to perform sterilization of environments andobjects, this project involves the development of a prototype using a hardware electronic prototyping platform of a chamber with portable UV lamps for disinfecting objectives. This prototype consists of a hardware module and a software module. In the hardware module, the necessary components for the assembly of the physical system were evaluated, as well as its basic functions, such as the activation of lamps and safety devices, while in the software module, the timing system, the activation and shutdown control were developed. of the lamps, the user interface and security, the exposure to radiation through a magnetic reed switch sensor to check the state of the door.

Designing of reed switches for sensors and security alarm devices

The article is devoted to the actual problem of designing a highly reliable domestic elemental reed switch base of devices designed to create sensors for monitoring fluid flow and detectors for car alarm systems. The developed method of analyzing the statics and dynamics of contact groups of reed switches is implemented when designing new types of magnetically controlled contacts. New designs of reed switches have successfully passed technical tests and are protected by patents in the Russian Federation.

Designing and Implementing an Implantable Wireless Micromanometer System for Real-Time Bladder Pressure Monitoring: A Preliminary Study.

Many mini-implantable devices have been developed and fabricated for diagnostic and treatment purposes. Wireless implantable biomicrosystems provide a desirable approach for long-term physiological signal monitoring. In this study, we implemented a wireless implantable biomicrosystem for bladder-cavity pressure measurements in a freely moving rabbit. To manage the power more effectively, a magnetic reed switch was applied to turn on/off the implantable module using a neodymium–iron–boron (NdFeB) magnet. The measured bladder pressure signal was wirelessly transmitted from the implantable module to a host unit. Our results indicated that the implantable biomicrosystem exhibited satisfactory performance and safety, as evidenced by an error percentage of less than ±1% for pressure measurements and less than 2 °C of a temperature rise under normal operation. The wireless biomicrosystem was implanted into the bladder cavity of a rabbit. Bladder pressure was simultaneously measured by both the biomicrosystem and conventional cystometry in the animal. The two signals were similar during the voiding phase, with a correlation coefficient of 0.885. Additionally, the biomicrosystem coated with polydimethylsiloxane in this study showed no cytotoxicity, which confirmed its biocompatibility. In conclusion, we demonstrated a good biocompatible wireless biomicrosystem which showed good reproducibility with respect to pressure monitoring by conventional cystometry. Further studies are needed to confirm the results of this preliminary feasibility study for actual clinical applications.

Arduino-Based Mini Reed Switch Magnetic Sensor Media: Implementation in Physics Learning to Improve Students’ Analyzing Ability

This article was to improve students' ability to analyze the viscosity material in implementing the Arduino-based MRSM (Mini Reed Switch Magnetic) teaching media. The researchers used a quasi experimental design in the form of non equivalent pre-test post-test group design. The instruments used were tests and observation sheets to obtain data. Data collection on theability to analyze through giving tests to students. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed an increase in the ability to analyze by 20%. The highest assessment aspect in the first aspect is the ability of students to find problems encountered and be able to distinguish problems that fit the theme. The results of this trial produce data on the implementation of learning by 98% with a reliable category. Hence, MRSM teaching media is able to improve the ability to analyze students.
 Keywords:Mini Reed Switch Magnetic, Sensor Media, Physics Learning

Innovative Configuration Design of Two-Wire Tip Mechanisms for a Tipping-Bucket Rain Gauge

This paper evaluates the measurement accuracy of the three designs of an innovative Tipping-Bucket Rain Gauge (TBRG) tip mechanism. A water-level detecting circuit is used to replace the conventional reed switch sensor, which addresses the disadvantages of the magnetic sensing method that became a factor in quantification uncertainties. The TBRG configuration designs were the bucket-feed, which detects the presence of water inside the bucket, and the bottom-feed and the center-feed, which use the tip-impact method in measuring rainfall. The constant flow method is used in the experimentation. The bucket-feed shows potential in precision rainfall measurement for having -3.84% and -2.68% accuracy errors at 6 mL/min and 11 mL/min respectively, without correction algorithm applied. The tip-impact application for the bottom-feed and the center-feed resulted in a higher error percentage from the volumetric flow samples. The result indicates that actual detection in the bucket brings more measurement accuracy than the tip-counting technique.

Remote Determination of Current Amplitude and Phase Using a Reed Switch

A method to determine the current amplitude and phase in the buses of high-voltage electric equipment has been suggested. The method is based on determination of the astronomical time of the trigger and reset moments of the reed switch installed at a safe distance from them and on using the dependences of reed switch trigger current and current amplitude, which are measured in the laboratory inductance coil where the reed switch is placed, on the time during which the reed switch contacts were closed. The coefficient to determine the current in the buses has been derived using the current in the aforementioned coil. A device based on a microprocessor that implements the suggested method and its operation algorithm have been considered, as have the experimental dependence of the short-circuit current phase error on the multiplicity factor.

MAIN FEATURES OF REED SWITCHES

MAIN FEATURES OF REED SWITCHES

IMPLEMENTASI ARDUINO NANO DAN REED SWITCH UNTUK PERMAINAN EDUKASI HAFALAN DOA ANAK USIA DINI

This study aims to create children's learning media in the form of educational games for dollhouses for daily prayer memorization and life skills education for early childhood.The development method used in making this product is the method of research and development (R And D). The stages of development used in this study consisted of needs analysis, identification of product specifications, product development, product validation, product revisions and trials. The subjects in this study amounted to 6 with the object of daily doll house prayer research. The data collection method used was a questionnaire filled out by trustees. The data analysis technique used in this research is descriptive analysis. The final product is a doll house educational game kit that is integrated with Arduino nano and Reed switch. Products can produce daily prayer sounds and various sound effects that support children's competence in memorizing daily prayers and life skills education. Reed switches are placed in parts of the dollhouse that are set to produce sound. This educational game is presented in a package with Muslim dolls in which there are magnets. When the doll is about a Reed switch, the program on Arduino Nano will give a command to the DFPlayer mini to turn on the sound of prayer and sound effects in accordance with the role activities carried out by children.

New reed switch design based on magnetic silver

A new composite magnetic material — silver doped with strontium ferrite nanoparticles (SFO NPs) — opens the way to the construction of reed switches which are based on a new design, which utilizes the fact that the SFO@Ag is metallic-conductive and magnetic at the same time. The induction of magnetism in the inert and stable conductive metals, as well as the use of powder instead of failure-prone metallic reeds, makes this new switch design attractive. Both the magnetic and conductive properties of the switch can be controlled by changing the percentage of the entrapped SFO NPs. This affects the magnetic saturation moments of the composites and the resistivity, as also shown by Hall Effect measurements.

PERANCANGAN SISTEM RUMAH PINTAR UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEAMANAN PENGHUNI RUMAH

Home Automation System is a system that is used to integrate various systems that are generally found in a house. The implementation of Home Automation System is necessary because the development of technology over time has proven to have provided many changes in people's lives. As an example of a case that requires technological development, for example, based on data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) there has been a crime of theft which is the most common crime experienced by households. The percentage of households experiencing theft in each province in 2012 ranged between 54%, 63-88% and 60%, while theft cases in 2013 ranged between 66%, 58-90%, and 51%. The design model used for the Home Automation System is a test that uses house model. Sensors used in this study include Light Sensors (LDR), Gas Sensors (MQ-2), Fire Sensors, Temperature and Humidity Sensors, Ultasonic Sensors, Magnetic Reed Switch Sensors, Microwave Sensors, and Obstacle Sensors. After the application of controlling the household appliances has been designed, then a system test has been made, whether it is in accordance with what is needed or there are still deficiencies in the device that have been designed. The results obtained from this study are models in the form of Home Automation System model by utilizing a mini PC Raspberry Pi, as well Android as a controller of household appliancesKeywords: Home Automation System, Raspberry PI, Android

Linear Induction Motors without Longitudinal Edge Effect

Background: At high speeds of motion of the magnetic-levitation transport (MLT), linear induction motors (LIM) have a secondary longitudinal edge effect (SLEE). SLEE occurs when magnetic field of inductor interacts with the currents of the secondary element (SE) outside the MLT crew. SLEE reduces the efficiency of traction LIM. Therefore, the task of reducing the influence of SLEE is relevant.
 Aim: Development and research of a linear induction motor without a secondary longitudinal edge effect.
 Methods: To achieve this aim, new designs of linear induction motors have been proposed, which do not have a SLEE. The secondary element of the LIM (track structure of the MLT) is made of cylindrical conductive rods installed with the possibility of rotation. Traction LIM of the MLT equipped with two brushes that close the rods of the SE within the length of the inductor. When the MLT crew moves, the rods outside the inductor are not closed by brushes and there is no current in them. There will be no SLEE. Another method to solve this problem is using reed switches to close and open the rods of the secondary element.
 Results: The possibility of increasing the efficiency of the LIM has been achieved.

An inexpensive anemometer using Arduino board

In all studies involving wind speed, such as meteorology, wind turbines and agriculture accurate speed information for decision making is required. There are several types of anemometers, with medium and high costs, such as cup, hot wire and pitot tubes, the hot wire being more sensitive and expensive than others. The device developed in this work is the cup anemometer, that is easy to build. The great advantage of this device is the low cost, with an approximate value of US$ 50.00, using simple materials that are easy to find in commercial stores. The Reed Switch sensor is also another advantage as it does not require a sophisticated programming, as well as the open platform Arduino. The use of theoretical aerodynamic drag coefficients and the presented calculations resulted in values very close to a commercial anemometer. The coefficient of determination between the cup Anemometer and the standard sensor of Meteorological Research Institute IPMet/Brazil is R2=0.9999, indicating strong correlation between the instruments. As the reference anemometer (IPMet) has high embedded technology and the prototype is low cost, we conclude that the project has an attractive cost benefit for possible development and production, reaching the objective of this work.

Applicability of Reed Switch Type Rod Position Indicator for a Nuclear Reactor

Control rod drive mechanism is an electromechanical equipment that provides linear movement to a control rod assembly to control the reactivity of a nuclear reactor. The rod position indication system for the SMART control rod drive mechanism provides a position signal of a control rod assembly. It is an electric circuit consisting of reed switches and precision resistors installed at regular intervals. Because the reed switch manufacturer arranges the magnetic properties of the reed switch in Ampere-Turns and it is an uncomfortable dimension for an analytical estimation, it is not easy for the reed switch users to estimate the operability of a reed switch application at the design stage. Furthermore, this dimension is not standardized among the manufacturers. The performance of a reed switch application needs to be analytically verified to reduce the development risk. The operability of a reed switch application has been proved to be affected by the electromagnetic field generated around the application or an adjacent reed switch itself. Thus, it is necessary to have an effective means for a reed switch operability analysis at the design stage because the operating magnetic properties from the manufacture may not be applicable for a numerical analysis. In this paper, a new analysis methodology for a reed switch operability is proposed, and the feasibility is discussed for the rod position indication system.

Home security system using internet of things

IoT refers to the infrastructure of connected physical devices which is growing at a rapid rate as huge number of devices and objects are getting associated to the Internet. Home security is a very useful application of IoT and we are using it to create an inexpensive security system for homes as well as industrial use. The system will inform the owner about any unauthorized entry or whenever the door is opened by sending a notification to the user. After the user gets the notification, he can take the necessary actions. The security system will use a microcontroller known as Arduino Uno to interface between the components, a magnetic Reed sensor to monitor the status, a buzzer for sounding the alarm, and a WiFi module, ESP8266 to connect and communicate using the Internet. The main advantages of such a system includes the ease of setting up, lower costs and low maintenance.

Surface Erosion of Low-Current Reed Switches

The erosion model of the surface coatings of reed switches considering different physicochemical processes occurring on the contact surfaces and inside the inter-electrode gap was proposed. According to that, the discrete electron avalanche (ecton) introduced in the explosive electron emission theory by Mesyats is considered as the main motive force responsible for the surface modification and mass transfer of materials in the course of breaking/shorting of the contacts. By means of SEM imaging and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis of the contact surfaces after various numbers of switching cycles, the energy threshold of the ecton generation defining the erosion stability of the coatings was found to be proportional to the specific sublimation and ionization energies of coating materials. It has been shown that the total erosion of the coatings on the working surface of the contacts after the commutation test possess the resultant character; i.e., the specificities of erosion occurring after each commutation event are characteristic for the whole of the commutation test. In further development of our model, we suggested that a few monolayers of metals (or alloys) with low ionization potential deposited on the main coatings can improve the erosion stability of contacts.

Design and Implementation of a Cloud Enabled Random Neural Network-Based Decentralized Smart Controller With Intelligent Sensor Nodes for HVAC

Building energy management systems (BEMSs) monitor and control the heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) of buildings in addition to many other building systems and utilities. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become the integral part of BEMS at the initial implementation phase or latter when retro fitting is required to upgrade older buildings. WSN enabled BEMS, however, have several challenges which are managing data, controllers, actuators, intelligence, and power usage of wireless components (which might be battery powered). The wireless sensor nodes have limited processing power and memory for embedding intelligence in the sensor nodes. In this paper, we present a random neural network (RNN)-based smart controller on a Internet of Things (IoT) platform integrated with cloud processing for training the RNN which has been implemented and tested in an environment chamber. The IoT platform is modular and not limited to but has several sensors for measuring temperature, humidity, inlet air coming from the HVAC duct and PIR. The smart RNN controller has three main components: 1) base station; 2) sensor nodes; and 3) the cloud with embedded intelligence on each component for different tasks. This IoT platform is integrated with cloud processing for training the RNN. The RNN-based occupancy estimator is embedded in sensor node which estimates the number of occupants inside the room and sends this information to the base station. The base station is embedded with RNN models to control the HVAC on the basis of setpoints for heating and cooling. The HVAC of the environment chamber consumes 27.12% less energy with smart controller as compared to simple rule-based controllers. The occupancy estimation time is reduced by our proposed hybrid algorithm for occupancy estimation that combines RNN-based occupancy estimator with door sensor node (equipped with PIR and magnetic reed switch). The results show that accuracy of hybrid RNN occupancy estimator is 88%.

Having fun with a cordless mouse

A cordless mouse with an added reed switch is used as a wireless data logger to record every time the wheel of a trolley completes a revolution. The limitations of the system in terms of maximum clicking rate and spatial resolution are considered and data obtained from the descent of a trolley down a ramp at various different angles is analysed in different ways. The data is analysed to obtain initial accelerations (down the ramp) and subsequent decelerations (on the flat), as well as maximum velocities, and these results are used to compare the actual performance of the trolley (with friction) with the theoretical expectation. An agreement of better than 2% on the value of gravity is obtained. Encouraging agreement on frictional forces (and accelerations) is also obtained by considering the maximum kinetic energies reached at the bottom of the ramp. This paper includes the free provision of custom software to record the time history of the clicking of a mouse.