Dry Matter Loss Research Articles

Substitution of wheat flour with modified potato starch affects texture properties of dough and the quality of fresh noodles

This study was undertaken to investigate the potential effects of wheat flour substitution with potato starch modified by heat-moisture treatment (HMTS) and microwave treatment (MWS) on dough texture properties and on the quality of fresh noodles. The research results showed that the substitution of wheat flour with HMTS or MWS altered the texture and tensile properties of dough and cooked fresh noodles. Moreover, the dough tensile properties of resistance to extension and extensibility were extremely significant positive correlated with the cooked fresh noodles tensile properties of tensile strength and elasticity. The optimal cooking time of fresh noodles was significantly decreased (P value < 0.05) with the increase incorporation of HMTS or MWS. The dry matter water absorption rate and loss rate of dry matter significantly increased with the increase of substitution amount of HMTS and MWS. When the incorporation amount of HMTS was less than 30% and the incorporation amount of MWS was less than 20%, the noodles could maintain good organoleptic and cooking quality attributes. More than 30% of HMTS or 20% MWS will deform the noodles and cause breakage. Therefore, the maximum incorporation of HMTS or MWS should be 30%, 20%, respectively.

Effects of physical crosslinking methods on digestibility &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; and safety of edible packaging: A primary study on collagen films

Crosslinking is often used to improve the mechanical strength and barrier properties of edible films. However, the effects on films’ digestibility and edible safety are still unknown. Herein, four crosslinking methods were utilized to crosslink collagen films, including UV irradiation, dehydrothermal treatment (DHT), tannin and glutaraldehyde. The crosslinked samples were then researched via <italic>in vitro</italic> digestion and cell culture model. With the INFOGEST method, the results of dry matter loss, degree of hydrolysis and absorbed collagen content have significantly correlated relation and showed the excellent digestive ability of UV treated and DHT films. The results of the FTIR suggest that the crosslinking affects the structure of digestion and absorption. The toxicity and nutrition of the hydrolytes of collagen films were measured in Caco-2 and HepG-2 cells, and the collagen films, especially UV treated and tannin treated films, can promote cell growth while the glutaraldehyde treated one reduced cell viability presumably due to its residual in the films.

Effect of Anoxic Atmosphere on the Physicochemical and Pelletization Properties of Pinus massoniana Sawdust during Storage.

The 34-day anoxic storage of Pinus massoniana sawdust (PS) in a sealed constant temperature and humidity chambers was carried out to simulate the limited-oxygen storage process inside piles at industrial scale. The effects of anoxic storage on feedstock's properties and pelletization process were investigated with respect to elemental composition, dry matter loss, thermogravimetric characteristics, energy consumption, pellets' density, and microbial communities, etc. After anoxic storage, the microbial community of PS samples was altered, such as the fungi content (Clonostachys, Strelitziana, and Orbilia, etc.), resulting the elemental composition of PS was altered. Thus, the cellulose and ash content of the stored PS were increased, while the hemicellulose, volatile, and fixed carbon were decreased. The energy consumption was increased 7.85-21.98% with the increase in anoxic storage temperature and with the additive of fresh soil collected from PS field in storage process. The single pellet density was altered slightly. Meanwhile, the moisture uptake of PS pellets was decreased. After anoxic storage, the combustion behavior of the stored PS became more stable. The results can be applied directly to guide the development of commercial PS storage and pelletization process currently under development in Asia, Europe and North America.

Prediction of chevon quality through near infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analyses

The aim of this study was to test the ability of near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy to predictdry matter, crude protein, ether extract, ash, moisture, cooking loss, and drip loss of chevon. In total, 114 samples were collected from 38 young (two teeth aged) castrated goat carcasses from a local market in Mymensingh district of Bangladesh. For conducting the studyExperimental longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle were sampled from 9th to 13th ribs in the early morning hours. A total of 342 NIRs spectra were collected using the DLP NIRscan Nano Software and average spectrum was 114. Partial least square regression analysis for the calibration and validation models were developed using the Unscrambler X software. Prediction models were satisfactory for dry matter (R2 = 0.75), crude protein (R2 = 0.82), moisture (R2 = 0.75), and drip loss (R2 = 0.83). The most promising model found for ash (R2 = 0.85), and Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) also very low (0.15). Lowest R2 was found for cooking loss at 0.57. Based on these results, the NIR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis method were reasonably efficient for the rapid assessment of physicochemical traits of ash, drip loss, crude protein, moisture, and dry matter content of chevon.

Prediction of Wheat Storage Process Under Climate Change: A Case Study of Northwestern Regions of Tunisia

In this work, a simulation of the climate change impact on the wheat grain storage process in Northwestern regions of Tunisia was investigated based on grain aeration systems. This simulation was conducted by implementing the software package called Zephyrus for a period from 2041 to 2070 during storage season from the 01st of July to the 30th of November. The model estimates grain moisture content, grain temperature, and dry matter loss. The results showed a significant potential of the Zypherus strategy to maintain the grain moisture content around 12.2± 0.2% w.b. and to reduce grain temperatures from 35°C to 24 ± 1.5°C inside the silo. Consequently, under these values, the wheat storage process is considered safe and preserves wheat quality during the simulated storage period. Moreover, the wheat dry loss matter was about 0.8% during the whole storage period for each simulated year (approximately 0.15% per month).

Effect of Ustilago maydis on the Nutritive Value and Aerobic Deterioration of Maize Silage

The common smut of corn, caused by Ustilago maydis, reduces the yield and quality of maize forage. When heavy infestations of corn smut occur, grain yields can be so severely decreased that the most viable economic alternative may be to harvest and ensile the crop. Only a couple of studies have attempted to investigate the influence of aerobic exposure on the nutritive value and aerobic stability of silage, which is prepared from smut-infected maize. In this study, individual whole corn plants were harvested by hand. The plants were distributed into three treatments: 0% infected, 50% infected, and 100% infected. The fresh forage was ensiled in triplicate for a 90-day period. Aerobic exposure lasted for 28 days. Samples were taken on the day of opening and on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 28th days. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) calibration equations were used for the prediction of qualitative indicators. Silage prepared from 100% smut-infected maize had comparatively poor quality with dry matter loss, increasing pH and the low amount of starch. It was also distinguished with significant temperature increases from days 15 to 18 of aerobic exposure. Silage prepared from 50% smut-infected maize did not show significant quality changes over the period of the experiment, although it had inferior quality compared to the silage prepared from smut-free maize. While silage prepared from smut-infected maize had an overall worse quality than silage prepared from non-infected maize, it should not have an adverse effect on livestock health or production.

Xylanase production by Trichoderma virens MLT2J2 under solid-state fermentation using corn cob as a substrate

Abstract. Istiqomah L, Cahyanto MN, Zuprizal. 2022. Xylanase production by Trichoderma virens MLT2J2 under solid-state fermentation using corn cob as a substrate. Biodiversitas 23: 6530-6538. Xylanase is one of non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) degrading enzyme encompass in industrial application like animal feed, food, biofuel, and textile. The objective of this study was to produce and characterize the crude xylanase from MLT2J2 isolate that isolated from coconut husk. Molecular identification revealed that MLT2J2 isolate was identified as Trichoderma virens. The xylanase was produced from Trichoderma virens MLT2J2 (108 spores/g of corncob) using corn cob as substrate with 80% initial moisture content using under solid-state fermentation (SSF) at 30°C for 7 d of incubation. Changes in surface morphology and structure of fermented corn cob were monitored by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Statistical analysis was performed using One-way of analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed Tukey Kramer post hoc test to compare treatment means. Under fermentation parameters the maximum xylanase activity was 181.22 U/g-IDW, loss of dry matter 11.43%, and pH was decreased (4.11) at 5 d of incubation compared to initial pH (5.47). Xylanase was produced between a broad range pH 3-8 and showed acidophilic and mesophilic characteristics (optimum at pH 5,0 and 40°C), and also conserved more than 50% of activity before 4 h of incubation at 30°C and after 5 h at 40°C. The micrographs surface of corn cob before SSF appeared intact and smoother, while turned coarser after SSF, suggestive of a disrupted and more porous surface. These findings reveled that T. virens MLT2J2 could produce extracellular xylanase and potential to disrupt the cell wall of corn cob as a cheap substrate for enzyme production thereby increased the reactive surface area of corn cob for enzymatic in situ hydrolysis.

Perilla frutescens as potential antimicrobial modifier to against forage oat silage spoilage.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of Perilla frutescens, alone or in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum a214 or citric acid, on forage oat silage quality, bacterial and fungal microbiological profile during ensiling and aerobic exposure. With the exception of Perilla frutescens, all additives could improve silage quality of forage oat based on lower ammonia-nitrogen content and higher residual of water soluble carbohydrates during anaerobic fermentation compared to control silage, especially in Perilla frutescens combined with citric acid (CAPF). Lactobacillus was the dominant bacteria in all silages, while CAPF group increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus lindneri and Lactobacillus brevis compared to control silage. The application of Perilla frutescens suppressed the relative abundance of yeasts such as Pichia fermentans and Wickerhamomyces anomalus in response to aerobic exposure, especially in CAPF treatment, leading to high acetic acids and lower dry matter loss, as well as good aerobic stability. Therefore, Perilla frutescens, alone or in combination with citric acid, has potential to improve aerobic stability of forage oat silage by shifting bacterial and fungal community composition, and can be used as new additive to prepare high-quality silage for animal production.

Effects of a prothioconazole- and tebuconazole-based fungicide on the yield, silage characteristics, and fungal mycobiota of corn harvested and conserved as whole-crop and high-moisture ear silages.

To analyze the effect of a prothioconazole- and tebuconazole-based fungicide on the yield and silage characteristics of whole-crop corn (WCC) and high-moisture ear corn (HMC) silages and on the fungal community dynamics from the harvest to aerobic exposure. Corn were untreated (NT) or treated (T) with a prothioconazole- and tebuconazole-based fungicide and harvested as WCC and HMC. Silages were conserved for 60 and 160 d and subjected to an aerobic stability test. The fungicide increased the yield per hectare however, it did not affect the main nutritional characteristics of WCC or HMC. The main chemical, fermentative and microbial characteristics, dry matter (DM) losses and aerobic stability were mainly affected by the conservation time, regardless of the treatment. Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, and Penicillium genera were identified as dominant before ensiling, but Aspergillus and Penicillium became dominant after silo opening and aerobic exposure. Yeast population during ensiling and aerobic deterioration resulted in a simplification, with Pichia and Kazachstania genera being dominant. The application of fungicide improved the DM, starch, and net energy for lactation (NEL) yield per hectare but had no consistent effect on the microbial and fermentative silage quality and aerobic stability.

Enhanced silage pretreatment improving the biochemical methane potential of Miscanthus sinensis.

The choice of silage additives is an important factor for the storage of silage. One standard ensiling method and two enhanced ensiling methods (using natural silage, silage with mixed lactic acid bacteria, and silage with acetic acid, respectively) were carried out on Miscanthus sinensis. To determine the effects of these different methods, the biochemical methane potential (BMP) was determined. The results revealed that ensiling with acetic acid was the best method among the three ensiling methods. Acetic acid could quickly reduce the pH of the system to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria. The rate of loss of dry matter was 0.92% when acetic acid was added, and the cumulative methane production was 149.6mL·g-1 volatile solids. From an analysis of correlations between the properties and BMP of silage, the contents of acetic acid and total volatile fatty acids were significantly correlated with the BMP. This study provides a theoretical basis for improving the BMP of M. sinensis and achieving better effects of silage.

Characteristics of rice straw decomposition and bacterial community succession for 2 consecutive years in a paddy field in southeastern China

The characteristics of long-term rice straw decomposition and succession in the bacterial community in the double-rice system are still unclear. Here a 2-year continuous straw bag decomposition experiment was conducted to explore changes in nutrient release, enzyme activity, and bacterial community composition during rice straw decomposition in the double-rice system in Southeast China. After burial in soil, the cumulative dry matter loss rates of rice straw were 38.9%, 72.6%, and 82.7% after 2, 12, and 24 months, respectively. The change in the release rate of straw nitrogen and phosphorus was similar to the dry matter loss, but 93.5% of straw potassium was released after 1st month. Bacterial abundance and community diversity in straw increased rapidly, reaching peaks after 7 and 12 months, respectively. Straw extracellular enzyme activities were the highest in the first 2 months and then gradually decreased over time, and they significantly and positively correlated with straw decomposition rate. Straw decomposition was dominated by copiotrophic Bacilli and Flavobacteriia in the early stages and evolved to be dominated by oligotrophic Acidobacteria, Anaerolineae, Deltaproteobacteria, Saccharibacteria, and Sphingobacteriia in the later stages. Changes in the C/N and K content of straw are the main reasons for bacterial community succession during rice straw decomposition. This study can provide a scientific basis for developing efficient decomposing bacteria agents for rice straw.

Effects of Bacteriocin-Producing Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on Fermentation, Dynamics of Bacterial Community, and Their Functional Shifts of Alfalfa Silage with Different Dry Matters

This study investigated the effects of two bacteriocin-producing Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains on fermentation, bacterial communities, and their functions of alfalfa silage with two dry matter (DM) contents of 355 (moderate DM) and 428 (high DM) g/kg fresh weight. Before ensiling, alfalfa was treated with (1) distilled water (control), (2) the commercial strain L. plantarum MTD/1, (3) bacteriocin-producing L. plantarum ATCC14917, and (4) bacteriocin-producing L. plantarum LP1-4, and ensiled for 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, 60 d, and 90 d, respectively. Application of ATCC14917 promoted lactic acid production in the moderate DM silage at the early fermentation stage (3 d). Silages treated with ATCC14917 and LP1-4 showed lower DM losses and non-protein nitrogen concentrations versus the control or MDT/1-treated silage (p &lt; 0.05). During fermentation, a high proportion of Weissella cibaria was observed in the silages with high DM content from 3 to 60 d of ensiling, and the functions of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolisms of silage bacterial community were decreased by ATCC14917 before 60 d of ensiling. In addition, ATCC14917 also inhibited the growth of Aerococcus and Enterobacter in silage. Therefore, the bacteriocin-producing L. plantarum ATCC14917 has a great potential to improve alfalfa silage quality, nutritive value, and safety as well.

Effects of Different Additives on Fermentation Quality, Microbial Communities, and Rumen Degradation of Alfalfa Silage

This study examined the effects of different additives on the fermentation quality, nutrient composition, microbial communities, and rumen degradation of ensiled alfalfa. Six treatments were employed in which additives were applied to alfalfa on a fresh weight basis: CK (no additive), FA (0.6% formic acid), CaO (3% calcium oxide and 3% urea), LB (1 × 106 cfu/g Lentilactobacillus buchneri), GLB (2% glucose and 1 × 106 cfu/g L. buchneri), and FLB (2% fucoidan and 1 × 106 cfu/g L. buchneri). After 60 days of ensiling, all treatments altered the bacterial communities, improved the fermentation quality, reduced dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) losses, and enhanced the rumen degradation of nutrients. The addition of LB increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus spp. (p &lt; 0.05), whereas GLB reduced (p &lt; 0.05) the NH3-N:TN ratio and elevated (p &lt; 0.05) the concentrations of Lactobacillus and lactic acid content. The FA treatment reduced (p &lt; 0.05) the pH, as well as the DM and CP degradations, while the CaO treatment increased the degradations of DM, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber. We concluded that FA, LB, GLB, and FLB had beneficial effects on alfalfa fermentation, and that CaO increased alfalfa silage rumen degradation.

Effects of molasses interacting with formic acid on the fermentation characteristics, proteolysis and microbial community of seed-used pumpkin leaves silage

Ensiling is an appropriate method to preserve high-moisture vegetable wastes, while using additives as regulable supplements for achieving silages with desired quality profiles. The present study assessed the effects of molasses and formic acid on the fermentation characteristics, proteolysis and microbial community during the ensiling process of seed-used pumpkin leaves (SUPLs). Using the following groups: silage without additive (CK), and silage with molasses (M), formic acid (FA) and a combination of formic acid and molasses (FAM). The use of additives decreased the pH value, dry matter loss (DML) and butyric acid content, and improved the levels of lactic acid and peptide-N during ensiling. Furthermore, the lowest ammonia-N content (36.0 vs 48.6 g/kg TN), pH value (4.70 vs 5.47), DML (19.8 vs 220.0 g/kg DM) and the highest level of lactic acid (178.7 vs 34.8 g/kg DM) was observed in FAM on day 60. The combined use of formic acid and molasses increased the Lactobacillus abundance in the initial and terminal stages of fermentation, decreased the Clostridium and Enterobacteriaceae abundances, and the LDA score of Vagococcus and Eggerthella, and the abundance of bacteria that were formed biofilms and potentially pathogenic, and dramatically improved carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism. In summary, the combined use of formic acid and molasses could serve as a promising strategy for the preservation of SUPLs silage and provide a reference for the clean utilization of other vegetable wastes.

Assessment of Litter Input, Decomposition and Elements Dynamics in Yatta Tropical Forest in Western Equatoria State, South Sudan

This study characterized soils, assessed litter input, litter decomposition and elements release in Yatta forest, Western Equatoria State, South Sudan during May 2008 and March 2010. The soil was described and sampled. Litter was collected weekly from plots of 16 m2 under the forest cover with forty replicates. Seventy five litter bags were buried at 15-30 cm soil depth to assess decomposition and elements' release. Twenty fife bags were withdrawn at every 6, 12 months periods Fallen litter, remaining decomposed litter and soil samples were analyzed in the Laboratory of the Department of Soil and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum. The soil was characterized as Oxisols, sandy clay loam, acidic, rich in organic matter, and amply furnished with nutrients. Litter input was 1791 kg/ha/year; with concessive seasonal maxima and minima in dry and wet months. Losses of dry matter were high, ranging of 52.2 % to 96.8 % during the tested periods. The elements K, N, P, Ca, Mg were rapidly released with successive rates ranges of 37 %-62 %, 56 %-72 % and 62 %-90 % during 6, 12 and 18 months observation periods. The results showed a high potential fertility of this natural forest site which will support the sustainability of the growing stock and utilization of the forest for high yielding food crops.

Plant-Derived Smoke Solutions as a Strategy to Alleviate ODAP Toxicity in Hydroponic Grass Pea

This study was performed to investigate how to smoke solution affects dry matter loss, crude protein (CP) and toxic compound ODAP contents of grass pea in hydroponic media during seven days period. Three doses of smoke solutions (1, 5 and 10%, V: V) by diluting with tap water were applied to seeds as priming agent, and tap water was used as a control (0%). The experiment was arranged according to the split-plot design with three replications. Compared to seed, significant change was detected in hydroponic sprouts depending on the day in terms of dry matter loss and chemical content. Grass pea sprouts had higher CP and lower ODAP content than seed, even in control treatment. Furthermore, smoke solution increased the efficiency of system by increase CP, decrease ODAP content and also decreases dry matter loss, with significant effect on doses. CP of sprouts increased day by day and was the highest on day 6 (36.27%) at the 10% dose of smoke solution followed by 5% on day 7 (36.09%). ODAP decreased up to day 6 and then began to increase, but it was lower than control at all doses of solution during to experiment. This study showed that grass pea is suitable crop for hydroponic forage produce and that smoke solution can make a significant contribution to yield and quality of sprouts, especially at the dose of 10%. However, when the yield, nutritional value, and safe use were evaluated together, it was observed that the best time for harvesting was the end of the 6th day and delaying did not provide a significant advantage and even occurred undesirable results in terms of ODAP and dry matter.

Effects of laccase and lactic acid bacteria on the fermentation quality, nutrient composition, enzymatic hydrolysis, and bacterial community of alfalfa silage.

Ensiling has long been as a mainstream technology of preserving forage for ruminant production. This study investigated the effects of bioaugmented ensiling with laccase and Pediococcus pentosaceus on the fermentation quality, nutritive value, enzymatic hydrolysis, and bacterial community of alfalfa. The application of laccase and Pediococcus pentosaceus combination was more potent in modulating the fermentation quality of silage than laccase and Pediococcus pentosaceus alone, as indicated by higher lactic acid contents and lactic acid to acetic acid ratios, and lower pH, dry matter losses, and ammonia nitrogen contents. Moreover, treatments with additive enhanced protein preservation and structural carbohydrate degradation, while increasing true protein and water-soluble carbohydrate contents. By promoting lignin degradation, treatments containing laccase further facilitated the release of sugars from cellulose compared with treatment with Pediococcus pentosaceus alone. The additive treatments reduced the bacterial diversity and optimized the bacterial community composition of silage, with an increase in the relative abundance of desirable Lactobacillus and a decrease in the relative abundance of undesirable Enterobacter and Klebsiella. PICRUSt functional prediction based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases revealed that PL and LPL treatments increased the metabolism of membrane transport, carbohydrate, and terpenoids and polyketides related to fermentation activities. It can be concluded that bioaugmented ensiling with laccase and Pediococcus pentosaceus combination can be an effective and practical strategy to improve silage fermentation and nutrient preservation of alfalfa silage.

Development of innovative technology for processing secondary raw materials in the meat industry

The slaughtered animals’ blood is a valuable secondary raw material in the meat industry. In this investigation, we propose a separation freezing technology for the blood, blood plasma and hemoglobin solution concentration. The processes of secondary meat raw materials separation freezing were studied for which the experiments for freezing in a capacitive crystallizer were conducted. The dependence of the freezing duration on the heat exchange surface temperature is determined and the cryoconcentration efficiency criterion is calculated. It is proved that the greatest freezing efficiency is observed at the heat exchange surface temperature of minus 2°C. At this temperature, the lowest dry matter loss was observed. The experiment in the separation freeze drying of a hemoglobin solution with the use of re-cryoconcentration was conducted. It is established that this technology can significantly reduce the dry matter loss. The pig blood plasma analysis before and after crystallization was conducted. It was found that crystallization has almost no effect on the amount and ratio of amino acids in the product.

Self-Heating, Drying, and Dry Matter Losses of Stockpiled Stemwood Chips: The Effect of Ventilation

The comminution of fuelwood for efficient transportation and handling exposes the material to various biological and chemical decomposition processes. The stockpiling of fuel chips can result in significant dry matter losses (DML) and consequent release of CO2 into the atmosphere. The decomposition processes could be controlled by managing the chip moisture content (MC). MC control by utilizing the self-heating of stockpiled stemwood chips together with wind-driven ventilation was tested in a practical storage experiment, using uncovered and plastic-covered piles as references. The data were analyzed with linear mixed models. The predicted DML was 2.4–3.8% during the monitoring period of 5.9 months, but no significant differences appeared between the storage treatments. The increase in the basic density of the chips decreased DML. On average 1.7–3.5% of the recoverable energy content of the chips was lost during the experiment. The predicted average decline in the MC was ca. 4–8 percentage points (p.p.). The MC of the chip samples stored under plastic tarp was 4–5 p.p. lower than those stored in the uncovered piles. Heat generation within the piles was modest due to the high quality of the chips, and the ventilation solution tested only marginally affected the drying process and the mitigation of DML.

Effect of Black Cumin Cake Addition on the Chemical Composition, Glycemic Index, Antioxidant Activity, and Cooking Quality of Durum Wheat Pasta.

Pasta is a good carrier for plant enrichment substances due to its popularity among consumers. The purpose of the study was to investigate the functional potential and optimize the recipe of pasta made from durum semolina with the addition of black cumin cake at the level of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%. The use of black cumin cake resulted in a statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in the content of protein, fat, ash, and fiber, including both the insoluble and soluble fractions. A reduction in the digestible carbohydrate content, in vitro starch hydrolysis index (HI), was observed. Pasta with a reduced glycemic index (GI) compared to the semolina control was obtained. The content of polyphenols, including flavonoids, in the cake-enriched pasta increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05), which resulted in higher antioxidant activity against DPPH. The increase in the iron content was over 2.5 times higher in the sample with the 25% addition of black cumin cake than in the control sample. The functional addition significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased the loss of dry matter and influenced the cooking time of pasta.