Dry Matter Digestibility Research Articles

Estimating Total-Tract Digestibility of Nutrients and Their Contribution to Digestible Energy Supplies in Equine Diets.

Our objectives were to use a quantitative literature review to explore dietary and feed factors influencing apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter (DMD), crude protein (CPD), neutral detergent fiber (NDFD), ether extract (EED), non-structural carbohydrates (NSCD), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFCD), and residual organic matter (rOMD) in equine diets, and to assess their contributions to digestible energy (DE) supplies. Data from 54 studies were modeled using linear mixed-effect regressions, with publication as a random effect to account for study variability. For each nutrient, five models were derived with explanatory variables including: dry matter intake (DMI; % BW/day) and DM (% as-fed), and dietary components (CP, organic matter, EE, NDF, acid detergent fiber, NSC, starch, and NFC as % of DM), and feed types (forage, non-forage fiber, legumes, cereal, and oil proportions). Model selection was based on concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), sigma hat error, and corrected Akaike Information Criteria, with models chosen based on their performance in simulating digestibility on example diets. Two models, one from measured and one from calculated data, for each nutrient were used to estimate dietary DE content and compared to existing DE estimation methods. Selected models explained variation well, with CCCs ranging from 0.740 to 0.969 (CPD: 0.886; NDFD: 0.775; EED: 0.813; NSCD: 0.969; rOMD: 0.740). The models were evaluated against measured DE from 17 studies. For reference, the DE estimations were also evaluated relative to those from other current DE systems. Overall, this approach offers an additional, practical tool for estimating energy supplies in equine diets.

Effects of dietary hemp co-product inclusion on laying hens performances and on egg nutritional and functional profile

The European Union promotes a circular economy by valorising food industry scraps as co-products for animal feed. Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) co-products are promising for their nutritional and functional profile, but their use in animal nutrition remains limited. This study evaluated the effect of increasing levels (0%, 3%, 6%, 9%) of a hemp co-product (variety Futura) from hempseed cleaning, included in laying hens’ diets (control, T3, T6, T9), on performance and the nutritional/functional quality of egg yolks, focusing on total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (FRAP and ABTS assays), also assessed after green chemical extraction and in vitro digestion. Including up to 9% hemp co-product in diets did not affect dry matter and protein digestibility but improved the functional profile. A 9% inclusion significantly increased egg mass production (p < 0.01) and reduced saturated fatty acid content (T9: 7672 mg/100 g; T6: 8534 mg/100 g; T3: 8837 mg/100 g; control: 8742 mg/100 g), alongside an improved n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio. Cholesterol levels were significantly lower than the control in all concentrations tested, with better results for T9 (p < 0.01). Antioxidant activity, measured via ABTS after in vitro digestion, increased significantly (control: 601.12 ± 42.40 mg TE/100 g; T3: 773.17 ± 43.77 mg TE/100 g; T6: 765.64 ± 38.71 mg TE/100 g; T9: 843.48 ± 38.71 mg TE/100 g; p < 0.05), despite no differences in TPC. In conclusion, the inclusion of 9% hemp co-product in laying hens’ diets improved egg production and yolk quality, highlighting its potential for animal feed. However, the composition variability requires further evaluation to ensure future large-scale application.

Whole stillage inclusion level influences in vitro fiber digestibility and ruminal fermentation of tall fescue hay.

With the growing bourbon industry in the southeastern U.S. leading to increased production of liquid distillery byproducts, there is a pressing need to explore sustainable uses for whole stillage [containing residual grain (corn, rye, malted barley) and liquid after ethanol separation] in livestock nutrition. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of increasing whole stillage inclusion on the in vitro fiber digestibility and ruminal fermentation of tall fescue hay. Ruminal contents were obtained from two ruminally-cannulated Angus × Holstein steers (390 ± 4.49kg BW) fed a basal diet consisting of 90% tall fescue hay and 10% cracked corn. Whole stillage was obtained from a local distillery, homogenized, and replaced water in the Goering and Van Soest buffer preparation at 0.00%, 9.06%, 18.1%, or 36.3% on a v/v basis to simulate ruminal fill of whole stillage under practical conditions. Tall fescue hay was used as the substrate and vessels were incubated for 48h. Results were analyzed with the GLM procedure of SAS using polynomial contrast statements for statistical comparison. Increasing whole stillage inclusion linearly decreased (P = 0.002) apparent DM digestibility, with the lowest (quadratic: P = 0.03) coefficients for true DM and NDF digestibility occurring at 36.3% whole stillage inclusion. The rate and extent of gas production, methane production, and total VFA concentration increased (P < 0.05) with increasing whole stillage inclusion. The final pH of the fermentation media linearly decreased (P < 0.001) with increasing whole stillage inclusion. The molar acetate, valerate, isovalerate, and isobutyrate proportions decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing whole stillage inclusion. The molar propionate proportion responded quadratically (P < 0.01), with the peak proportion occurring at 36.3% whole stillage inclusion. Increasing whole stillage inclusion linearly decreased (P < 0.001) the viable number of cellulolytic and 2-deoxyglucose-resistant cellulolytic bacteria in the fermentation media. Peptide- and amino acid-utilizing bacteria increased linearly (P < 0.001) and hyper-ammonia-producing bacterial concentration peaked (quadratic: P = 0.05) at 36.3% whole stillage inclusion. Increasing whole stillage inclusion in the in vitro ruminal media demonstrated negative effects on the fermentation of tall fescue hay, as indicated by decreased NDF disappearance, cellulolytic bacteria, pH, and branched-chain VFA proportions.

Can the supplementation of autolyzed yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) affect the diet digestibility, feeding behavior, levels of blood metabolites, and performance of Dorper × Santa Ines lambs finished in feedlot?

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of autolyzed yeast (obtained from culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in sugarcane derivatives) supplementation on diet digestibility, feeding behavior, levels of blood metabolites associated with protein and energy metabolism, and performance of Dorper × Santa Ines lambs finished in feedlot. Twenty-four non-castrated male lambs with an average age of 4months and a body weight (BW) of 19.49 ± 3.08kg were allocated to individual pens within a covered and elevated shed. The pens had a slatted floor without bedding suspended 1.8m above the ground, and an area of 1.5 m2. The trial was set out in a completely randomized design with two treatments and twelve replicates each. The treatments consisted of a basal diet without yeast products (Control) or with yeast culture (Yeast, RumenYeast® at 5g/animal/day). Lambs were fed ad libitum with a total mixed ration (TMR) composed of 400g/kg of dry matter (DM) of Tifton 85 hay (Cynodon spp.) and 600g/kg DM of concentrate feed, and contained 146g/kg DM of crude protein and 2.30 Mcal/kg DM of metabolizable energy. The experiment was conducted over 84days, with the first 14days serving as an adaptation period. The subsequent experimental period was divided into two phases to evaluate animal performance (Days 1-63) and DM digestibility (Days 64-70). The supplementation with autolyzed yeast did not affect rumen or fecal pH, the DM digestibility, as well as the feeding behavior of lambs (the time spent on feeding, rumination, water intake, and idleness activities). In addition, yeast supplementation did not alter the serum levels of albumin, creatinine, urea, or level of plasma glucose, resulting in similar animal performance compared to the Control group. The mean values for final BW, DM intake, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio were 37.52kg, 1.051kg/day, 0.286kg/day, and 3.74kg DM/kg gain, respectively. In the conditions of this study, the supplementation of autolyzed yeast in TMR (5g/animal/day) does not affect diet digestibility, feeding behavior, blood metabolites, or performance of lambs finished in feedlot. Regarding that metabolic and performance lamb responses were not improved, the supplementation of autolyzed yeast at the tested dose is not recommended. However, it is important to note that markers related to immunity and inflammation were not evaluated in our work, and these should be considered in future studies.

Comparative Study of Rapeseed Meal and Fermented Rapeseed Meal Replacing Soybean Meal in Diet on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Economics in Broiler Chicken

Background: The escalating costs of soybean meal (SBM), coupled with environmental and socioeconomic considerations, necessitate exploration into alternative protein sources. Due to consistent increase in feed cost of SBM it was the need of hour to explore the alternatives for SBM. The present experiment was designed to evaluate the comparative study of rapeseed meal (RSM) and fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) replacing soybean meal in diet on performance of broilers. Methods: Four hundred twenty, day old Vencobb-430Y straight run broiler chicks were randomly distributed into seven treatment groups with four replicates in each having fifteen chicks. The seven treatments were control group (T1), basal diet with 5% RSM (T2), basal diet with 10% RSM (T3), basal diet with 15% RSM (T4), basal diet with 5% FRSM (T)5, basal diet with 10% FRSM (T6), basal diet with 15% FRSM (T7). Result: The live body weight and cumulative weight gain at the end of 6th week significantly (P less than 0.01) decreased in T4 (15% RSM) and T7 (15% FRSM) as compared to control group T1. At 6th week, significantly (P less than 0.01) better cumulative feed conversion ratio was recorded in groups T1, T2, T3, T5 and T6 as compared to groups T4 and T7. There were non-significant differences for dry matter digestibility (%), nitrogen retention (%), ether extract digestibility (%) and crude fibre digestibility (%) in all groups. The highest net profit per kg live body weight was observed in treatment group T5 followed by groups T6, T3, T2, T1, T7 and T4. Thus, it was concluded that the inclusion of RSM and FRSM up to 10% level with replacing soybean meal do not have any adverse effect on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and improved economics of broiler production. Moreover, the inclusion of 5% FRSM with replacing soybean meal in diet has more economically profitable without affecting production performance in broilers.

Evaluating the Nutritive Value and Quality of Fodder Pea (Pisum arvense L.) Silage Added with Varying Rates of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Em Thell) Cracks

Silage represents the most effective solution for addressing the deficit in quality, abundance and cost-effectiveness of roughage. The main purpose of silage production is to store fresh herbage material with high nutritional value with minimum nutrient loss. For fodder and silage production, fodder pea is grown in mixtures with cereals in different ratios, but also for the silage from the pure fodder pea using additives. Molasses and crashed cereal grains or cereal can be added to silage material in order to increase its carbohydrate content. The research was conducted to determine nutritive value and silage quality of barley and wheat cracks added at different ratios to fodder pea silage in complete randomized split-plot design with four replications. 100 g withered fodder pea sample without additives and 100 g withered fodder pea sample with 3 g, 6 g, 9 g and 12 g cracked barley were vacuumed in to the 20x26 cm plastic bags and were stored in a dark environment for a period of 45 days to facilitate fermentation at ambient temperatures ranging from 15 to 28°C. Crude protein (%), crude ash (%), dry matter (%), digestible dry matter (DDM, %), dry matter intake (DMI, %), ADF (%), NDF (%), P (%), K (%), Ca (%), Mg (%), total digestible nutrients (TDN), Nel, NEm, Neg, pH, Fleig Score and RFV of pure fodder pea and cracked barley and wheat added silages were determined. According to results, fodder peas, which have a high protein and low carbohydrate content, be ensiled by the addition of high-carbohydrate wheat and barley cracks in order to obtain a quality silage. For this purpose, it is suggested to add at least 6% wheat cracks or 9% barley cracks to fodder pea silage.

Inclusion of Black Soldier Fly Larval Oil in Ruminant Diets Influences Feed Consumption, Nutritional Digestibility, Ruminal Characteristics, and Methane Estimation in Thai-Indigenous Steers.

The objective of this study was to examine the impact of black soldier fly larval oil (BSFO) on feed consumption, nutritional digestibility, ruminal characteristics and methane (CH4) estimation in Thai-indigenous steers. Four male Thai native steers (Bos indicus) weighing 383 ± 9.0 kg were used in this investigation. The experimental design employed was a 4 × 4 Latin square, involving four cattle assigned to four dietary treatments. These treatments included a basal diet (control group) and a concentrate diet containing varying levels of BSFO at 1%, 2% and 4% DM, respectively. Rice straw intakes, and total and nutritional intakes of organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (and) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) decreased significantly and linearly with the amount of BSFO incorporated (p < 0.05). The digestibility of DM and OM changed quadratically (p < 0.05) across different BSFO inclusion doses, with the highest values of 65.6% and 69.0%, respectively. Furthermore, the addition of BSFO improved the EE digestibility (p < 0.05) when compared with the control group. The addition of various BSFO doses did not result in significant changes in ruminal pH, temperature, ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) levels or blood urea-nitrogen (BUN) (p > 0.05). However, the introduction of increasing amounts of BSFO into the diet led to a reduction in protozoal populations (p < 0.01). When rumen fluid was sampled at 0 and 4 h after feeding, the 2% BSFO-treated group had a greater propionic acid level (p < 0.05) than the no-BSFO-fed group. The CH4 estimate in the rumen of the steers exhibited notable variations among those administered different doses of BSFO (p < 0.05), with a linear decline observed as the oil dose increased. In conclusion, the inclusion of 2% BSFO in diets led to enhanced digestibility and higher propionic acid concentrations, along with reductions in protozoal population and CH4 emissions.

Enhancing digestion and gut fermentation in pigs: in vitro evaluation of the effects of reconstituted and ensiled sorghum grains

ABSTRACT The effect of ensiling sorghum grains harvested at different dates on pig nutrient digestibility and fermentability was evaluated using in vitro approaches. A sorghum crop was divided following a randomised complete block design and distributed in 3 treatments: 1) grain harvested 113 d after sowing (40% moisture) and ensiled for 180 d (high moisture, HMG), 2) grain harvested 159 d after sowing (15% moisture), rehydrated to 40% moisture and ensiled for 180 d (reconstituted, REC), and 3) sorghum grain harvested 159 d after sowing (15% moisture) and stored dry (dry, DG). Starch content was lower in ensiled grains (HMG and REC) (p = 0.019), and lower for HMG (p = 0.043). The resistant starch fraction was lower (p < 0.001), and the predicted glycaemic index was higher (p = 0.029) in ensiled grains. In vitro DM, OM and starch digestibility were greater in ensiled grains (p < 0.001 for all parameters). Ensiled grains had lower in vitro gas production [ml/g DM] (p = 0.002), but the rate of gas production [ml/h] was higher (p = 0.025). Finally, ensiled grains had lower butyrate and higher branched-chain fatty acids concentration [mol/L] (p < 0.001 and p < 0.003, respectively). The ensiling process improved in vitro digestibility and changed fermentation parameters and short-chain fatty acids profile, regardless of DM at harvest.

Effect of Ideal Amino Acid Ratio of Arginine to Lysine on Intake, Nutrient Digestibility, Growth Performance, Antibody Titers of Newcastle Disease and Infectious Bronchitis Disease, and Carcass Characteristics of Broilers.

This study aimed to assess the effects of different arginine (Arg) to lysine (Lys) ratios on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, growth performance, carcass characteristics, and antibody titers of Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bronchitis (IB) disease in broilers during 35 days of trial. For this purpose, a total of 816 day-old broiler birds having an average weight of 38 ± 3 g were divided into six dietary treatments in such a way that each treatment had eight replicates and each replicate had 17 birds. The treatments were 0.95 (1.19/1.25, 1.12/1.18, and 1.05/1.1), 1 (1.25/1.25, 1.18/1.18, and 1.1/1.1), 1.05 (1.31/1.25, 1.24/1.18, and 1.17/1.1), 1.10 (1.38/1.25, 1.30/1.18, and 1.23/1.1), 1.15 (1.44/1.25, 1.36/1.18, and 1.28/1.1), and 1.20 (1.50/1.25, 1.42/1.18, and 1.34/1.1) Arg/Lys divided into different amounts according to the nutritional needs of starter, grower, and finisher diets, respectively. The results showed that in the finisher phase, the FI was influenced cubically, while in the overall period, a quadratic effect was observed for the FI (p < 0.05). The results of BWG showed that BWG was linearly increased in birds given different Arg/Lys in the grower, finisher, and overall period (p < 0.05). The results also showed that during the grower, finisher, and overall phases, the body weight gain (BWG) was better in birds fed with 1.05 and 1.10 Arg/Lys (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a better feed conversion ratio (FCR) was shown in the starter and grower phases at 1.10 and 1.15 Arg/Lys (p < 0.05). The results of nutrient digestibility explored showed that the experimental treatments had a better effect (p < 0.05) on dry matter and crude fat digestibility in birds fed with 1.19/1.25, 1.12/1.18, and 1.05/1.1 and 1.25/1.25, 1.18/1.18, and 1.1/1.1 Arg/Lys in their diets while the crude protein digestibility remained unaffected with different treatments (p > 0.05). The treatments had no effect (p > 0.05) on relative organ weights, immune organs, and carcass characteristics. However, higher titers of ND and IBD were observed in birds fed with Arg/Lys of 1.38/1.25, 1.30/1.18, and 1.23/1.1 and 1.50/1.25, 1.42/1.18, and 1.34/1.1 in their diets (p < 0.05). Based on the results of the current study, it is concluded that the inclusion levels of 1.38/1.25, 1.30/1.18, and 1.23/1.1, and 1.44/1.25, 1.36/1.18, and 1.28/1.1 Arg/Lys resulted in better growth performance and immune response in the broiler birds, respectively. Therefore, adjusting the levels of Arg/Lys in feed is recommended to enhance broilers' growth performance and immune response.

Exploring the Potential Effects of Soybean By-Product (Hulls) and Enzyme (Beta-Mannanase) on Laying Hens During Peak Production.

This study determined the interaction between soybean hulls (SHs) and enzymes (β-mannanase) to improve the sustainability and efficacy of feeding programs for laying hens during peak production while ensuring the best health and efficiency. In a completely randomized design (CRD), 200 golden-brown hens were fed for four weeks (33 to 36 weeks) and randomly distributed into four groups, each containing four replicates of ten birds, with one group receiving a control diet (P0) and the others receiving diets that contained four combinations of SHs and enzymes (ENZs). e.g., 3% SHs and 0.02 g/kg ENZs (P1), 3% SHs and 0.03 g/kg ENZs (P2), 9% SHs and 0.02 g/kg ENZs (P3), and 9% SHs and 0.03 g/kg ENZs (P4). Although most egg quality measures remained similar, the P2 group showed enhanced (p = 0.630) egg weight, albumen weight, and height. Moreover, the P2 group improved gut (p < 0.05) shape by increasing villus width, height, crypt depth, and surface area throughout intestinal sections, while the P4 group markedly improved total cholesterol and LDL (p = 0.022) levels. The P1, P2, and P4 groups exhibited a significant enhancement in dry matter (p = 0.022) and crude fiber (p = 0.046) digestibility, while the P2 group demonstrated superior crude protein digestibility (p = 0.032), and the P1 and P2 groups showed increased crude fat digestibility compared to the other groups. In conclusion, adding 3% of SHs and 30 mg/kg of ENZs (β-mannanase) to the feed may help laying hens, enhance gut health and some egg quality indices, and decrease blood cholesterol and LDL levels without compromising nutrient digestibility.

Transforming Feather Meal Into a High-Performance Feed for Broilers.

The poultry industry faces challenges with the high cost and environmental impact of Soybean meal. Feather meal, a byproduct with low digestibility due to its keratin content, is a potential alternative. Recent biotechnological advances, including enzymatic and bacterial hydrolysis, have enhanced its digestibility and nutritional value. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of three different feather meal processing methods as partial replacements for soybean meal in broiler diets. The methods assessed included hydrolyzed feather meal treated with Streptomyces bacteria, commercial enzyme-treated feather meal, and boiled feather meal. Their effects on performance and nutrient digestibility were evaluated in Ross 308 male broiler chickens. The study involved 525 Ross 308 male broiler chickens were allocated to seven dietary treatments, which included a control diet and varying combinations of feather meal and soybean meal. Streptomyces sp. MSM5 was shown to effectively produce keratinase, enhancing the amino acid content of the feather meal. Birds fed diets containing 33% and 67% boiled feather meal exhibited significantly reduced body weight gain (BWG) and increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In contrast, birds fed diets with 33% hydrolyzed feather meal, treated with either enzymes or bacteria, showed similar BWG and FCR to those on the control diet. However, diets with 67% hydrolyzed feather meal led to significant reductions in performance (p < 0.05). Additionally, diets containing 33% and 67% boiled feather meal, as well as 67% hydrolyzed feather meal, resulted in significantly lower carcass percentage, breast muscle percentage, thigh muscle percentage, overall dry matter digestibility, and protein digestibility (p < 0.05). The results indicate that substituting as much as 33% of soybean meal with processed feather meal, particularly when treated with enzymes or bacteria, does not negatively impact broiler performance. Furthermore, the results underscore the potential of biotechnological treatments, such as bacterial keratin hydrolysis, to enhance the nutritional value of feather meal, transforming it into a high-quality, sustainable protein source for the poultry industry.

Effects of Bacillus subtilis addition to milk replacer on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal microbiota, and short-chain fatty acid concentration of Hu lambs

We aimed to investigate the effects of adding Bacillus subtilis to milk replacers on the incidence of diarrhea, growth performance, intestinal microbiota composition, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production in newborn Hu lambs. Thirty newborn lambs with similar genetic backgrounds and initial body weights were selected and nursed by their dams for 4 days before transitioning to a milk replacer. At age 7 days, the lambs were randomly assigned to two experimental groups of 15 lambs each: CON (basic milk replacer feeding) and BS (basic milk replacer feeding supplemented with 0.2% B. subtilis). At age 28 days, eight lambs in each group were randomly euthanized, and their colonic and cecal contents were collected for microbiological and SCFA analyses. The lambs were monitored daily to determine the incidence of diarrhea. The BS group showed significantly increased average daily feed intake and gain and significantly reduced incidence of diarrhea. Furthermore, dry matter digestibility and crude protein and ether extract content increased in the BS group compared with those in the CON group. Increased acetate and total SCFA concentrations were noted in the colon and cecum, with elevated propionate levels specifically in the cecum. Microbiota analysis revealed that B. subtilis supplementation enhanced microbial diversity and beneficially modulated bacterial communities. Potentially harmful bacteria showed significantly decreased abundance in the colon (Campylobacterota by 11.09% and Fusobacteriota by 2.98%), whereas beneficial bacteria exhibited increased abundance (Firmicutes by 8.9%, Actinobacteriota by 3.59%, Lactobacillus by 5.92%, and Bifidobacterium by 3.18%). Similar trends were observed in the cecum, with decreases in Campylobacterota (4.82%) and Fusobacteriota (3.12%) and increases in Bacteroidota (4.11%), Lactobacillus (3.75%), and Prevotella (3.59%). These findings indicate that adding 0.2% B. subtilis to the milk replacer is an effective approach for enhancing lamb growth performance, maintaining intestinal health, and improving the intestinal microbiota.

Effect of multi-strain probiotic supplementation as alternative to antibiotics on growth, blood biochemistry, ileal digestibility, bacterial growth, and gut histomorphology of broiler fed on poultry byproduct meal

ABSTRACT The study aimed to evaluate the effects of multi-strain probiotic (MSP) on broiler growth, health, and nutrient utilization under high animal protein concentrate conditions. Male Ross-308 broilers were assigned to four groups: a control (C), MSP at 50 mg/kg (MSP50), MSP at 100 mg/kg (MSP100), and Zinc bacitracin (ZB) as a positive control. MSP supplementation significantly improved feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion efficiency, with MSP100 demonstrating the best feed conversion ratio during both starter and finisher phases. MSP also enhanced dressing percentages and positively influenced blood lipid profiles. The supplementation reduced harmful bacterial growth (E. coli, Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens) while promoting beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus). Moreover, MSP positively impacted gut histomorphology, showing higher villus height, width, and crypt depth in the MSP100 group. Digestibility of dry matter and crude protein was enhanced in birds fed the MSP100 diet. Overall, MSP supplementation exhibited positive effects on broiler performance, health, and nutrient digestibility, indicating its potential as an antibiotic alternative for improving practices in the poultry feed industry.

Alpine pasture plant species affect in vitro rumen methane production and kinetics

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different plant species widespread in alpine pastures on in vitro rumen fermentation parameters and methane kinetic production. A total of 11 plant species were sampled at the beginning of the grazing season and used as substrates in an in vitro batch fermentation system. After 24h of fermentation, plants affected volatile fatty acids profiles, ammonia yield, and dry matter (DM) digestibilities. Carum carvi, Ranunculus. acris and Festuca rubra showed the highest total production of methane per unit of digested DM while Potentilla erecta was the species that produced less methane. In terms of methane as a percentage of the total gas, F. rubra had the highest value (28.9%) while R. acris had the lowest (24.2%). Total gas and methane production were monitored continuously and the percentage of methane in total gas was fitted with the Gompertz model. Plants differed significantly (p < .01) in methane production kinetics, including production rate decline (A), asymptotic methane concentration (B), time to maximum fermentation rate (TMFR), and maximum fermentation rate (MFR). C. carvi, Prunella grandiflora, and R. acris showed high values of MFR and the top values in the production rate decline (A > 0.9). The two grasses (F. rubra and Poa alpina) together with Hypericum maculatum showed an opposite behaviour with low values in MFR, A and a longer TMFR. The results of the methane production kinetics allow for an in-depth evaluation of plant species, adding further information to those registered at the end of fermentation.

The effects of poultry by-product meal and multi-strain probiotics on production performance, immune response, gut health and nutrient utilisation of broilers

This study assessed the potential of a commercial probiotic mixture on performance, gut health and nutrient utilisation of broilers-fed poultry by-product meal (PBM)-based diet. Three-hundred-and-twenty Ross-308-day-old broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial poultry hatchery. The chicks were randomly assigned to four different treatment groups, each consisting of four replicates (n = 10) in a randomised complete design. The positive control group (CON) was fed commercial poultry ration, and the negative control group (N-CON) was fed PBM partially replacing soybean meal at a 65% level. The MSP1 and MSP2 groups contained the same diet as the N-CON group but supplemented with multi-strain probiotics (MSP) at 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg. Overall N-CON group performed poorly, but the addition of probiotics in group MSP1 and MSP2 diets significantly improved performance. Feed efficiency and bird weight gain were improved (p < .05) by multi-strain probiotics supplementation in MSP1 and MSP2 groups compared to N-CON. The highest weight gain was observed in MSP2 and lowest in the N-CON group. Increasing levels of probiotics significantly increased villi length, width and surface area in probiotics-supplemented groups compared to non-supplemented groups. Dry matter and crude protein digestibility were improved (p < .05) in probiotics-supplemented groups compared to N-CON. In conclusion, PBM at a 6.5% level was successfully used to replace soybean meal with multi-strain probiotics supplementation without compromising broiler health.

Mixed silage of BRS capiaçu grass with spineless cactus: impacts on fermentative characteristics, chemical composition, and digestibility

ABSTRACT We determined the most suitable level of inclusion of spineless cactus in silage of BRS capiaçu on the fermentative profile and nutritional value of the silage produced. The treatments consisted of the inclusion of spineless cactus (Opuntia spp.) in BRS capiaçu grass ensilaged with increasing proportions (15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% of natural matter-NM) and a control treatment. A completely randomized design with five treatments and eight replications was used. The BRS capiaçu grass was harvested after 100 days of regrowth. For the silage, experimental PVC silos of known weights, 50 cm long and 10 cm in diameter, were used. The inclusion of spineless cactus in BRS capiaçu grass ensilage resulted in a linear increase in pH (P < 0.01), ammonia nitrogen content (P < 0.01), and effluent losses (P < 0.01). Quadratic effects were observed for lactic acid (P < 0.01) and acetic acid (P < 0.01), with respective maximum points for 22% and 24%. The highest values of the digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter, and neutral detergent fibre were found for inclusion levels of 47.11%, 42.35%, and 35.44%, respectively. The most suitable inclusion level was between 15 and 30% of NM.

NIR spectroscopy: Developing predictive models for chemical attributes and in vitro dry matter digestibility of Megathyrsus maximus cv. Tanzania

AbstractPastures in animal production are widely used, but production is conditioned to several factors. The nutritional composition of forage can be altered by soil conditions, season, plant maturity and morphology, so it is important to monitor its quality through chemical analysis. To optimize this type of analysis and speed up decision‐making by farmers and technicians, the use of near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a tool that has been successfully applied. This research aimed to develop predictive models for chemical components of Megathyrsus maximus cv. Tanzania using NIR spectroscopy. Laboratory determinations of ash, crude protein (CP), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of 345 forage samples were used as reference data and correlated with their NIRS spectra. To calibrate the models, principal component analysis and partial least squares regression were applied. The results indicated that the prediction models of the studied parameters presented a coefficient of determination (R2) equal to or greater than 0.90; residual predictive deviation rate (RPD) greater than 3.0; error interval ratio (RER) greater than 12; close mean square error values between calibration and validation; and optimal number of latent variables (LV) between seven and eight for model calibration. For CP and IVDMD prediction, the regions with the highest simultaneous contribution were 1,414, 1996 and 2,384 nm; while for NDF and ADF, 1714, 1784, 1786, 2,160, 2,320 and 2,450 nm. The success in the development of predictive models by NIR spectroscopy to evaluate dry matter digestibility and other main chemical attributes of M. maximus cv. Tanzania shows that the quality of the models developed in this study enables them to be used alternatively in routine laboratory analysis in a quick, reliable and accurate way.

Feeding biotreated rumen digesta affects nutrient digestion, ruminal fermentation, and blood parameters in calves

The objective of this research was to examine the impact of feeding biologically treated rumen digesta (BTRD) to Holstein steer calves at levels of 0, 10, 20, and 30% (DM-based) on feed consumption, nutrient digestion, growth performance, rumen fermentation, and plasma metabolites. Sixteen Holstein steer calves with an initial BW of 113 ± 8 kg were randomly allocated in a randomized complete design. Dietary inclusion of BTRD in calves diet did not altered (P < 0.05) total intakes of DM, OM, and CP, when compared to those on the control diet over the experiment, but improved (P < 0.01) NDF and ADF consumption. Dietary inclusion of BTRD by 20% increased significantly DM and OM digestibility, average daily gain and feed efficiency (FE) (P < 0.05) and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) during 60 to 120 days. Plasma glucose, triglyceride, total protein, creatinine, or urea-N concentrations between treatments were not affected, but uric acid was reduced linearly (P = 0.02) in steers given BTRD supplements. Supplemented diets containing BTRD had the highest levels of plasma cholesterol and HDL, which increased with increasing BTRD inclusion levels. BTRD supplements were found to lower MDA levels in steers than control diets. This study found that dietary BTRD supplementation improved performance and health status of Holstein steer calves as well as their oxidative parameters.

Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Propionic Acid on Fermentation Characteristics, Chemical Composition, and Aerobic Stability of High-Moisture Corn Grain Silage.

This investigation aimed to assess the effect of additives on the aerobic stability, fermentation profile, and chemical composition of high-moisture corn grain silage. The corn grain was milled and divided this into four distinct treatment groups: Lentilactobacillus buchneri, propionic acid, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, and no additive (control). The capacity of the silos was 1 L and density was 1000 kg/m3. Each group had three replicates and was fermented for 45 d. At silo opening, one part of silage was used for fermentation parameters, chemical composition, and in vitro dry matter digestibility analysis; another part was used for aerobic stability determination. Compared with the control, all additives increased lactic acid and dry matter concentrations (p < 0.001) and decreased neutral detergent fiber level (p < 0.001). In comparison with the control, the application of Lentilactobacillus buchneri and propionic acid improved silage aerobic stability, showed by lower pH level and yeast and mold populations after exposure to air. The findings offer theoretical groundwork and technological backing for the use of high-moisture corn grain silage.

Effect of Total Mixed Fountain Grass Pellets on The Growth Performance of Goats

Purpose: Feed quality is inconsistent throughout the year. The nutrient composition of feed supplies is affected by the transition from wet to dry seasons, which also decreases digestibility. This study evaluated the effect of varying levels of fountain grass hay total mixed ration (TMR) pellets on the apparent digestibility, growth performance, and blood profile of Djallonké Goats in the Savanna agroecological zone of Ghana. Design/Methodology/Approach: The experimental treatments were T0 (unpelleted hay), T1 (75% pelleted hay total mixed ration), T2 (50% pelleted hay total mixed ration), and T3 (25% pelleted hay total mixed ration). Sixteen (16) weaned male Djallonke goats (5.190 kg) were randomly divided into four treatments (four bucks/treatment) using a completely randomised design (CRD). After adaptation for 14 d, the animals were fed for 84 d and 7 d to determine the digestibility coefficient. Findings: Goats fed total mixed ratio (TMR) hay pellets exhibited significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) dry matter intake (DMI) and digestibility coefficients than those fed unpelleted hay. The average daily gain (ADG) was significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) in T0 and lowest in T3. Haematological and serological parameters did not differ significantly among the treatments (p&gt;0.05). Research Limitation: This study examined the feed intake, nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and blood profile of Djallonké Goats. Its results cannot be generalised to the entire livestock industry. Practical Implication: Hay pellets could serve as an alternative feed resource for ruminants, reducing production costs and ensuring the sustainability of the animal industry in Ghana. Social Implication: This study will help address dry season feeding challenges and ensure the sustainability of the livestock industry. Originality/value: This study highlights the potential of Pennisetum purpureum hay as an underutilised native pasture that could improve ruminant production in Northern Ghana.