Dry Matter Of Seeds Research Articles

Potensi Produksi dan Mutu Benih serta Produksi Biomassa Sorghum bicolor Varietas Samurai 2 pada Umur Panen Berbeda sebagai Bahan Pakan

Sorghum bicolor var. Samurai 2 can be used as raw material in silage production for ruminant feed. The problem encountered is the difficulty of obtaining certified seeds for commercial sorghum production. So that is necessary to do this research to investigate potential sorghum seed production and its quality of Sorghum bicolor var. Samurai 2. The study was conducted at University Research Station-Jonggol Animal Education and Research Unit, Bogor Agricultural University. The experimental design used was a randomized block design with 4 treatments and 5 replicates. Five individual plants were taken to measure the variables at each treatment set. The treatments consisted of different harvesting times, namely P95 (harvested 95 days after planting), P100, P105 and P110. The variables observed were dry weight of shelled seeds, seed weight per panicle, weight of panicle stalk, panicle weight, seed production per ha, seed moisture content, seed viability test, and shoot biomass production per ha. The results showed that seed production per ha, panicle dry matter weight, fresh seed moisture content, panicle stalk dry weight was not significantly different. Dry weight of shelled seeds, dry weight of seeds per panicle, panicle dry weight, seed viability, weight of biomass per ha were significantly different (p<0.05). The potential for the production of shelled seeds, dry matter of seeds per panicle was the best in the P105 and P110, the viability of the seeds in the P105 and shoot biomass production per ha in the P105. The potential for shelled seed production (4038 kg ha-1), seed dry weight per panicle (54.87 g panicle-1), seed viability (92.8%) and the best biomass production (55.88 tons ha-1) were in treatment P105.
 Key words: seed production, shoot biomass, Sorghum bicolor, viability

Biostimulative effect of amino acids and green algae extract on capsaicinoid and other metabolite contents in fruits of Capsicum spp.

BackgroundBiostimulants, such as algae extracts or amino acids, are becoming more common in agriculture because the mentality is to make plants more resistant or tolerant to negative environmental factors, rather than using synthetic chemicals (herbicides, insecticides and fungicides), whose use is decreasing year by year, forcing farmers and companies to develop new environmentally friendly products.ResultsIn a field experiment, green algae and amino acids were tested as biostimulants on three hot pepper cultivars. A large variability was observed between the effects of the two biostimulants on the cultivars. Green algae-treated ‘Somborka’ and ‘Habanero Red Caribbean’ cultivars had 10% and 5% higher dry matter in seeds compared to control treatment. Total sugar content was negatively affected by green algae extract and amino acids in pericarp in cultivars ‘Chili AS-Red’ and ‘Habanero Red Caribbean’. Total organic acids content was positively affected by amino acid treatment in ‘Habanero Red Caribbean’ pericarp and placenta, with an increase of 5.5 g and 2.1 g/100 g DW, respectively. In terms of total phenolics, all three cultivars were positively affected by amino acid treatment, but not in each fruit part. In terms of capsaicinoid content, the greatest effect of the two stimulants was on ‘Somborka’, which varied from four (pericarp, seed) to 16 (placenta) times compared to the control. Amino acid extract decreased ‘Habanero Red Caribbean’ capsaicinoid content in placenta by about 40%.ConclusionAmino acids were found to be superior to algal extract, although the effect of both was mostly cultivar specific. For a wider use of biostimulants, it should first be tested whether they are suitable for the cultivar in order to increase and optimize the results.Graphic abstract

Effect of Pod Sealant Application on the Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Seed Yield

Field pea is used for human consumption or as livestock feed. The yield of pea seeds can be significantly decreased due to the genetically determined tendency of peas to pod shattering. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pod sealant application on the quantitative and qualitative traits of the seed yield of two pea cultivars: Arwena and Tarchalska grown in south-western Poland in the years 2018–2019. Pod sealant application showed higher values of analysed quantitative and qualitative traits: number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, seed weight per pod, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, dry matter of seeds, protein content in seeds, and total protein productivity, except the number of seeds per pod. For both years (2018–2019), the interaction of cultivar and pod sealant application showed a significant effect on the number of seeds per plant, total protein content, total protein productivity, and seed weight per pod in 2019. Therefore, the pod sealant application can be a relatively simple way to improve the yielding of field peas.

Production of Ecologically Safe Products When Processing Plants with a Preparation Based on Biohumus

Biohumus-based preparations are widespread in agricultural production due to the high content of nutrients for plants, which improve their growth and development and, as a result, productivity. GTK indicates sufficient moisture during the growing season, but, given the nature of precipitation, in certain periods, pea plants that are sensitive to moisture, experience a lack of it in the soil and atmospheric air. The research was carried out in the farm Belousov I.V. of Starozhilovsky district. The area of plots is 40 m2. Water for the preparation of the drug solution was taken from a pond located 20 m from the pea field. The object of the study is the seed pea (Pisumsativum), which belongs to the Fabaceae family, the genus Pisum, which forms nodules on metamorphosed roots. As a result, there is a different intensity of nutrient and water consumption in ontogenesis. Watering and spraying pea plants with Humistar preparation made it possible to reliably prove high agronomic and economic efficiency in option 2: activation of enzymes, an increase in the mass of nodules on roots to 69 mg/plant, an improvement in growth to 57 cm and plant development by 5–15 days, an increase in peas yield up to 27,7 dt/ha, accumulation of dry matter in seeds up to 59 g and an increase in the level of profitability up to 80,7%.

Сomparative analysis of wild and cultivated Lathyrus L. spp. according to their primary and secondary metabolite contents

Species of the genus Lathyrus L. are known as forage and medicinal plants, widely used in traditional medicine and homeopathy. The content of protein, essential amino acids and carotene in their green biomass is higher than in other annual leguminous plants traditionally cultivated in Russia. Until now, the requirements for the crop’s quality were reduced to a high content of protein and dry matter in seeds and herbage. In-depth biochemical analysis of accessions from the collection of plant genetic resources will significantly improve selection of source materials for breeding. Such tasks can be solved using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry in plant diversity studies. In view of the above, our goal was to analyze organic acids, free amino acids and secondary metabolites in green biomass of Lathyrus to facilitate comprehensive assessment of its forage and pharmacological value. We analyzed 32 accessions of Lathyrus sativus L., L. tuberosus L., L. sylvestris L., L. vernus (L.) Bernh., L. latifolius L. and L. linifolius (Reichard) Bassler from the collection of the Vavilov Institute (VIR). The studied Lathyrus accessions had significant interspecific and intraspecific variability both in the composition (presence) and number of the identified compounds. The analysis of plants across different years confirmed that biochemical parameters depended on weather conditions. The colder and drier conditions of 2012 contributed to the accumulation of organic acids (mean: 890 mg/100 g), free amino acids (mean: 201.59 mg/100 g), and secondary metabolites (mean: 84.14 mg/100 g). The range of variability for organic acids ranged from 140 to 2140, for free amino acids from 11.8 to 610, and for secondary metabolites from 4.4 to 224.6 mg/100 g. Grass pea accessions with high organic acid, free amino acid and secondary metabolite contents were identified: k-900 (Colombia) for organic acids (2140, 610 and 178 mg/100 g); k-51 (Georgia) and k-959 (Afghanistan) for free amino acids (401.29 and 540.63 mg/100 g); k-893 (Eritrea) for secondary metabolites (199.39 mg/100 g), etc. They can serve as source material for the development of cultivars for different uses (forage and medicinal).

Madhuca indica J.F Gmel. (Mahua) candidate tree selection based on the perception of tribal community and scientific validation

Madhuca indica commonly known as Mahua belongs to family Sapotaceae. Mahua is believed to be back bone for livelihood and cultural prospective of tribal community. The variation within the species with respect to various parameters related to flowering and seeding recognized by tribal communities were included in the study for identification of candidate trees. A study was undertaken in three agro climatic zones of Maharashtra. Through people’s participation, 58 Mahua candidate trees were selected and scientifically validated. The study revealed that highly significant differences were observed in flower dropping days (29.71±0.10), fresh flower yield (342.43± 24.30), flower dry matter (94.93±0.20), seed oil (39.69±2.14), dry matter in seeds (94.80±0.21) at Dhadagaon over Ettapalli and Jawhar clusters. The maximum mean value with respect to flower sugar (22.94±0.7), Zn (4.42± 0.2) was significant at Ettapalli cluster over Jawhar and Dhadagaon. The maximum mean value of crude protein (5.33±0.2 %) at Jawhar cluster and ‘Fe’ content in flower (81.48± 13.0) at Ettapalli was recorded. From one of selected candidate tree, the maximum potential of seed oil (50.47 %) at Dadagaon and sugar content (32 %) at Eattapalli cluster was recorded.

Efecto de la fertilización en Guindilia trinervis en su hábitat natural y en invernadero

SUMMARY Guindilla trinervis is a wild plant that bears seeds with a high content of oil. It is relatively frequent in the mountains between the regions of Coquimbo and Maule in Chile and grows predominantly at altitudes of 1,400-2,200 m a.s.l., in the Andes as well as in the Coastal Range at lower altitudes. The quality of the oil in its seeds is suited for biodiesel but its commercial value is restricted by the marginal conditions of the natural environment and the limited available information on its physiology and agronomic performance. This study is aimed at evaluating nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium fertilization on seed yield in its natural environment and at determining nitrogen demand and absorption of nitrogen fertilization on nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium of leaves, roots and stems in the greenhouse. Adult plants under field conditions without chemical fertilization (control) and fertilized with 75-30-30 kg ha -1 of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium yielded 0.19 and 16.6 g m -2 dry matter of seeds per 0.1 m 2 , correspondingly. According to the conversions used by the authors, this production is equivalent to 2.62 and 223 L ha -1 of biodiesel in the control and the complete treatment, respectively. During the growing season sprouts of fertilized plants grew 2.9 cm in the 75-30-30 treatment and 7.6 cm in the control without fertilization. In the greenhouse nitrogen fertilization affected the biomass of leaves and stems, but did not influence root biomass. Nitrogen supply of 2 g plant -1 increased leaf and stem weight and decreased significantly these organs with doses of 16 g plant -1 of nitrogen. Guindilia trinervis with fertilization increased seed yield in the field and nitrogen application favored the accumulation of biomass in the greenhouse. An isolated elite plant, previously selected in the wild for productivity, yielded 445 L ha -1

Interação de doses de calcário e zinco nas características morfológicas e nos componentes de produção da mamoneira

The objective in this work was to evaluate the effects of lime and zinc levels, as well as their interaction on development in castor bean plants. The hypothesis of this work is that the lime levels reduce the zinc availability in soil for the plant. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions without temperature control, in pots with 17 dm3 of ‘dystrophic Red Latosol’, medium texture. The statistical design was of randomized blocks, in a 3 x 5 factorial scheme, with four replicates. The treatments consisted of liming to reach three basis saturations: 40, 60 and 80%, combined with five zinc levels: 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg dm-3. Only one plant per pot was grown up to 174 days after emergence (first mature raceme), at which point the morphologic and production components of plants were evaluated. Higher lime levels resulted in greater number of seeds per plant and dry matter of seeds per plant. There was interaction of basis saturation and zinc in plant height, in dry matter of root and in length of raceme (masculine part and total). However, none of these increases reflected a significant difference in weight of 100 castor bean seeds.

生理的落果との関連からみたモモ‘清水白桃’の果実発育の特徴

The possible causes of physiological fruit abscission (June drop) in peach (Prunus persica), which occurs between late Stage 2 and early Stage 3, was investigated for two years. The characteristics of fruit development in 'Shimizuhakuto (SH)' which has a high frequency of pit splitting and physiological fruit drop were compared with those in 'Takeihakuho (TH)' and 'Megohime (MH)' which tend to have numerous split pits but low fruit drop and with 'Yamatohakuto (YH)' which manifest a few split pits and a small percentage of fruit drop. SH had a lower percentage of fruit drop than YH but its growth rate during Stage 1 was faster than that of YH. The pits of SH and TH, based on fresh weight and size, grew significantly faster than those of YH throughout the entire developmental period. Seeds of SH elongated faster than those of YH but the former accumulated dry matter slower than did those of the latter after the middle of Stage 2. There was no difference in the dry matter accumulation of the pits between two cultivars. Throughout Stages 2 and 3, the length and cell diameters of embryos were smaller in the fruits of SH than in those of YH. In the former, the sizes of pits and embryos in the split-pit fruits were significantly larger than those in fruits with intact pits. The percentage of dry matter in seeds of split-pit fruits in SH varied widely, but at the heavier end on the distribution, the dry weights were similar in all fruits. Embryo lengths from SH fruits with split-pit was classified into normal and short categories, indicating that some seeds developed normally until pit-splitting stage. Seed weight and the sizes of endosperm and embryo in SH fruit which abscised were significantly smaller compared with those of normal ones, but the weight and size of pits were similar. When fruits of SH trees were thinned to two crop levels, heavy thinning resulted in larger fruits but with a higher percentage of split pits with small embryos and more fruit drop than lightly thinned tree. The high percentage of poorly developed embryos that existed in June drop fruits regardless of thinning level, suggests that inferior seed development prior to pit-splitting is related to June drop in SH.

Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Seeds ofGuizotia Cass (Compositae)

Seeds of Guizotia abyssinica and wild Guizotia were analysed for oil content and fatty acid composition by multisequential and gas chromatographic methods, respectively. The oil content of G abyssinica ranged from 416 to 436 g kg-1 (weight per kg dry matter of seeds) and that of the wild Guizotia taxa from 214 to 328 g kg-1. Two unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic (54·3–72·8, weight percent of total oil) and oleic (5·4–26·8% of oil by wt) and two saturated fatty acids (palmitic (7·8–10%) and stearic (5·5–8·1%)) were about 91–97% of the fatty acids present. Palmitoleic, linolenic, arachidic, eicosenoic, behenic, erucic and lignoceric acids constituted about 2–3%. An unidentified fatty acid, probably an epoxy form of C: 20 or C: 22, has been found in all the materials and it was 1·1–6·6%. Total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were about 74–84% and 15–20%, respectively. Differentiation in fatty acid composition between the taxa is too small to be of taxonomic use. It is inferred that when gene transfer is desired hybridisation between the wild and cultivated taxa may not affect the oil quality of the latter and the oils of the wild taxa are possibly safe for human consumption. © 1997 SCI.

Variação da composição química de grãos de soja 'Santa-Rosa' durante o seu desenvolvimento

Estudou-se a dinâmica de acúmulo de carboidratos, nitrogênio total, óleo, ácidos graxos e matéria seca em sementes de soja durante o seu desenvolvimento. Foram utilizadas vagens de plantas de soja cv' Santa-Rosa, plantadas em campo de aumento no Centro Experimental de Campinas, ano agrícola 1977/78. As sementes foram colhidas aos trinta dias após florescimento (DAF) e analisadas com intervalos de sete dias, desde essa idade até à maturação. Os resultados mostraram maior acúmulo de matéria seca, nitrogênio total e polissacarídeos totais no período de 37 a 65 DAP; de açúcares solúveis, entre 37 e 72 DAF; de polissacarídeos solúveis em água, entre 51 e 82 DAF, e de matéria graxa, entre 51 e 65 DAF. Verificou-se a influência positiva da temperatura e negativa da precipitação pluvial na taxa de acúmulo de matéria graxa dos grãos. Os ácidos graxos saturados, ao contrário dos insaturados, decresceram durante o desenvolvimento dos grãos.

Accumulation of Mineral Nutrients by Developing Fruits of Prickly Plume Grevillea (Grevillea annulifera F. Muell.)

The nutrition of developing fruits of Grevillea annulifera was studied in its natural habitat on sandy heathland 600 km N. of Perth, W.A. Seeds made up 33% of the dry matter of the fruit at maturity and accumulated over 70% of the Mg, Cu, N, Zn and P, 42-61% of the S, K, Fe, Ca and Mn but less than 20% of the Na. Follicles lost most of their P, Zn and N during fruit ripening and small quantities of Mg and Cu. Dry matter, K, S, Ca, Na, Fe and Mn were not withdrawn from follicles. Retranslocation from follicles could have provided from 24 to 41% of the P, Zn and N in seeds. The seed coat made up 60% of the dry matter of seeds and had most of the K, Ca, Na, Fe and Cl; the embryo had most of the N, P, S, Mg, Zn, Mn and Cu. Levels of most nutrients in embryos of G. annulifera were very high when compared with those in seeds of crop species. Leaves had low levels of most nutrients. The results suggest that G. annulifera has the nutritional characteristics common to xeromorphs and the ability to transport nutrients very efficiently to fruits, and especially to embryos. An ecological survey of nutrient levels in fruits at three localities revealed that within-locality variation was as great as or greater than that between localities. Nutritional information is discussed in relation to flower and fruit shedding by the species. It is suggested that spatial restrictions to fruit growth contribute partly to fruit shedding.

Reproductive biology of Rumex crispus. Phenology, surface area of chlorophyll-containing tissue, and contribution of the perianth to reproduction

Rumex crispus (curled dock) overwinters as a rosette. Growth of the rosette begins in the middle of April and the panicles emerge after about 4 to 6 weeks. Anthesis starts in the middle of a panicle and proceeds basipetally and acropetally on the main rachis and outward on the primary and secondary branches. The seeds mature from the end of July to the middle of August.The perianth is a major portion of the total chlorophyll-containing tissue of the panicle. Perianth segments enclosing the seeds contribute significantly to the dry matter of seeds. The contribution is highest when the perianth is young. The growth in length and width of seeds is complete 8 days after anthesis.