Dry Matter Ratio Research Articles

Effect of dietary medicinal plants on physiological responses of broiler chickens challenged with Campylobacter jejuni.

Phytogenic additives would be helpful to alleviate the adverse effect of Campylobacter jejuni on the performance and physiological responses of broiler chickens. This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of Echinacea purpurea (EP) and Thymbra spicata (TS) on the performance, nutrient digestibility, serum biochemistry, intestinal morphology, intestinal microbiota and immune responses of broilers challenged with C. jejuni from 0 to 42 days of age. A total of 240 male broiler chickens were divided into 6 groups and fed various diets: a control diet; the control diet supplemented with EP at 0.25% (EP25) or 0.50% (EP50); the control diet supplemented with TS at 0.25% (TS25) and 0.50% (TS50); or the control diet containing erythromycin at 55ppm. Chicks were orally challenged with C. jejuni on Days 21 and 23 of age. EP and TS25 diets enhanced European production efficiency factor, feed conversion ratio and digestibility of dry matter and organic matter. TS25 increased duodenal villous height (VH) and surface area on Day 42 of age. EP25 diet increased ileal VH compared to control and erythromycin diets. Diets containing certain EP25 and TS increased the Bifidobacterium population and decreased C. jejuni population on Day 39 of age. EP50 and TS50 diets increased antibody titration against Newcastle disease virus. In conclusion, EP and TS dietary supplementation improved performance, microflora, intestinal morphology and immune responses in C. jejuni-challenged broilers.

The Effects of Soil Acidity and Aluminium on the Root Systems and Shoot Growth of Lotus pedunculatus and Lupinus polyphyllus.

Lotus pedunculatus (lotus) and Lupinus polyphyllus (Russell lupin) persist in the upland grasslands of New Zealand, where soil acidity and associated aluminium (Al) toxicity impede conventional pasture legumes. This experiment investigated the response of lotus and Russell lupin to soil acidity and Al. The species were sown in 20 cm tall 1.2 L pots of acidic upland soil. A mass of 4.5 or 6.7 g lime (CaCO3)/L was added to either the top or bottom or both soil horizons (0-9 cm and 9-18 cm), resulting in six treatments across six randomised blocks in a glasshouse. The soil pH was 4.4, 4.9, and 5.4; the exchangeable Al concentrations were 24, 2.5, and 1.5 mg/kg for 0, 4.5, and 6.7 g lime/L. At 16 weeks post-sowing, the plants were divided into shoots and roots at 0-9 cm and 9-18 cm. Root morphology, shoot and root dry matter (DM), shoot nitrogen (N), and nodulation were measured. The total plant DM and shoot-to-root DM ratio were higher, and the shoot %N was lower for the lotus plants than the Russell lupin plants for the various lime rates (13.2 vs. 2.9 g plant-1, 5.6 vs. 1.6, and 2.4 vs. 3.3%, p < 0.05). No response to lime in terms of total DM or total root morphology parameters was exhibited in either species (p > 0.05). Root morphology adjustments in response to acidity between soil horizons were not observed. The results indicated that lotus and Russell lupin are tolerant to high soil acidity (pH 4.4-5.4) and exchangeable Al (1.5-24 mg kg-1), highlighting their considerable adaptation to grasslands with acidic soils.

Effects of Different Sowing Frequencies and Nitrogen Doses on the Yield Components of Silage Sorghum x Sudan Grass Hybrid (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense Mtapf.) in the Iğdır Basin

A field experiment was conducted in 2021 to evaluate the effects of green herbage yield (5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm = 28.570, 14.285, 8.570 and 7,142 plants/da) silage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense Mtapf., Hayday hybrid on field performance of Sorghum under different nitrogen application rates (0, 6, 12 and 18 kg/da application Nitrogen, respectively. The experiment was arranged as Split- Plot design in three replicates in Iğdır ecological conditions at the Agricultural Application and Research Center of Iğdır University. Data from the trial ranged plant height 190.9 cm and 257.3 cm, 1756.1 kg/da and herbage grass yield, 3228.5 kg/da; hay yield of 522.2 kg/da and 925.2 kg/da; stalk ratio from 69.1% to 74.8%; leaf ratio of 15.3% to 20.2%; crude protein content between 6.4% and 8.1%; NDF rate from 58.5% to 63.1%; The ADF rate from 31.7% to 34.5%. Results indicated that while N application rates raised plant height, fresh herbage yield, and dry matter, yield decreased the NDF ratio of plants. Plant density did not affect the dry matter ratio, stem and leaf rate, NDF, and ADF of the sorghum plant in the trial in Iğdır ecological conditions. It seems to be concluded that it can be sowed 28.570 plants/da and applied 6 kg N/da, from the standpoint of viewing fresh and dry matte yield in Iğdır ecological conditions.

The Forage Yield and Silage Quality of Maize-Sorghum-Sainfoin Mixtures

The aim of the study was to determine forage yield and silage quality in maize/sorghum (M/S) with sainfoin (SA). The field trial was conducted in 2022 to study the effects of different binary sowing ratios (80%M-20%SA, 60%M-40%SA, 30%M-70%SA; 80%S-20%SA, 60%S-40%SA, 30%S-70%SA, 100%M, 100%SA, 100%S) in 3 replications. Prior to ensiling, the hay yield and fresh yield in the intercropping plots were measured. Parameters of dry matter ratio, pH, crude protein, ADF, NDF, mineral matters, and organic acid were defined in silages opened after fermentation. Before ensiling the highest yield was obtained from maize and yield decreased with an increase in sainfoin sowing density. After ensiling, all of the silage parameters were affected by mixing ratios. When the sainfoin ratio was decreased, dry matter, crude protein, and pH of mixture silages were dramatically reduced, but mineral matters were increased. The highest dry matter was determined in sole sainfoin silage. The best results of lactic acid and acetic acid contents were defined in 80%S-20%SA and 60%S-40%SA silage (except for sole treatments). Besides, it was seen that the addition of sorghum to sainfoin silage increases lactic acid content compared to maize. As a result, intercropping of sainfoin with maize and sorghum provided profitable feed production and improved silage quality. As a result, intercropping of sainfoin with maize and sorghum provided profitable feed production and improved silage quality.

Silage Quality Characteristics of Quinoa Varieties Grown in Different Row Spacings

Changing climatic conditions, agricultural lands becoming barren, losing their qualities and decreasing feed resources have led to the search for alternative feed resources. Quinoa (Chenepodium quinoa Willd.) is increasing in importance as an alternative feed source because it is a plant resistant to arid, salty and cold conditions. Quinoa plant can be considered as an alternative plant for silage, which is an important feed source for animals. In this study, the effects of sowing Cherry Vanilla and Read Head quinoa varieties at 4 different row spacings (17.5, 35.0, 52.5, 70.0 cm) on silage quality were investigated. In the research, pH, dry matter ratio, fleig score, ammonia production, sensory analyses, lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid contents of quinoa silage were determined. While the effect of row spacing on dry matter ratio, ammonia production, sensory analysis, lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid ratios was found to be significant, its effect on pH value was insignificant. The quinoa varieties used in the research had a significant effect on the dry matter ratio and propionic acid content. In the light of the results obtained from the research, it was concluded that in order to obtain a quality quinoa silage, the plants should be sown in 52.5 cm row spacing and the Cherry Vanilla variety should be preferred.

The Use of Carrot Fiber and Some Gums in the Production of Block-Type Melting Cheese.

In this study, the effect of carrot fiber and certain gums on the physicochemical, textural, microbiological, and sensory properties of block-type melting cheese, which holds a significant place in our daily food consumption, was investigated. The study also aimed to determine the impact of carrot fiber and other gums on cheese properties, as well as on yield and meltability. Carrot fiber was used at levels of 2.5% and 5.0% by weight, while carrageenan and xanthan gum were each used at levels of 0.25% and 0.50%. The cheeses were analyzed on days 1, 15, and 30. At the end of the study, it was determined that the highest total dry matter, fat, and protein values were found in the control sample due to the addition of water when preparing the cheeses with fiber and gum. The highest dry matter, fat, salt, and protein ratios were 59.65%, 29.40%, 1.48%, and 24.48%, respectively, in the control sample. The lowest fat, salt, and protein ratios were 25.00%, 1.31%, and 22.07%, respectively, in the 5.0% carrot fiber sample. The lowest dry matter value was found in the 0.5% xanthan sample, namely 53.62%. The highest L* value was measured in the control sample at 86.89, while the lowest was measured in the 5.0% carrot fiber sample at 81.86. The lowest a* and b* values were 2.82 and 29.42, respectively, in the control sample, while the highest values were 6.20 and 37.37, respectively, in the 5.0% carrot fiber sample. It was observed that the use of carrot fiber imparted an orangish color to the cheese. It was observed that the pH values of the samples were similar. According to the sensory evaluation results, the most liked sample was the control sample with 8.5 points, followed by the 0.25% xanthan sample with 8.0 points. The 5.0% carrot fiber sample received the lowest sensory appreciation with 6.1 points. It was understood that the use of carrot fiber gave the cheese an orangish color. Although the meltability varied according to the amount of gum and fiber used, it was measured at 6.92 cm in the 0.25% carrageenan sample on the first day and at 6.79 cm in the control sample on the last day of storage. It was observed that the use of fiber decreased the total bacterial count, while the use of gum increased it.

THE EFFECT OF ULTRASOUND PRE-TREATMENT ON THE COLOR, ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY AND TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT OF FREEZE-DRIED BANANA SLICES

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of non-thermal ultrasound treatment applied as a pre-treatment at different times on the physicochemical properties of freeze-dried banana samples. Color values (L*, a*, b*), rehydration rate, dry matter and bioactive compounds of freeze-dried bananas with ultrasound pre-treatment were compared with the freeze-dried bananas with no pre-treatment as well as fresh banana samples. All banana samples that were subjected to ultrasound pre-treatment showed better results compared to the samples with no ultrasound pre-treatment. The highest dry matter and rehydration ratio (84.65%; 6.49%, respectively) were determined in the banana samples (DK3 samples) that were freeze-dried after 20 minutes of ultrasound pre-treatment. L*, a*, b* values closest to fresh banana samples were obtained for DK3 samples (L*: 56.68, a*: 8.22 and b*: 23.65). In addition, DK3 samples showed the highest antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content (1569.95 mg GAE/100g; 3860.26 ?mol trolox/100g, respectively).

Evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and bioactive properties and peptide sequence composition of Malatya apricot kernels.

This study used four different apricot (Prunus armeniaca) kernels cultivated in Malatya during two consecutive years. The varieties were Hacihaliloglu, Hasanbey, Kabaasi, and Zerdali. The physicochemical properties of the kernels were determined, and the bioactive content of the kernels was evaluated using kernel hydrolysates prepared using trypsin. With regard to the physicochemical properties of the kernels, the dry matter ratio and protein content were the highest in the Hacihaliloglu variety; the ash ratio was the highest in the Kabaasi variety, and the free oil ratio was the highest in the Hasanbey variety. The bioactive compound content changed according to kernel variety. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors activity was found to be the highest in the Hacihaliloglu and Hasanbey varieties, which had the lowest amygdalin content, and Zerdali had the highest amygdalin content. The antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of the kernels varied, with Hasanbey and Kabaasi generally having the highest content in both analyses. Moreover, a concentration of 20 mg mL-1 of the hydrolysate was determined to have a destructive effect for the microorganisms used in this study. The storage protein of the kernels, except Hacihaliloglu, was found to be Prunin 1, with the longest matching protein chain in the kernels being R.QQQGGQLMANGLEETFCSLRLK.E. The results suggest that the peptide sequences identified in the kernels could have antihypertensive, antioxidative, and Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV)inhibitory effects. Consequently, apricot kernels show potential for use in the production of functional food products. Of the kernels evaluated in this study, Hacihaliloglu and Hasanbey were deemed the most suitable varieties due to their higher bioactive content and lower amygdalin content. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Experimental Study on Microwave Drying Aluminum Hydroxide

The aluminum hydroxide produced by the Bayer process contains a large amount of water which leads to the consumption of a large amount of heat for moisture removal in the calcination process, resulting in an increased energy consumption. The effects of temperature and microwave power on the dehydration ratio and the dry matter ratio of aluminum hydroxide were investigated. The characteristics of temperature variation during drying were discussed. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser particle size, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and dielectric property analyses were made to characterize the dried materials. The analysis results showed that within the range of bench-scale experimental parameters, the dehydration ratio was higher and the proportion of dry matter was lower at a higher final temperature. Within the range of pilot-scale experimental parameters, the dehydration ratio increased with the increasing microwave power from 500 W to 1500 W. XRD spectra revealed that when the final temperature exceeded 220 °C, a part of the aluminum hydroxide underwent a low-temperature phase transition to boehmite. The SEM images and a particle size analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the morphologies of the powder obtained by microwave drying and conventional drying methods. The powder obtained by both processes had an average particle size of around 80 μm. The dielectric constant and the dielectric loss of the dried material decreased greatly.

DETERMINATION OF SEASONAL CHANGES OF FEED VALUE OF COMMON GRAZABLE SPECIES AŞAĞI GÖKDERE MACQUIS SHRUBLANDS

This study was conducted in the years of 2018-2020 to determine the feed value of common shrub species that can be grazed in the maquis area around Aşağı Gökdere village of Isparta. Ten species (Quercus coccifera, Quercus infectoria, Quercus cerris, Phillyrea latifolia, Spartium junceum, Crataegus monogyna, Paliurus spina-christi, Juniperus oxycedrus, Cistus creticus and Arbutus andrachne) were used in the study. Leaf samples were collected from these species in each season. Dry matter content, crude protein content, NDF, ADF, total digestible nutrients, relative feed value and tannin content were determined. According to the analysis of variance, the differences between seasons and shrub species were found to be statistically significant in all traits analyzed. According to the two-year averages, when the seasons were compared, the highest crude protein content, total digestible nutrients and relative feed value were obtained in spring, decreased as the seasons progressed, and the lowest values were obtained in winter. The lowest dry matter ratios, ADF and NDF values were obtained in spring and they increased in parallel with the progression of the seasons. The lowest condensed tannin ratios were obtained in spring and summer, while the highest values were determined in autumn. When the species were compared, the lowest dry matter and condensed tannins contents were found in Spartium junceum, while NDF and ADF ratios were found in P. spina-christi. The highest crude protein content was determined in Quercus infectoria, while total digestible nutrients and relative feed value were determined in P. spina-christi species. As a result, it was observed that shrubs, shrub-formed trees and shrubs in the maquis have an important potential as high quality feed for ruminants during the critical period in semi-arid and arid regions.

Determination of Yield and Quality Characteristics of Some Fodder Beet (Beta vulgaris L. var. rapa) Varieties in Sakarya Ecological Conditions

This research; it was established under the Sakarya ecological conditions and carried out for 2 years between 2021 and 2023 to determine the yield and quality characteristics of some fodder beet varieties. The experiment was set up with four replications in a randomized blocks trial design. Rekord, Rota, Ursus and Zentaur varieties were used in this research. In the study; in tubers; length (cm), diameter (cm), aboveground length ratio (%), yield (kg/da), dry matter content (%), dry matter yield (kg/da), crude protein ratio (%), sugar ratio (%) and weight loss in storage (%) and in leaves; yield (kg/da), length (cm), width (cm), dry matter ratio (%), dry matter yield (kg/da) and crude protein ratio (%) properties were investigated. The most positive data in the study were obtained from the Ursus variety (In tuber: length; 29.1 cm, yield; 19.309 kg/da, dry matter content; 15.9%, crude protein ratio; 9.30%, sugar ratio; 6.35%, and in leaves; length; 61.0 cm, yield; 2.585 kg/da, dry matter content; 14.0%, crude protein ratio; 23.5%).

Effects of Different Mixture Ratios of Common Vetch and Triticale on Forage Yield and Silage Quality

In order to obtain high amounts and quality forage in legume grain mixtures, the mixture ratios must be adjusted well. Since grains are tillered due to their physiology, their ratios in roughage are different from the mixing ratios in planting. This is a factor that increases roughage yield and reduces crude protein rate and yield. In addition, in cases where grains are insufficient in terms of minerals in animal nutrition and are planted in mixtures with legumes, the rapid development and high yield effects of grains should be combined with the balanced nutrition potential of legumes in order to obtain better quality feed. In this study, 100% Vetch, 100% Triticale, 75% Vetch + 25% Triticale, 50% Vetch + 50% Triticale, 25% Vetch + 75% Triticale were planted in Sakarya conditions and the effect of the mixture ratios on grass yield was revealed. Additionally, silage was made from the mixtures obtained and the effect of the applied mixture ratios on silage quality was determined. Field trials of the research were carried out in the trial areas of Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture. In the experiment, plant height, green and dry forage yield observations were taken. At the end of the maturation period, silage was made in 2 kilogram containers from each parcel as a silage quality criterion; silage dry matter ratio, silage pH, crude protein ratio, ADF and NDF observations were taken. By calculating the physical and sensory analyzes and flieg point used to determine silage quality, the silages obtained from the mixtures were defined in detail by chemical, physical and sensory analyzes and the flieg point. In the study, the highest green forage yield, hay yield, crude protein, ADF, NDF ratio and flieg point were obtained from 100% Vetch, 100% Triticale, 100% Vetch, 100% Triticale, 100% Triticale and 50% Vetch+50% Triticale mixtures, respectively.

Supplementing zebu cattle with crop co-products helps to reduce enteric emissions in West Africa

ABSTRACT In Africa, a wide variety of diets (forage + crop co-products or other agricultural by-products) is being used by livestock farmers in different production systems to adapt to climate change. This study aimed to assess the performance of various local feeding strategies on Sudanese Fulani zebu cattle. Two experiments were carried out on 10 steers aged initially 33 months (142 kg body weight – BW). The animals were fed eight different diets at an intake level of 3.2% LW in dry matter (DM), including two control diets of 100% rangeland forage (100% RF) and six experimental diets made up of forage and crop co-products (75:25 DM ratio). In the first experiment, the control diet was made up of rangeland forage (RF) and supplements consisted of four cereal co-products (CC), i.e. maize, sorghum, millet, and rice straws. In the second experiment, the control diet consisted of Panicum maximum (Pmax) hay, and the supplements tested were two legume co-products (LC), i.e. cowpea and peanut haulms. Each experiment lasted 3 weeks, including 2 weeks of adaptation to the diet and 1 week of data collection on individual animals (intake, apparent digestibility, and enteric methane). The NDF content of the diets was different within each experiment (p < 0.05). Among diets containing CC, DM intake [g/kg BW] was significantly higher (+31%; p = 0.025) for the diet containing rice straw than for the other diets, which showed similar levels to the RF diet. Among diets containing LC, intake was significantly higher (p = 0.004) than for the Pmax diet. Intake was higher for the peanut haulm diet than for the cowpea haulm diet. The DM digestibility was similar between the different diets in each experiment. Enteric methane (eCH4) yield [g/kg DMI] from the CC and LC-containing diets were reduced by an average of 23% and 20% compared to the RF and Pmax control diets respectively. Raising awareness among agro-pastoralists about the use of crop co-products offers real prospects for eCH4 emissions mitigation in the Sahel region.

18O isotopic labelling and soil water content fluctuations validate the hydraulic lift phenomena for C3 grass species in drought conditions

Hydraulic lift is a functional characteristic observed in some plant species, often associated with their ability to withstand drought conditions. It involves capturing water from deep soil layers and redistributing it to shallower soil layers through the plant's roots. Bromus valdivianus Phil., Dactylis glomerata L., and Lolium perenne L. may perform hydraulic lift at varying rates. Using both direct (isotopic labelling - δ18O) and indirect (soil water content sensors) techniques, the study assessed and validated the hydraulic lift under extreme drought conditions on the soil top layer (below permanent wilting point), maintaining the bottom layer at high (20–25% filed capacity [FC]) and low (80–85% FC) levels of soil water restriction. Above- and below-ground biomass growth and morpho-physiological responses were evaluated. All species displayed some degree of hydraulic lift, with significant differences observed in the isotopic analysis and soil water content (p > 0.05). This illustrates that water was redistributed from the deep to shallower soil layer and validates that the hydraulic lift phenomenon is occurring in these C3 grasses. Bromus valdivianus presented the highest δ18O values (25.05‰) and highest increases in soil water content (µ=0.00626 m3 m−3; five events). Bromus valdivianus had a dry matter ratio of approximately 4:1 (0–20cm:20–40 cm). In contrast, L. perenne and D. glomerata had approximately 6:1 and 5:1, respectively. This difference in root morphology may explain the higher rate of hydraulic lift observed in B. valdivianus relative to L. perenne and D. glomerata. This paper validates the occurrence and provides initial insights into the hydraulic lift process occurrence of temperature grass species.

NaCl Kaynaklı Tuz Stresinin Lotus corniculatus L. cv. 'Leo'nun Çimlenmesi ve İlk Fide Büyümesi Üzerindeki Etkisi

Lotus corniculatus L. is one of the agronomically and economically important perennial legume forage species with moderately salt-tolerant. It is well known that even the cultivars of the same species in plants have different responses in salinity. However, studies on the salt response of L. corniculatus and its cultivars, which are more advantageous than other forage crops such as white clover (Trifolium repens) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), in the use of marginal agricultural lands affected by abiotic stress factors such as salinity, are limited. Under salt stress, the most crucial phases of the plant life cycle that are directly related to the survival of the plant are seed germination, growth, and vigour. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the germination and growth responses of L. corniculatus cultivar 'Leo', which is known to have higher tannin content than other cultivars, under NaCl-derived salt stress in vitro. For this purpose, L. corniculatus seeds were cultured in MS (Murashige and Skoog/Gamborg) medium containing 0, 40, and 80 mM NaCl for 14 days. Seed germination percentage, mean germination time, germination rate index, shoot-root length, root to shoot length ratio, shoot-root fresh dry weight, shoot-root dry matter, the ratio of root to shoot dry matter, shoot-root water content and seedling vigour index parameters were measured. According to the results of the research, the germination percentage did not change in the applied NaCl treatments, but the germination rate decreased. However, shoot length decreased and root length increased. Although there was no statistically significant change in shoot and root fresh-dry weight, both decreased in 80 mM NaCl treatment. The shoot and root dry matter increased and the water content decreased. Also, the seedling viability index decreased. In 40 mM NaCl treatment, on the other hand, there was an increase in shoot fresh-dry weight, dry matter ratio and seedling viability index with the positive effect of low dose. Within the scope of this study, comprehensive information was presented for L. corniculatus (cultivar 'Leo'), an important forage plant, in terms of germination and seedling growth under salt stress.

Evaluation of Grain Maize Harvest Residues as Fodder After Partial Torrefaction Under Microwave

With a project supported by Siirt University (Siirt, Türkiye), we determined the conversion potential of residues of field cropped grain maize into animal feed via torrefaction. Torrefaction application was performed in a microwave device for four different periods of time (0, 4, 8, and 12 minutes) in three replications at three different watts (300, 600, and 900 watts). The dry matter digestion was determined for the ground starter and final materials by the Daisy Incubator Technique (ANKOM). Changes in dry matter, protein, and ADF values were measured by standard feed quality analyses. The effects of applications on dry matter ratio, protein, and in vitro digestibility were found to be statistically significant, whereas the effect on ADF ratio was insignificant. Low-term torrefaction applications significantly increased the dry matter ratio, whereas high power and long application periods significantly increased the protein ratio. In vitro, digestibility was decreased due to the increase in the power application and duration of torrefaction. A material with high dry matter and high protein content but low in vitro digestibility was obtained as a result of the torrefaction applications tested in the study under microwave conditions with grain maize harvest residues. Although the applications tested have decreased the value of maize harvest residues as cattle feed, the obtained material with high dry matter and protein content with this torrefaction method has the potential to be used as a nutrient medium in different living environments (e.g. bacterial or fungal) which may be subjected to further investigations.

Masere ve Soğuk Pres Susam (Sesamum indicum L.) Yağının, Yüksek Yoğunlukta Stoklanmış Gökkuşağı Alabalıkları (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792)’nın Antioksidan Enzim Aktiviteleri, Hematolojik Parametreleri, Nitro Blue Tetrazolium (NBT) Aktivitesi ve Et Verimi Üzerine Etkileri

The study was aimed to determine the effects of macerated sesame oil (MSO) and cold pressed sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) oil (CPSO) on antioxidant enzyme activities, hematological parameters, nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) activity and proximate composition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) at high stocking density. Fish (55.89±2.05 g) were fed diets supplemented with same concentration (%2) of MSO and CPSO for 21 days. It was determined that the values of mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), platelet (PLT) values of the CPSO and group and the corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), platelet (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet-large cell ratio (PLCR), granulocyte (GRAN), nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) levels of the MSO group were increased. It was found that glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities of CPSO groups were rised. The results were statistically significant at P&lt; 0.05 level. In the study, the dry matter ratio increased in each experimental group compared to the control group, the moisture, ash and protein ratio did not change, the fat ratio decreased compared to the control group. Both macerated sesame oil and cold pressed sesame oil could be recommended to alternative food additives.

Germination and Seedling Properties of Lotus corniculatus L. Under Simulated Drought Stress

Drought is an important abiotic stress factor that reduces agricultural production and yield in many crops, including forage crops, in agricultural areas around the world. Lotus corniculatus L. is the agriculturally crucial perennial legume forage crop that can tolerate moderate drought. However, studies to determine the responses of L. corniculatus to drought are limited. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the seed germination and early seedling growth properties of L. corniculatus at different PEG6000 induced-drought treatments under in vitro conditions. In order to do this, L. corniculatus (cv. ‘AC Langille’) seeds were planted in MS (Murashige and Skoog/Gamborg) medium containing 0%, 4%, and 8% (w/v) PEG6000 for 14 days. In this study, germination percentage, mean germination time, germination rate index (speed of germination), shoot and root length, root to shoot length ratio, shoot and root fresh weight, shoot and root dry weight, shoot and root dry matter ratio, root shoot dry matter ratio, shoot and root water content and seedling vigor index parameters were measured. Our results showed that increasing drought levels resulted in an overall significant reduction in germination and seedling growth parameters except shortened mean germination time (especially, 4% PEG6000 treatment) and increased shoot and root dry matter ratio at higher (especially, 8% PEG6000 treatment) drought levels. When important growth parameters such as length, fresh and dry weight, dry matter ratio and water content, which show the development of root and shoot organs, are evaluated together, it has been determined that the root is negatively affected by drought stress at a higher rate. Based on these data, it can be concluded that the L. corniculatus will suffer a high yield loss under the drought stress at the osmotic potential (-1.03 bar) created by 8% PEG6000 treatment.

Farklı Oranlarda Turunçgil İlave Edilen Kefirin Fiziksel, Kimyasal, Duyusal ve Organik Madde Profili

This study aims to increase the functionality of plain kefir by adding citrus fruits. Dry matter ratios of kefir samples ranged from 11.04 % to 11.75 %. The addition of fruit to kefir reduced the milk-fat ratios. The pH values of kefir samples ranged from 3.37 to 4.08 depending on fruit concentration. pH values also ranged from 3.37 to 4.08 depending on fruit concentration. Kefir samples containing grapefruit (37.5 %) had the lowest pH value (3.37) among the kefir samples. The viscosity of kefir samples at 20 rpm and 50 rpm at sliding speed ranged from 0.42 Pa.s to 2.88 Pa.s and from 0.31 to 1.60 Pa.s, respectively. The addition of fruit to plain kefir was reduced its viscosity. DPPH* of samples was between 1.21 and 38.93 % DPPH of samples with citrus fruit were statistically (p

Growth Stimulation of Durum Wheat and Common Buckwheat by Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma.

The grains of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and achenes of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) were tested after treatment with two sources of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (DCSBD, MSDBD) with different treatment times (0, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 s). The effect of these treatments was monitored with regard to the seed surface diagnostics (water contact angle-WCA, chemical changes by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-FTIR); twenty parameters associated with germination and initial seed growth were monitored. A study of the wettability confirmed a decrease in WCA values indicating an increase in surface energy and hydrophilicity depending on the type of seed, plasma source, and treatment time. Surface analysis by attenuated total reflectance FTIR (ATR-FTIR) showed no obvious changes in the chemical bonds on the surface of the plasma-treated seeds, which confirms the non-destructive effect of the plasma on the chemical composition of the seed shell. A multivariate analysis of the data showed many positive trends (not statistically significant) in germination and initial growth parameters. The repeated results for germination rate and root/shoot dry matter ratio indicate the tendency of plants to invest in underground organs. Durum wheat required longer treatment times with non-thermal plasma (10 s, 20 s) for germination and early growth, whereas buckwheat required shorter times (5 s, 10 s). The responses of durum wheat grains to the two non-thermal plasma sources used were equal. In contrast, the responses of buckwheat achenes were more favorable to MSDBD treatment than to DCSBD.