Abstract
Many mini-implantable devices have been developed and fabricated for diagnostic and treatment purposes. Wireless implantable biomicrosystems provide a desirable approach for long-term physiological signal monitoring. In this study, we implemented a wireless implantable biomicrosystem for bladder-cavity pressure measurements in a freely moving rabbit. To manage the power more effectively, a magnetic reed switch was applied to turn on/off the implantable module using a neodymium–iron–boron (NdFeB) magnet. The measured bladder pressure signal was wirelessly transmitted from the implantable module to a host unit. Our results indicated that the implantable biomicrosystem exhibited satisfactory performance and safety, as evidenced by an error percentage of less than ±1% for pressure measurements and less than 2 °C of a temperature rise under normal operation. The wireless biomicrosystem was implanted into the bladder cavity of a rabbit. Bladder pressure was simultaneously measured by both the biomicrosystem and conventional cystometry in the animal. The two signals were similar during the voiding phase, with a correlation coefficient of 0.885. Additionally, the biomicrosystem coated with polydimethylsiloxane in this study showed no cytotoxicity, which confirmed its biocompatibility. In conclusion, we demonstrated a good biocompatible wireless biomicrosystem which showed good reproducibility with respect to pressure monitoring by conventional cystometry. Further studies are needed to confirm the results of this preliminary feasibility study for actual clinical applications.
Highlights
The lower urinary tract (LUT) comprises the reservoir, and the outlet is used for the storage and periodic elimination of urine.Normally, the two main structures exhibit reciprocal activity
Pressure was detected using a miniature pressure sensor (MS5540CM, Intersema). In this system,pressure pressure wasdetected detected using a miniature pressure sensor whichInwas comprised of a precision piezoresistive pressure sensor and(MS5540CM, 16-bit analog-to-digital this system, was using miniature pressure sensor (MS5540CM, Intersema) which was comprised of a precision piezoresistive pressure sensor and
The wireless mini-implantable module was fabricated with small components and built on a printed circuit board (PCB)
Summary
The lower urinary tract (LUT) comprises the reservoir (urinary bladder), and the outlet (bladder neck, urethra, and urethral sphincter) is used for the storage and periodic elimination of urine.Normally, the two main structures exhibit reciprocal activity. Various physiologic and anatomical deficits can cause disorders of LUT functions, such as incontinence and urine obstruction. Such LUT disorders can cause detrusor hypertrophy/hyperplasia, overactive bladder, high voiding pressure, vesicoureteral reflux, and even death due to complications [2,3,4,5]. Many of these bladder disorders can be predicted and prevented by monitoring variations in abnormal bladder pressure.
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