Dry Patches Research Articles

A Spectrum of Convective Self‐Aggregation Based on Background Rotation

AbstractHigh‐resolution modeling reveals a tendency for deep convection to spontaneously self‐aggregate from radiative‐convective equilibrium. Self‐aggregated convection takes different forms in nonrotating versus rotating environments, including tropical cyclones (TCs) in the latter. This suggests that self‐aggregation (SA), and the relative roles of the mechanisms that cause it, may undergo a gradual regime shift as the ambient rotation changes. We address this hypothesis using 31 cloud‐resolving model simulations on f‐planes corresponding to latitudes between 0.1° and 20°, spanning a range of weakly rotating environments largely unexplored in prior literature. Simulations are classified into three groups. The first (low‐f, 0.1°–5°) is characterized by the growth of several dry patches. Surface enthalpy flux feedbacks dominate in this initial growth phase, followed by radiative (primarily cloud longwave) effects. Eventually, convection takes the form of either a nonrotating band or a quasi‐circular cluster. In contrast, the 9°–20° (high‐f) group dries less rapidly in early stages, though enhanced surface flux effects form a moist anomaly that undergoes TC genesis. The TC then acts to dry the remainder of the domain. Finally, a set of 6°–8° (medium‐f) simulations fails to fully self‐aggregate, producing convection across most of the domain through the full 100‐day simulation. The combination of relatively weak diabatic feedbacks and a negative advective feedback prevents SA from completing in this group. The advective feedback becomes more negative with increasing rotation, but high‐f simulations compensate by having sufficiently strong surface flux feedbacks to support TC genesis.

The Diurnal Path to Persistent Convective Self-Aggregation.

Clustering of tropical thunderstorms constitutes an important climate feedback because it influences the radiative balance. Convective self‐aggregation (CSA) is a profound modeling paradigm for explaining the clustering of tropical oceanic thunderstorms. However, CSA is hampered in the realistic limit of fine model resolution when cold pools—dense air masses beneath thunderstorm clouds—are well‐resolved. Studies on CSA usually assume the surface temperature to be constant, despite realistic surface temperatures varying significantly between night and day. Here we mimic the diurnal cycle in cloud‐resolving numerical experiments by prescribing a surface temperature oscillation. Our simulations show that the diurnal cycle enables CSA at fine resolutions, and that the process is even accelerated by finer resolutions. We attribute these findings to vigorous combined cold pools emerging in symbiosis with mesoscale convective systems. Such cold pools suppress buoyancy in extended regions (∼100 km) and enable the formation of persistent dry patches. Our findings help clarify how the tropical cloud field forms sustained clusters under the diurnal forcing and may have implications for the origin of extreme thunderstorm rainfall and tropical cyclones.

Plant community along age and disturbance gradients of dry Afromontane forest patches of Wombera district, Benshangul Gumuz, Ethiopia

Plant community's distributions are determined by topographic factors, soil composition, and physical factors. This study intended to investigate plant community assembly along topography, age, and disturbance gradients. The higher altitude forest patches of the wombera district were classified into pioneer, intermediate, and climax based on age gradients, canopy height, and layer. Each age classes ranked into disturbance gradients: Intact, medium, and highly disturbed based on intensity, frequency, and severity of disturbances. Every 150–300 meters, transact lines were laid along altitudinal gradients, and plots were laid every 100–150 m along transects. Woody plants' cover abundance, height, and DBH were measured from 54 (20 × 20 m each) nested sampling plots. In five (5 m × 5 m) quadrates nested in the larger quadrates, shrubs, seedlings, and saplings were recorded. In 5 (1 m × 1 m) quadrates nested in the 5 m × 5 m quadrates, herbs and grass species were collected. Agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis and nested ANOVAs with R software were used to identify plant communities and analyze the relationship between plant richness and diversity along age and disturbance gradients. Woody (85) and herbaceous (65) species were classified into three plant communities. Age (Succession) and disturbance gradients were also determinates of pant communities. Plant species diversity and richness significantly varied along age and disturbance gradients. The RDA result showed that the variation of species distribution and plant community formation was related to age, altitude, and disturbance. The maximum species diversity was found in patches of moderately disturbed forest, followed by intact and highly disturbed forest patches along with disturbance gradients.

A case study on the management of Kitibha kushta (Psoriasis) with virechana, dhanyamla dhara and takra dhara

All the skin diseases in Ayurveda have been discussed under the broad heading of “Kushta”. Kushta Roga a dermatological disorders including psoriasis described as one of the most chronic disorders which is recurrent and immune mediated skin condition. It can have negative impact on physical, emotional and psychosocial status of affected person. Prevalence rate shows that it affects 1-2% of worldwide population in both the genders. This disease characterised by scaling, thickened-rough skin lesions, itching, in severe cases covers entire body. Kitibha Kushta is included in Kshudra Kushta commonly found today, having sign and symptoms similar to Plaque psoriasis. In this case study, a 49 years old male with chief complaint of Kandu (Itching), Powdery discharge and dry blackish brown patches over the anterior and posterior side of both legs, abdomen and upper back treated with Shodhana Chikitsa using Virechana Karma, along with Sarvanga Dhara (Dhanyamala Dhara), Shirodhara (Takra dhara) and Samshamana Aushadhis (Oral medicines) for 24 days. Patient recovered from the symptoms by undergoing above said treatment and there is improvement in the quality of life of the patient.

Microneedle and iontophoresis mediated delivery of methotrexate into and across healthy and psoriatic skin

Psoriasis is a condition of the skin which involves scales, dry patches, and inflammation. Methotrexate (logP: −1.8, MW:454.44 g/mol) is administered orally or intravenously to treat psoriasis. The first-pass metabolism and systemic toxicity can be avoided by administration via skin. Topical and transdermal delivery of methotrexate using iontophoresis and microneedles, alone and in combination was investigated using full-thickness healthy human skin. It is also equally relevant to evaluate the delivery into and across damaged/diseased skin. Hence, this study investigated the delivery of methotrexate using ex vivo healthy and psoriatic human skin to understand the effect of skin disease condition on delivery of methotrexate via skin. A lower resistance and a higher TEWL for psoriatic skin indicated damaged barrier function, while histology studies indicated epithelial hyperproliferation and elongated rete ridges. Using the optimized iontophoretic parameters, there was no significant difference in receptor delivery for psoriatic skin (39.51 ± 4.45 µg/sq.cm) as compared to healthy skin (43.15 ± 0.83 µg/sq.cm). However, methotrexate delivery into psoriatic skin (126.23 ± 24.65 µg/sq.cm) was significantly higher as compared to healthy skin (12.02 ± 4.89 µg/sq.cm). Thus, significantly higher total delivery was observed from psoriatic skin than healthy skin.

The heat transfer dynamics during dry patch formation in heated liquid layer

In this present paper an experimental study of a dry patch formation of the water layer on the sapphire plate is presented. With help of IR-camera the heat transfer processes are studied and visualised in water liquid layer. These results will be used for the heat transfer solution inside sapphire plate. The first of this research is to determine the temperature distribution on the upper part of sapphire glass to solve heat transfer equation for full sapphire glass.

Anthropogenic interventions regulate forest structure and carbon stock in transitional dry forests of Similipal Biosphere Reserve, India

ABSTRACT Tropical dry forests play an important role in the storing of significant amounts of biomass and carbon. However, carbon storage in these forests is linked to biotic, edaphic and climatic factors as well as human interventions. The forest structure and carbon storage in relation to human interventions and soil properties were studied in tropical dry forest patches located in a transition region of the Similipal Biosphere Reserve, India. Random sampling of vegetation and soil was done in 30 plots of 50 × 20 m in size. A total of 41 adult tree species, 50 juvenile tree species and 28 climber species were recorded within the study area. The average carbon stock of the forest was 179.54 ± 9.56 Mg ha−1, of which adult trees were the highest contributors (55%) followed by soil organic carbon (36%), woody climbers (6%) and juvenile trees (3%). There was a significant effect of lopping, cutting of trees and soil properties on forest structure and carbon stock. This study confirms that anthropogenic disturbances and edaphic factors play a significant role in the variation of carbon stocks of biomass and soils in the forest.

Determining Spatial Scales of Soil Moisture—Cloud Coupling Pathways Using Semi‐Idealized Simulations

AbstractThe spatial scales of land‐atmosphere interactions over heterogeneous, realistic soil moisture patterns are critical to improve our understanding of land‐atmosphere interactions. However, these scales are poorly quantified. We use high‐resolution numerical experiments to quantify the spatial scales for a selected day during the Holistic Interactions of Shallow Clouds, Aerosols, and Land‐Ecosystems (HI‐SCALE) campaign in Oklahoma. A semi‐idealized approach (removing background winds and surface topography while retaining the real‐world data for other boundary conditions) enables examination of the local influence from the surface. Simulations that apply uniform surface, variable land cover with uniform soil moisture, and variable land cover with variable soil moisture are then compared. Land cover variations, especially water and urban surfaces, create two variance peaks in the surface sensible heat flux in the scales >10 km (meso‐β) and <6 km (meso‐γ). Both peaks are enhanced by the observation‐based soil moisture distribution that has most of its variance in the meso‐β scale. Atmospheric response in the meso‐β scale is hydrostatic with weak vertical motion. The land cover variations induce secondary circulations in the scales of 2.5–6 km. The additional soil moisture variability intensifies extreme circulations over dry soil patches and sharp sensible heat flux gradients, slightly extending the characteristic scales to 2.5–9 km. While their areal coverage is small, soil moisture variations on such “hotspots” lead to substantially larger convective cloud structure and domain‐mean rainfall, calling for a consideration of their non‐linear effect in large‐scale models.

Time-evolving dry patches in a flowing film around a horizontal tube

Dry patches could occur on the heat exchanger wall even if the initial liquid film covers the tube surface entirely. Here, we propose a simple three-dimensional model to predict the formation and evolution of dry patches in a water film coating on a horizontal tube, considering thermocapillary and evaporation of the liquid film. Results indicate that the film thickness distribution along the axis is not uniform, convex at ends and concaves at the center. Under the action of axial thermocapillary force, the growth rate of the dry patch in the circumferential direction is more significant than that in the axial direction and finally forms an elliptical shape. Comparative analysis reveals that the appearance of dry patches is delayed as the spray temperature decreases or Re increases. Tube radius has little influence on the drying of liquid film, which is not recommended to control dry patch formation by reducing the tube radius. This work could be beneficial to assist the feasibility design of falling film heat exchangers.

An Outbreak of Gout in Kadaknath Birds: A Pathomorphological Study

The present study is an investigation to ascertain the cause of death of 40 Kadaknath birds whose carcass es were brought for the post mortem to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, GADVASU, Ludhiana in October, 2021 with a history of dull appearance, reduced feed and water intake. Detailed necropsy examination was carried out and the tissues were collected for histopathological examination. Gross pathological findings revealed dry and white chalky patches of urate crystals on the serosal surface of various tissues viz. liver, heart, lungs, kidney, spleen, intestine and joints. Both the kidneys were enlarged and congested showing nephropathy. Ureters were filled with urate crystals. Haematoxylin & Eosin stained tissues of liver, heart, lungs, kidney, spleen and intestine revealed acellular pale area with empty spaces in radiating pattern which represent the space left over by the dissolved uric acid crystals during processing. Deglantha staining of the tissues revealed sharp needle shaped black coloured uric acid crystals. Therefore, it was concluded that the birds died due to visceral gout as these uric acid crystals are toxic and damage the organs.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ВЛАГОУДЕРЖИВАЮЩИХ АГЕНТОВ НА ДЕКОРАТИВНЫЕ КАЧЕСТВА ГАЗОННОГО ПОКРЫТИЯ

The effect of wetting agents on the decorative qualities of the lawn covering formed by the plants of the bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) of the ‘PLS’ variety mixture has been studied. The studies were carried out in a small-plot field experiment on sandy soil, in the conditions of the Moscow region. All research is aimed at studying the demand in the golf industry, which will help to understand the effectiveness and appropriateness of the use of investigational agents. Watering is an important operation necessary for the normal growth and development of perennial grasses growing on a well-drained sandy profile of golf courses. It is also quite costly. Currently, there are a huge number of different agents, technologies and tools for monitoring the condition and care of the grass standg. According to the results of these studies, Revolution was the best wetting agent, with the lowest percentage of dry patches and optimum soil moisture throughout the entire study. According to the main indicators of decorativeness of the bentgrass, the highest scores on the NTEP scale were in the bentgrass stands with the use of Revolution in the volume of 20 l/ha: germination (6 / 6.6 / 5.6), color (6.6 / 7.6 / 6), uniformity (4.3 / 7 / 7.3) germination (6/6.6/5.6), colour (6.6/7.6/6), uniformity (4.3/7/7.3); with the use of Revolution in the volume of 10 l/ha – germination (5.6 / 6.6 / 5.6), color (6.6 / 7.6 / 6.6), uniformity (4.6 / 7.6 / 6).

Effect of vaman on psoriasis (Ekakushta): A case study

Psoriasis is one among the most common skin disorders encountered in clinical practice. It is a chronic disease that has substantial psychological and social impact on a patient’s life. A Case of psoriasis was managed with Vaman (Shodhan and Shaman) chikitsa explained in samhitas. Case: A 22 years old female patient presented with complaints erythematous patches, severe itching, and burning sensation dry and scaly patch since 1 year. Management: Pachan was done with Trikatu churna. Internal oleation with Mahapanchtikta ghrita in arohana krama (increasing dose). External oleation was done with Nimba Taila and Mnjisthadi Kwath sarvang vashpa svedana. For Vaman Akanthpana Godugdha was given. Vaman dravya was Madanphala Churna 2gm, Yashtimadhu Churna 2gm, Vacha Churna 1 gm, Saindhav 2gm, Madhu for paste. Yashtimadhu Kwath was given as vamnopag dravya.

Observation of departure from nucleate boiling under flow using optical visualization and IR thermometry

Departure from nucleate boiling (DNB) is a limiting phenomenon in the safety of nuclear reactors. Several mechanistic models have been suggested for predicting the critical heat flux at the DNB. However, existing experiments could not fully reveal the underlying phenomena of mechanistic models. In this study, we closely examined the phenomenon of rewetting failure of a dry patch during DNB to provide a deeper understanding of the mechanism of DNB occurrence and to assist in subsequent mechanistic modeling. Specifically, we utilized the total reflection technique and IR thermometry to obtain the synchronized side-view, total reflection view, temperature, and heat flux profile images at the DNB. We established a water flow loop under atmospheric pressure with a vertical rectangular test section comprising an ITO heater coated on a sapphire substrate. The ITO heater was 10 mm wide and 120 mm long. The long length of the ITO heater enabled the development of elongated bubbles upstream of the DNB location. A series of tests were conducted under various flow rates. Slug flow was observed in all tests conducted. An alternate passage of elongated bubbles and water slugs led to expansion and shrinkage of the dry patches. At the DNB, the dry patch size continued to increase, but the developing pattern was dependent on the flow rate. The peripheral temperature of the dry patches at the DNB was found to be ∼150°C.

3-D numerical study of subcooled flow boiling in a horizontal rectangular mini-channel by VOSET

A three-dimensional conjugated numerical simulation is conducted to investigate subcooled flow boiling in a horizontal rectangular mini-channel based on the interface capturing method (VOSET). A reasonable nucleation density site model based on experimental results is adopted. Hundreds of bubbles with different sizes are successfully captured. Simulation results reproduce typical processes of subcooled boiling flow: growth, coalescence, detachment, and condensation of bubbles. And different flow boiling patterns, including pseudo bubbly flow, bubbly flow, slug flow, and pattern transition, are visualized under different heat fluxes. Furthermore, the effects of heat flux and vapor fraction on heat transfer coefficient are discussed in detail. Heat transfer deterioration is observed for high heat flux because of the formation of dry patches, and the complexity of heat transfer performance varying with vapor fraction is found. Based on those, the heat transfer mechanisms of subcooled flow boiling at different heat flux in the present mini-channel are discussed.

The Essential Role of Cloud‐Radiation Interaction in Nonrotating Convective Self‐Aggregation

AbstractConvective self‐aggregation in radiative‐convective equilibrium (RCE) is a phenomenon of significant interest because of its potential relevance to the organization of tropical storms. However, some previous theories on RCE instability neglected or simplified cloud‐radiative interaction in theoretical models and suggested that water vapor‐radiation feedback is responsible for destabilizing a homogeneous RCE state. Here, through numerical experiments of nonrotating RCE, we first confirm that the predictions from these theories are valid insomuch that dry patches can form in an initially homogeneous domain with uniform sea‐surface temperature when cloud‐radiation interaction is suppressed or eliminated. However, sustained growth of those dry patches is not guaranteed. Developing deep convective circulation can engulf dry patches, and water vapor feedback is not sufficient for overcoming this barrier. Only when the early‐stage cloud radiative forcing is sufficiently strong can self‐aggregation fully develop. Therefore, cloud‐radiative feedback is essential for the eventual realization of self‐aggregation in nonrotating RCE.

Modulation of the Bifurcation in Radiative‐Convective Equilibrium by Gray‐Zone Cloud and Turbulence Parameterizations

AbstractThis study investigates the mechanisms by which small‐scale turbulence and cloud physics determine the organization of large‐scale convection in radiative‐convective equilibrium (RCE), an idealization of the tropical atmosphere. Under uniform forcings similar to typical tropical conditions, the atmosphere in RCE might spontaneously separate into dry and moist regions on scales of 100–1,000 km, with convective clouds aggregating into a cluster in the latter. This phenomenon is known as convective self‐aggregation. Herein, we demonstrate that subtle changes in assumptions related to cloud physics and turbulence on scales of 1 km can dictate the emergence or suppression of convective self‐aggregation, resulting from a bifurcation of the dynamical system. The bifurcation occurs when a small dry patch forms in the domain and is sustained because it contributes to negative effective diffusivity of the circulation. Cloud‐radiation feedbacks and turbulence circulation interactions govern the formation of such dry patches, thereby modulating the bifurcation. This sensitive dependence on subgrid process models might be a fundamental barrier to climate predictability in light of inherent uncertainties in microscale processes. Because without the capability to include exact representations of those processes in climate models, slight differences in the different approximations used by modelers can lead to qualitative changes in climate predictions, at least for some processes.

Laser facilitated epicutaneous peptide immunization using dry patch technology

The skin has been intensely investigated as a target tissue for immunization because it is populated by multiple types of antigen presenting cells. Directly addressing dendritic cells or Langerhans cells in vivo represents an attractive strategy for inducing T cell responses in cancer immunotherapy. We and others have studied fractional laser ablation as a novel method combining efficient delivery of macromolecules to the skin with an inherent adjuvant effect of laser illumination. In this proof of concept study, we demonstrate the feasibility of peptide delivery to the skin using the P.L.E.A.S.E. professional Erb:YAG fractional infrared laser together with EPIMMUN patches. In an ovalbumin mouse model we demonstrate that a dry patch formulation of SIINFEKL peptide in combination with CpG-ODN1826, but not imiquimod or polyI:C, induces potent cytotoxic T cell responses, which can be further boosted by co-delivery of the pan-helper T cell epitope PADRE.

Impacts of dogs on urban grassland ecosystems

Dog walking is a highly popular leisure activity in cities around the globe. It is also a controversial issue for urban conservation and green space management due to presumed ecological impacts of dogs. Yet regulations allowing or prohibiting the presence of dogs in areas of conservation concern are rarely based on demonstrated effects of dogs on urban nature. To unravel the relationships between the presence of dogs at a site and soil features and plant and animal diversity, we selected dry grassland as our study system since this type of ecosystem is of conservation concern in many cities and is frequently used for dog walking. We combined data on the number and movement patterns of dogs and their owners in 52 dry grassland patches in Berlin, Germany, to create a novel index of dog presence and activity. We then analysed the relationship between the index and soil features, species richness of plants and seven invertebrate taxa, and abundances of sand lizards, a species of particular conservation interest. Generalised linear models revealed significant relationships between the dog index and one soil parameter and some biodiversity measures. The dog index was positively related to phosphorus and non-native plant richness but negatively to spider diversity. While dogs may facilitate biological invasions, likely through a combination of eutrophication and disturbance, overall relationships with general species richness or richness of endangered plant or animal species were weak. These results indicate opportunities for reconciling urban nature conservation with moderate dog walking in urban grassland areas. Still, urban policies should consider remaining dog-related risks in other ecosystem types - a promising direction for further urban research.

ROLE OF VIRECHANA KARMA & MADHUTAILIKA BASTI IN THE MANAGEMENT OF EKAKUSHTA

A Hindu female patient of age 30 yrs. with a history of dry scaly white patches over the skin since childhood with prevailing signs of swelling wounds over the patches on the right foot and left palm for six months, diagnosed as a case of Psoriasis came for treatment at Sushrutha Ayurvedic Medical College & Hospital, Bangalore. Considering the signs and symptoms patient was treated in the line of Ekakustha. Classical Virechana Karma followed by Shamana Aushadhi and Madhutailika Basti was administered. Significant relief was found in the signs and symp- toms with no recurrence after the treatment. Keywords: Ekakushta, Psoriasis, Classical Virechana, Madhutailika Basti, Shamana Aushadhi.

Date Fruit and Seed in Nutricosmetics

Many recent studies in the field of cosmetics have focused on organically sourced substances. Products made from organic materials are safe, high quality, cruelty-free, and more effective than those made from synthetic materials. Many organic compounds are known to be physiologically active in humans and have an extended storage capacity and long-lasting environmental effects. Agro-industrial waste has recently increased substantially, and the disposal of date palm waste, often performed in primitive ways such as burning, is harmful to the environment. Fruit processing industries generate over 10% of the total date seed waste daily, which could be converted into useful food products. Date fruit and seed are rich in sugar, vitamins, fiber, minerals, and phenolic compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that significantly promote human and animal health. This waste is rich in bioactive compounds and essential oils used in many kinds of food, medicine, and cosmetics. Most active cosmetic ingredients come from natural sources such as fruit, fish, and dairy, and recent research shows that date extract and seed oil help to reduce melanin, eczema, acne, and dry patches, while increasing skin moisture and elasticity. This review details the bioactive compounds and nutraceutical properties of date fruit and seed, and their use as cosmetic ingredients.