Dry Grass Research Articles

Enhancing water use efficiency in vegetable crops

Drip irrigation technique is very useful for the row planted crops like vegetables and irrigating the crops of hill sides and rolling grounds. In vegetables, drip irrigation is known to save 25–70% of water depending on soil, climate, crop and variety. The irrigation efficiency of drip system is very high (85–90%). Experiments conducted at ICAR- IIVR, Varanasi indicated that surface drip irrigation can save about 55–62%, 34%, 31% and 38% water, respectively in tomato, cucumber, okra and broccoli. Drip irrigation, if combined with plastic mulch, can further save 15–35% more water with improved water use efficiency. Mulching experiments revealed that in tomato, about 11% and 15% water savings were achieved with use of black polythene and transparent polythene mulch, but when black polythene mulch was used in combination of raised bed planting or drip irrigation, 46% and 66% water savings, respectively were achieved as compared to absolute control. On the other hand, organic mulches such as straw, dry grass, plant residues, etc are also equally effective to conserve soil moisture thereby saving of water, besides improving physico-chemical properties of soil.

Revision of the Species Composition of Slime Molds in the Ile Alatau (Kazakhstan)

After the revision, it was found that the biota of slime molds in the Ile Alatau (Kazakhstan) has 62 species. The article provides a systematic list of slime molds. In the Ile Alatau these fungi-like organisms are represented by two classes: Protosteliomycetes and Myxomycetes. The Myxomycetes class is more widely represented and has 4 orders. The largest number of species is characteristic of the genera Trichia (8 species), Physarum (6), Arcyria, Diderma (5 species each) and Badhamia (4 species). The most common species in the research area are Lycogala epidendrum, Fuligo septica, Hemitrichia clavata, Trichia varia, Stemonitis axifera, S. fusca, S. splendens and Stemonitopsis typhina. Representatives of slime molds were found on various 18 substrates. The largest number of slime molds species (54) was recorded on Picea schrenkiana. There are 13 species on Populus tremula and 4 species on Betula tianschanica. The remaining substrates are characterized by 1-2 species. It is necessary to note the species of the genus Diderma that appear in early spring after snowfall: Diderma niveum, found on Artemisia juncea and representatives of Poaceae, and D. radiatum on dry grasses, leaves and branches of shrubs.

История древесно-кустарниковых сообществ крупнейшего байрачно-балочного местообитания Заволжья

История древесно-кустарниковых сообществ крупнейшего байрачно-балочного местообитания Заволжья

Chemical characteristics of the compost of waste from the production and slaughter of small ruminants

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess the chemical characteristics of a continuous aerobic composting process with passive aeration of feed material from the production and slaughter of small ruminants at different moisture levels. The composting process was performed in a brick barn with solid residues (manure and carcass parts) from the slaughter of goats and sheep along with chopped dry elephant grass and tree trimmings. The treatments employed three moisture contents (30, 50, and 70% water) and four sample collections at timed intervals (0, 30, 60, and 120 days), with three repetitions. The variables evaluated were the chemical attributes of the generated compost. The compositing process increased the concentrations of the elements Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn and reduced the pH, lignin, and lignin/nitrogen ratio. The levels of N, P, and B increased up to 111, 61, and 94 days, respectively, whereas no change in the K content occurred. At the end of the process at 120 days, the contents of N, P, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, and electrical conductivity were increased by 33.7, 6.3, 17.5, 16.3, 666, 22, 31.3, 49.7, 30.4, 29.4 and 16.1%, respectively. The pH and lignin values decreased by 8.4 and 27.2%, respectively.

Influence of the <sup>137</sup>Cs and <sup>90</sup>Sr Vertical Migration Intensity on the Extent of their Transfer to Natural Dry Meadow Grass

Influence of the <sup>137</sup>Cs and <sup>90</sup>Sr Vertical Migration Intensity on the Extent of their Transfer to Natural Dry Meadow Grass

Vermicomposting using the earthworm with various organic materials

Aim of the research is to learn more about vermicomposting process, which involves procedures like constructing a station for vermicomposting, importing an earthworm for compost (Eisenia), as well as generating vermicomposting from dry grass clippings, cow dung, as well as rice straw. The vermicomposting produced is of great value to ultimate user such as farmer, who may use it to replace chemical fertilisers and obtain highest price for organic products by using locally accessible composting materials. Eisenia is utilized for vermicomposting with three distinct treatments: grass, rice straw grass, and rice straw. During the procedure, the pH, humidity, and temperature are all recorded. After two (02) and four (04) months. Sigma Plot 12.0 is used to conduct statistical analysis on the findings. The temperature is in the range of 1–36°C for all three treatments, the humidity is between 79.5 to 99.5 percent, as well as the pH varied between 5.5 and 7.5 until stabilising upon 59th day. Mixture of the rice straw as well as the grass generated the highest vermicomposting (105 kg/m2), followed by grass (102.5 kg/m2) and rice straw (87 kg/m2).

Silvicultural Efficiency of the Thinning Efficiency of Pinus sylvestris L. Plantation in the Dry Subzone of Northern Kazakhstan Steppes

Aim of study: Thinning efficiency after 18 years of cutting at the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) plantations, in the subzone of the dry grass steppe, were examined.
 Area of study: On 45-year-old Scots pine plantations on the territory of the state enterprise "ZhasylAimak" in Nur-Sultan city in the Northern Kazakhstan.
 Material and methods: The plantations were established by high density planting (13,300 seedlings/ha) of 2-year old seedlings. The planting was carried out on forest-suitable soils. To assess the silvicultural efficiency of the thinning in the plantation, the coefficient of growth tension or a complex estimated figure (CEF) was used.
 Main results: The research confirm that Scots pine plantations can be established in the subzone of dry fescue feather-grass steppe (Festuca valesiaca-Stipetum capillatae Sillinger 1930). The maximum silvicultural effect of thinning was achieved with three steps. In the 1st step of the thinning of the forest, 10-15 years old trees are cut down. Trees with over-developed crown are also cut down. The 2nd step is made in 25-30 years with thinning intensity of 25% by stock. The 3rd step is made in 40-50 years in a uniform way.
 Highlights: In the harsh climatic conditions of Northern Kazakhstan steppe, deciduous trees and shrubs begin to age and die much earlier than the long-lived Scots pine.

CATATAN PERKEMBANGBIAKAN MELIPHAGA DADA-LURIK (Microptilotis reticulatus) DI PULAU TIMOR DAN INFORMASI TERHADAP PERDAGANGANNYA

Streak-breated honeyeater (Microptilotis reticulatus) is one of the endemic honeyeater birds from Meliphagidae family. Biological information on this species is very limited and poorly known. Field observation was carried out on the active nest found in 2 October 2013. In addition, investigation on social media (facebook) was carried out to examine the exploitation on this species. The results shows that the cup-shaped nest is 5.6 cm in diameter and 4.9 cm in depth, made by wood fibre, dry grass, glued by cotton fibre from plants and spider web on small branch. Nowadays M. reticulatus is trapped and traded without any regulation from management authority. As many as 651 individuals has been trapped and sold between 2016 and 2019.

Influence of the shape and size of the ground targets on the accuracy of photogrammetric processing

The materials obtained from the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) are used to solve many problems, including large-scale mapping and monitoring of linear objects, as well as the ecological situation and monitoring of emergency situations. The promptly obtained photographic materials make it possible to reveal the consequences of man-made human impact associated with degradation of the soil cover, flooding of lands, salinization and pollution of the soil layer, and changes in the vegetation cover. Control points are used for absolute orientation of the generated models in the most projects of photogrammetric processing of aerial photos and images obtained from UAVs. In areas with low contour, before aerial survey, targeting is carried out in the required zones. The research is devoted to the study of the influence of the shape of ground targets on the accuracy of photogrammetric processing. It involved three different types of ground targets located on the land cover along the survey path at a distance not exceeding 1 m from each other. The targets were used as ground control points in the photogrammetric processing of the materials from the UAV. Two three-stripe photographic surveys of the 900 m long track were carried out: with UAV DJI PHANTOM 4 PRO camera FC6310 at a scale of 1:3400 and ground resolution of 1 cm and with the DJI Mavic PRO UAV camera FC220 at a scale of 1:12 700 and ground resolution of 2 cm. In both cases, the direction of flight is north - south, 36 targets were included in the photogrammetric processing. In the first case, 502 images were processed, in the second - 152. The photogrammetric processing for the orthophoto mosaic generation was carried out using the Agisoft Photo Scan Professional software. Four different contrasting sites in the study area were selected for the study: green grass, dry grass, clay, sand. Accuracy was assessed according to two criteria: 1) the degree of visualization of the target on the images; 2) the accuracy of the orthophoto mosaic, generated using various targets.

Early-Life Dam-Calf Contact and Grazing Experience Influence Post-Weaning Behavior and Herbage Selection of Dairy Calves in the Short Term.

Rearing dairy calves with their mothers could teach them how to graze, optimizing grass use, and improving their welfare and performance. We tested the short-term effects of dam-calf contact experience on grazing and social behavior of weaned calves, monitored over seven days for their first post-weaning grazing experience. “Dam” (D) calves were reared and grazed with their mothers until weaning. “Mixed” calves (M) were separated from their mothers after 4 ± 0.5 weeks, they experienced dam-calf contact, but not grazing. “Standard” (S) calves had never experienced either dam-calf contact (separated at birth) or grazing. Each group grazed an equivalent pasture plot offering heterogeneous herbage. Scan sampling of calves' activities was performed every 5 min, 6 h per day, on Days 0, 1, 2, 3, and 7. Daily, the time when calves started grazing after introduction to pasture, and the number and duration of their grazing cycles were measured. Daily activities were differentiated into ingestion, rumination, and idling. The proportion of time that calves spent grouped with other individuals or isolated, and standing or lying were recorded. When grazing, their bites were characterized by botanical family group, height of the selected bite and vegetation status. Individual average daily gains from the 2-week periods before and after grazing were calculated, and were equivalent between groups (313 ± 71 g/d). On Day 0, D-calves started grazing immediately (1 ± 4.1 min), unlike M- and S-calves (39 ± 4.1 and 23 ± 4.1 min), and D-calves grazed patches of dry grass 21.7 times less than M-calves and 16.9 times less than S-calves. Dry herbage patch preference and grazing start time differences disappeared on Day 1. Calves spent the same time ingesting and idling, but M-calves spent on average 1.6 times less ruminating than D- or S-calves. The D-calves showed grazing behavior similar to that of adult cows, selecting grasses throughout pasture utilization, although legumes and forbs were present in the grazed layer. On the contrary, M- and S-calves did not express any specific preference. The S-calves spent more time isolated but had more positive reciprocal interactions than the calves in the other groups.

Contributions of Effective Microorganisms and Organic Materials on Microbial Activities

A pot experiment was conducted in the screen house of the Teaching and Research Farm of Rivers State University (RSU)from March to July, 2018 to determine the effects of Effective Microorganisms Activated Solution (EMAS) and organic materials (poultry manure (PM) and dry grasses (DG)) on microbial population and activities. The six treatments made up of 2 levels of EMAS and 3 levels of organic materials were replicated three times and arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The treated soils were incubated for 4 weeks and samples collected for microbial count and carbon dioxide evolution. Microbial activities were monitored weekly for 4 weeks. The results show a significant difference (p<0.05) between soil+ effective microorganisms activated solution (SO+EMAS), soil + poultry manure + effective microorganism activated solution(S+PM+EMAS), soil + dry grasses + effective microorganism activated solution (S+DG+EMAS), soil + poultry manure (S+PM), soil + dry grasses (S+DG) and the control soil only (SO). The population of heterotrophic bacterial were significantly different, S+EMAS had the highest (9.82x109CFU/g) and the control (SO) had the least population (1.38x109CFU/g) before planting, SO had the highest population count (4.63x108 CFU/g) and S+DG had the least population count of bacteria (4.10x107CFU/g) after harvest, also a significant different exist among the treatments on CO2 evolution, S+PM had the highest mean value (0.06mg), S+EMAS had the least value (0.002mg). The results show that soils amended with EMAS improved bacterial count, lowers CO2 evolution, soils amended with PM improved CO2 evolution. Hence recommending that EMAS and organic matter (especially PM) should be used for the improvement of soil microbial population to enhance nutrient availabilities for plants and to create a sustainable agriculture.

Effect of pasture cover and height on nutrient concentrations in diverse swards in the UK

AbstractA total of 445 pasture samples were collected from six fields representing a wide range of dry grass content (0–100%), and grass, legume, herb, flower and weed species. Fields were located in the grass‐dominated and temperate regions of western UK and monitored monthly for 9 months during late summer, autumn and winter months. The pasture properties assessed included measurements of percentage of grass content, height (in centimeters), pasture cover (fresh weight (FW) and dry matter (DM) in kg /ha) and pasture density (FW and DM in kg ha−1cm−1) and nutrient concentrations (DM, crude protein, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), sugars, ash, digestible organic matter in the DM (DOMD), oil, nitrate nitrogen and metabolizable energy (ME)). This study showed that across the pastures studied, increasing both pasture height and DM cover brought a desirable increase in crude protein, sugars, DOMD, oil and ME for grazing systems. Seasonal changes in nutrient concentrations of diverse swards will occur; however, differences in nutrient concentrations among swards can be minimized by the grass species present and/or mix with broadleaf plants, and management of grass maturity.

Fire hazard mitigation in distribution systems through high impedance fault detection

This paper assesses methods to reduce wildfires caused by power systems due to high impedance faults (HIFs). HIFs have been challenging researchers and utilities for years since their current magnitudes are below traditional overcurrent relay pickups. Most of HIFs include igniting arc between a conductor and a ground surface that may cause fire and human safety issues. Operating behavior of uni-grounded, ungrounded, multi-grounded, and high impedance grounded distribution systems are described and an actual uni-grounded system in Northern Nevada is considered for HIF study. Two different HIF detection methods based on non-harmonic and odd-harmonic content of fault currents that can be used in a substation-based protective relay are described and tested in a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) platform using a real-time digital simulator (RTDS). HIFs in different ground surfaces such as wet sand, dry sod, dry grass, wet sod, wet grass, and reinforced concrete are modelled in RSCAD software. Practical merits of the two HIF detection methods embedded in a utility-based relay is evaluated. The limitations of the relay and solutions for mitigating the fire and human safety hazard are discussed.

Head-started Agassiz’s desert tortoises Gopherus agassizii achieved high survival, growth, and body condition in natural field enclosures

We measured survival, growth, and body condition of 8 hatchling cohorts of desert tortoisesGopherus agassizii(living in predator-resistant outdoor pens in the Mojave Desert, California, USA) over 11 yr to evaluate head-starting methods. At 11 yr of age, 7 times as many of the first cohort had survived than if they had been free-living tortoises. Subsequent improvements in predator control, food and water supplementation, and pen structure increased survival from 7 to 10 times that under wild conditions in younger cohorts. Annual survival averaged 96%. Carapace length (CL) increased 6.95 mm yr-1, similar to that of free-living tortoises. Annual growth rates varied with calendar year (possibly reflecting food and water supply), age, cohort (year hatched), mother, and in 4 dry years, with crowding. Most of the first cohort grew to a releasable size (CL >100 mm) by their 9th year. Body condition indices remained high, indicating little dehydration despite droughts in 8 of the 11 years, because irrigation offered drinking opportunities. Head-started tortoises developed fully hardened shells (≥98% of adult shell hardness) earlier (10.1 vs. 11.6 yr), but at a larger CL (117 vs. 104 mm) than did free-living tortoises. Selective feeding in head-start pens decreased subsequent germination of favored wildflower species, apparently by reducing the natural seedbank. Consequently, we reseeded and irrigated each autumn to promote subsequent spring food supply. We irrigated in early summer to enable drinking and ensuing consumption of dry, dead plants and Bermuda grass hay, a supplement. These procedures can greatly improve juvenile survivorship, and increase numbers of hard-shelled, midsized juveniles to help augment wild populations.

PROSPECT-PRO for estimating content of nitrogen-containing leaf proteins and other carbon-based constituents

Models of radiative transfer (RT) are important tools for remote sensing of vegetation, allowing for forward simulations of remotely sensed data as well as inverse estimation of biophysical and biochemical traits from vegetation optical properties. Estimation of foliar protein content is the key to monitor the nitrogen cycle in terrestrial ecosystems, in particular to assess the photosynthetic capacity of plants and to improve nitrogen management in agriculture. However, until now physically based leaf RT models have not allowed for proper spectral decomposition and estimation of leaf dry matter as nitrogen-based proteins and other carbon-based constituents (CBC) from optical properties of fresh and dry foliage. Such an achievement is the key for subsequent upscaling to canopy level and for development of new Earth observation applications.Therefore, we developed a new version of the PROSPECT model, named PROSPECT-PRO, which separates the nitrogen-based constituents (proteins) from CBC (including cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, starch and sugars). PROSPECT-PRO was calibrated and validated on subsets of the LOPEX dataset, accounting for both fresh and dry broadleaf and grass samples. We applied an iterative model inversion optimization algorithm and identified the optimal spectral ranges for retrieval of proteins and CBC. When combining leaf reflectance and transmittance within the selected optimal spectral domains, PROSPECT-PRO inversions revealed similarly accurate CBC estimates of fresh and dry leaf samples (respective validation R2 = 0.96 and 0.95, NRMSE = 9.6% and 13.4%), whereas a better performance was obtained for fresh than for dry leaves when estimating proteins (respective validation R2 = 0.79 and 0.57, NRMSE = 15.1% and 26.1%). The accurate estimation of leaf constituents for fresh samples is attributed to the optimal spectral feature selection procedure.We further tested the ability of PROSPECT-PRO to estimate leaf mass per area (LMA) as the sum of proteins and CBC using independent datasets acquired for numerous plant species. Results showed that both PROSPECT-PRO and PROSPECT-D inversions were able to produce comparable LMA estimates across an independent dataset gathering 1685 leaf samples (validation R2 = 0.90 and NRMSE = 16.5% for PROSPECT-PRO, and R2 = 0.90 and NRMSE = 18.3% for PROSPECT-D). Findings also revealed that PROSPECT-PRO is capable of assessing the carbon-to‑nitrogen ratio based on the retrieved CBC-to-proteins ratio (R2 = 0.87 and NRMSE = 15.7% for fresh leaves, and R2 = 0.65 and NRMSE = 28.1% for dry leaves). The performance assessment of newly designed PROSPECT-PRO demonstrates a promising potential for its involvement in precision agriculture and ecological applications aiming at estimation of leaf carbon and nitrogen contents from observations of current and forthcoming airborne and satellite imaging spectroscopy sensors.

Environmental Armed Conflict Assessment Using Satellite Imagery

Abstract Armed conflicts not only affect human populations but can also cause considerable damage to the environment. Its consequences are as diverse as its causes, including; water pollution from oil spills, land degradation due to the destruction of infrastructure, poisoning of soils and fields, destruction of crops and forests, over-exploitation of natural resources and paradoxically and occasionally reforestation. In this way, the environment in the war can be approached as beneficiary, stage, victim or/and spoil of war. Although there are few papers that assess the use of remote sensing methods in areas affected by warfare, we found a gap in these studies, being both outdated and lacking the correlation of remote sensing analysis with the causes-consequences, biome features and scale. Thus, this paper presents a methodical approach focused on the assessment of the existing datasets and the analysis of the connection between geographical conditions (biomes), drivers and the assessment using remote sensing methods in areas affected by armed conflicts. We aimed to find; weaknesses, tendencies, patterns, points of convergence and divergence. Then we consider variables such as biome, forest cover affectation, scale, and satellite imagery sensors to determine the relationship between warfare drivers with geographical location assessed by remote sensing methods. We collected data from 44 studies from international peer-reviewed journals from 1998 to 2019 that are indexed using scientific search engines. We found that 62% of the studies were focused on the analysis of torrid biomes as; Tropical Rainforest, Monsoon Forest / Dry Forest, Tree Savanna and Grass Savanna, using the 64% Moderate-resolution satellite imagery sensors as; Landsat 4-5 TM and Landsat 7 ETM+. Quantitative analysis of the trends identified within these areas contributes to an understanding of the reasons behind these conflicts.

Effect of sowing methods and nutrient management on growth and yield of Cenchrus setigerus for resource utilization in dryland regions

A field experiment was conducted from 2012 to 2015 at Dry land Farming Research Station, Arjia, Bhilwara (Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan) with an objective to utilize the inter row space in existing neem tree rows to improve the productivity of waste and problematic land which were completely degraded and there were only some unproductive local grasses in small patches between the neem trees. The experiment consisting of nine treatment combinations, three sowing method for establishment of Cenchrus setigerus grass (Direct seed sowing, Mud ball/Pallet sowing and socking seed in 50 ppm CuSO4 @ solution for 16 hour) and three nutrient levels (No fertilizer, 10 kg N with 15 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 20 kg N with 30 kg P2O5 ha-1) in factorial RBD with three replications. Sowing of Cenchrus setigerus seed as mud ball (pallet) and application of 20 kg N and 30 kg P2O5/ha enhance the germination percent, number of clump per meter row length, number of slips per clump and height of the grass. Further, as pooled mean basis sowing of Cenchrus setigerus grass seed as mud ball (pallet) with application of 20 kg N with 30 kg P2O5 /ha gave significantly higher seed yield (88.89 kg/ha) and dry grass yield (26.72 kg /ha) which were 103.04 and 90 percent higher in comparison to direct seed sowing (43.78 kg/ha and 1406 kg/ha), respectively.

Determination of Macronutrient Contents of Dry Grass of Some Vetch Species in Different Mixing Ratios with Barley

This research was carried out to determine the macronutrient content in dry grass of barley, which is mixed with common vetch and hairy vetch in different proportions. Field trials were conducted at Siirt University (Turkey) for two years in the winter season of 2017-18 and 2018-19. Common vetch (YF), hairy vetch (TF) and barley (A) plants were grown sole, and each vetch species was grown mixed with barley in four different mixing ratios (80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80). Phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) ratios were determine in the harvested grass. As the average of two years; the highest Ca content (1.08%) was obtained by the "20 YF + 80A" mixture, whereas the highest K content (4.50%) was obtained from the "sole common vetch", the highest Mg content (0.21%) was obtained from the "80YF + 20A" mixture and the highest P content (0.34%) was obtained from the "20TF + 80A" mixture. It is found that the grass of these legumes in sole and their mixture with barley are at a sufficient level in terms of Ca and K; but in terms of Mg and P, they were found below the required limit value for feed rations. It was concluded that the Ca / P ratio of hay obtained from both sole and mixed cultivation poses a risk for animal health. According to these results; it is proposed to add Mg and P-containing substances to the studied grasses. Or mixing them with Mg and P-rich feeds might be a good option.

Analysis of the heat budget of standard, cool and watered pavements under lab heat-wave conditions

The thermal behavior of 12 standard and cool pavement structures (asphalt, granite, stabilized sand, cobblestones, reflective paints, pervious concretes, dry grass, etc.) coupled with pavement-watering is studied in the lab under heat-wave-like conditions. Watering is fine-tuned for each structure to maximize cooling and minimize water consumption using two linear cooling regimes, before deployment in the field. The surface heat budget is closely studied and the partitioning of irradiance and net radiation into conductive, convective, radiative and cooling flux at surface is analyzed for each structure. Energy partitioning, surface temperature increase and optimal watering rates all exhibit good correlation with overall surface absorptivity. The transmitted flux at varying depths is also characterized using a transmission index that includes surface absorptivity and apparent conductivity of the traversed layers. Results of this study intend to improve our understanding of the energy balance of cool pavements compared to traditional ones under given weather conditions, as well as that of processes involved in the optimization of their evaporative cooling versus watering rate. Benefits of each pavement, efficiency of the method, limitations of the protocol and its potential transposition to the field are all discussed in this contribution.

Performance Assessment of Field-scale Dry Grass Swale with Shallow Substrate Layer

A field-scale dry grass swale with impermeable bottom and shallow substrate layer was built in Shanghai, where the groundwater table is very high, to avoid groundwater pollution caused by runoff infiltration. The underdrain pipe of the facility was up bended to avoid outside water flowing backward because local ground elevation is very low. Performance of the facility under the actual precipitation conditions was evaluated in the rainy season of 2019. The average runoff volume reduction is 39.4%, and the peak flow is reduced effectively when rain intensity is lower than 8.0 mm ·h-1. Influent mass load reduction of TSS, COD, TP, and TN are 95.4%, 83.1%, 90.0%, and 57.7%, respectively. Wood chips in the substrate layer and the saturated zone are effective for denitrification during the wet and dry periods, respectively. Hydraulic loading rate and antecedent drying period are the main factors affecting denitrification. Improved influent quality combined with the storage volume supplied by the local urban river network could meet the goal of annual runoff volume reduction and annual pollution load removal in districts with high groundwater levels.