Dry Forest Areas Research Articles

Estimation of potential groundwater recharge in a growing touristic neotropical dry forest area

Estimation of potential groundwater recharge in a growing touristic neotropical dry forest area

Climate change is expected to reduce the potential distribution of Ceiba glaziovii in Caatinga, the largest area of dry tropical forest in South America

Ecological niche modeling is a widely used tool to predict species distribution considering current, past, or future climate change scenarios across different geographic areas. Modeling scenarios allow researchers to assess the impacts of climate change on species distribution and identify priority areas for conservation. This study aimed to model the current and future potential distribution of Ceiba glaziovii under different climate change scenarios in Brazil. The MaxEnt algorithm was used to correlate species occurrence points with bioclimatic variables in current and future climate scenarios. Four General Circulation Models (GCMs) from CMIP6 were employed: BCC-CSM2-MR, CNRM-CM6-1, IPSL-CM6A-LR, and MIROC6, considering optimistic and pessimistic projections. The contribution of variables and model accuracy were assessed using the Jackknife statistical test and the Area Under the Curve (AUC) parameter. AUC values for current and future scenarios demonstrated high accuracy. The bioclimatic variables of precipitation and temperature were the main contributors to determining areas with higher habitat suitability. In the future climate scenario, there was a reduction in areas with good climatic suitability for all four GCMs, considering optimistic and pessimistic projections. Among the areas with high habitat suitability, the IPSL-CM6A-1 model in the optimistic projection showed the smallest reduction, while in the pessimistic scenario, all areas with high suitability disappeared. The species' climatic niche is expected to decrease under all tested climate change scenarios. The central areas of the Caatinga and its transition zones exhibit the highest climatic suitability in current and future scenarios and should be prioritized for the species' conservation.

Spatiotemporal analysis of wildfires and their relationship with climate and land use in the Gran Chaco and Pantanal ecoregions

The Gran Chaco and Pantanal ecoregions are the largest remaining dry forest areas in South America. Supporting diverse savanna, woodland and wetland ecosystems, these ecoregions are experiencing rapid changes in land use and fire occurrence with implications for ecosystem integrity. Our study characterizes the spatiotemporal patterns of wildfires in the Gran Chaco and Pantanal, and then examines the relationship between patterns of fire occurrence and climatic and anthropogenic drivers. We evaluated fire data of the last two decades (2001-2020) using the MODIS Collection 6.1 and the Global Fire Atlas products. Results of the fire pattern characterization were then used to model the probability of fire occurrence across each ecoregion (Random Forest, Generalized Linear Model, and Generalized Additive Model).Our results indicated that most of the total burned area belonged to the Humid Chaco, while the largest individual burned areas were mainly observed in the Pantanal. Fires primarily occurred during the dry season, with the majority of burned areas recorded during this period. Findings from the three modelling approaches consistently illustrated the spatial distribution of fire occurrence, depicting a declining probability of fire occurrence from East to West. All models underscored the importance of three variables to predict fire occurrence: temperature, livestock abundance and forest cover. Fire occurrence increased with increasing maximum temperatures and livestock presence and decreased with tree cover. This research helps to clarify the potential consequences of changes in land use, rainfall regime and temperature, and uncontrolled burning practices on the current fire activity in the Gran Chaco and Pantanal ecoregions. Understanding the spatiotemporal patterns of fire occurrence and their relationship with climatic, environmental and anthropogenic drivers can help to design more effective management strategies to mitigate fire impacts and to preserve the ecological integrity of these highly diverse regions

Carbon Flux Models in a Zonally Dry Tropical Forest Area (Caatinga)

Studies on energy exchange in ecosystems are critical for understanding carbon flows amid different vegetation patterns. In semi-arid areas, comprehending the variability in carbon absorption is essential for quantifying and anticipating the impacts of changes in the caatinga ecosystem. This study aims to calibrate and evaluate models for Gross Primary Production (GPP), Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE), and Ecosystem Respiration (Reco) in the caatinga biome. NEE measurements were obtained and calculated at 30-minute intervals using EddyPro 3.6 software, from raw data measured at 10 Hz. GPP was estimated by partitioning NEE and Reco, all measured in micromoles of CO2 per square meter per second (μmol CO2m⁻²s⁻¹) using the eddy covariance (EC) tower, installed in a legal reserve at Embrapa Semiárido, in Petrolina, Pernambuco, within a section of the caatinga canopy. Following the measurement of carbon fluxes and ecosystem respiration, field measurements were conducted using a portableFieldSpec HandHeld spectroradiometer to obtain the reflectance of the canopy around the turbulent eddy covariance tower. These measurements were carried out in 2015 in a preserved caatinga area. Multiple linear regression models weredeveloped to estimate carbon fluxes from orbital images, enabling accurate estimation of GPP, NEE, and Reco, using the MODIS/Terra Daily Surface Reflectance product (MOD09GA). The primary results demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed models, particularly the GPP model, which exhibited the best statistical indices (R = 0.97; R² = 0.95; Root Mean Square Error = 0.20). Observations from the EC tower indicated that the models developed to estimate NEE, GPP, and Reco, using visible and near-infrared reflectance data, accurately represented the dry period and effectively captured the phenological aspects of the caatinga ecosystem.

Tree architecture and leaf morphometry of Qualea grandiflora Mart. (Vochysiaceae) in a fragment of dry forest and pasture in the State of Goiás, Brazil

Investigating the functional traits of plant communities is extremely important for conserving habitats and plant species. This study aimed to evaluate the tree architecture and leaf morphometry of Qualea grandiflora (Vochysiaceae) in a fragment of semideciduous dry forest and pasture in the Boa Esperança settlement, municipality of Piracanjuba, State of Goiás, Brazil. Environmental, tree architecture, and foliar morphometry data were collected for seven trees in the semideciduous dry forest and five in the pasture area. We used the Shapiro-Wilk test to assess the normality of the collected data. The student t-test was used to compare the means of the functional traits between the two environments (forest and pasture). The average value of canopy cover was 85% for the semideciduous dry forest and 0% for the pasture. The mean values for leaf length and width were lower in the pasture. There was no significant difference in the petiole length in the two evaluated environments and for none of the functional traits related to the tree architecture. However, individuals of Qualea grandiflora grow better in the seasonal semideciduous dry forest, probably as a response to less stressful environmental conditions for this species. Thus, for sustainable exploitation by the local community, it is recommended that the tree matrices be chosen within the semideciduous dry forest area.

Activity of bats (Chiroptera) in extensive livestock systems in the Colombian Caribbean

Introduction: Extensive cattle ranching in tropical dry forest areas (TDF) has caused the transformation of natural ecosystems and altered the behavior of associated organisms, generating variation in activity patterns. In bats, the activity pattern is affected by the composition and vegetation structure of the ecosystem, and by the climatic season (dry and rainy). Objetive: In this study, the effect of conventional management systems (CS) and silvopastoral (SPS) of extensive livestock management on the bat activity patterns in the Colombian Caribbean was determined. Methods: The activity pattern of bats in TDF fragments associated with CS and SPS was compared within an annual cycle. The daily activity patterns of 11 species with records of more than 10 days in within management systems were determined. Results: Greater bat activity was recorded during the rainy season. We found that although bats show behavioral adaptation to the different management systems, in TDF fragments associated with SPS there is greater bat activity throughout the year, compared to the activity recorded in CS. Species with higher energetic requirements and degree of specialization (Phyllostomus hastatus, P. discolor and Glossophaga soricina) modified their activity patterns between CS and SPS management types. Conclusion: The TDF fragments associated in SSP, due to the vegetation composition and structure, probably favor the constant supply of resources suitable for the bats assemblage stability.

Inoculation with rhizospheric microorganisms in tropical dry forests restoration increased microbial diversity but had no effect on seedling growth

The diversity of soil microbial organisms is rarely considered in restoration scenarios, even though this diversity is an important component of the ecological complexity that we aim to understand. Plant growth promoting microorganisms can positively affect plants by providing nutrients regularly, producing phytohormones to stimulate root growth and development, and modifying the rhizosphere environment. The present study evaluated, over a 5‐month period, the effects of inoculation of Inga densiflora nurse seedlings with rhizospheric microorganisms taken from a neighbor forest habitat, in the context of an early‐stage ecological restoration project in a Tropical Dry Forest area invaded by Guinea grass (Panicum maximum). The inoculation's effect on two response variables was evaluated: (1) growth of the seedling (I. densiflora), and (2) the diversity of bacteria and fungi, with an emphasis on genera associated with rhizosphere that promote vegetation growth. Bacterial and fungal diversity were evaluated using the metabarcoding method and Hill numbers q = 0, 1, and 2. Significantly higher microorganism diversity was found in the rhizosphere of inoculated seedlings compared to non‐inoculated seedlings. However, no significant differences were found in the growth of inoculated versus non‐inoculated seedlings. This evidence suggests that, in the short term and through a restoration context, inoculating trees with microorganisms taken directly from a neighboring forest can increase bacterial diversity, and possibly also fungal diversity. While understanding the intricacies of these processes requires further study, this technique seems to be a promising approach for recovering the diversity of rhizosphere microbiomes during ecological restoration.

Distribuição espaço-temporal da biomassa e carbono florestal acima do solo em Floresta Tropical Seca sob pressão antrópica, Brasil

The present study aimed to characterize the spatiotemporal variability of aboveground biomass and carbon in two fragments of Dry Tropical Forest in the Brazilian semi-arid region using the kriging interpolation technique. One fragment experienced vegetation suppression for alternative land use, while the other had no history of use or wood extraction. The vertices of 80 plots (20 m x 20 m) were georeferenced, and biomass and carbon were estimated using allometric equations adjusted for Caatinga species. Spatial analyses and mapping of aboveground biomass and carbon were performed using GS+ software, with semivariograms fitted using spherical, exponential, and Gaussian models. The research aims to fill gaps regarding the impacts of inadequate forest exploitation in Dry Tropical Forests, specifically on the spatiotemporal distribution of biomass and carbon, as anthropogenic pressure can cause significant environmental degradation, resulting in reduced stocks. This investigation seeks to elucidate these dynamics and provide insights for management and conservation strategies based on robust empirical data, in addition to answering the following questions: Does the history of anthropogenic interventions in Dry Tropical Forest areas cause variations in the spatial distribution of biomass and carbon stocks that can be detected by the kriging method? Which attributes related to conservation and anthropogenic use reflect the spatial distribution of biomass and carbon stocks in Dry Tropical Forest areas? The results showed a strong spatial dependence of biomass and carbon stocks in both studied areas, indicating the influence of the areas’ use history. The conserved fragment presented a more homogeneous spatial distribution, suggesting that the selective and unauthorized wood extraction was dispersed throughout the area.

Expanding the knowledge of the bat fauna of the Brazilian Caatinga: new geographical records of molossid bats (Chiroptera, Molossidae) for the Chapada Diamantina region, with taxonomic notes.

The Caatinga, an exclusive biome in Brazil, is the largest tropical dry forest area in the Americas. It is characterized by a semi-arid climate and various soils that harbor a great diversity of flora and fauna. Novel records of aerial insectivorous bat species in the family Molossidae in the Chapada Diamantina, northeastern Brazil are presented. The study is based on field sampling of 115 molossid bat specimens from six genera and 12 taxonomically confirmed species, along with four taxa requiring further evaluation for definitive species identification. All specimens were obtained using mist nets around a small freshwater lagoon surrounded by semideciduous dry forest. The verified genera were Cynomops, Eumops, Molossops, Molossus, Neoplatymops, and Nyctinomops. Our findings enhance the understanding of bat diversity in the Brazilian Caatinga, with the first records of Eumopsdelticus, E.bonariensis, and Molossuscurrentium. The most abundant species were Molossusrufus, Eumopsglaucinus, Cynomopsplanirostris, Nyctinomopslaticaudatus, and Molossusmolossus. Previously unreported morphological and morphometric variations for these Caatinga taxa were examined. Additionally, information on sexual dimorphism in craniodental characteristics of Molossopstemminckii and variations in the presence of the sagittal crest in Neoplatymopsmattogrossensis are provided. Based on the voucher specimens from this study, the recognized number of species of Molossidae known from the Caatinga has increased to 21. Our results offer new insights into the taxonomy and biogeography of Neotropical molossids, highlighting their importance as members of bat communities in dry forest ecosystems from northeastern South America.

Home range overlap between small Indian mongooses and free roaming domestic dogs in Puerto Rico: implications for rabies management

The small Indian mongoose (Urva auropunctata) is the primary terrestrial wildlife rabies reservoir on at least four Caribbean islands, including Puerto Rico. In Puerto Rico, mongooses represent a risk to public health, based on direct human exposure and indirectly through the transmission of rabies virus to domestic animals. To date, the fundamental ecological relationships of space use among mongooses and between mongooses and domestic animals remain poorly understood. This study is the first to report mongoose home range estimates based on GPS telemetry, as well as concurrent space use among mongooses and free roaming domestic dogs (FRDD; Canis lupus familiaris). Mean (± SE) home range estimates from 19 mongooses in this study (145 ± 21 ha and 60 ± 14 ha for males and females, respectively) were greater than those reported in prior radiotelemetry studies in Puerto Rico. At the scale of their home range, mongooses preferentially used dry forest and shrubland areas, but tended to avoid brackish water vegetation, salt marshes, barren lands and developed areas. Home ranges from five FRDDs were highly variable in size (range 13–285 ha) and may be influenced by availability of reliable anthropogenic resources. Mongooses displayed high home range overlap (general overlap index, GOI = 82%). Home range overlap among mongooses and FRDDs was intermediate (GOI = 50%) and greater than home range overlap by FRDDs (GOI = 10%). Our results provide evidence that space use by both species presents opportunities for interspecific interaction and contact and suggests that human provisioning of dogs may play a role in limiting interactions between stray dogs and mongooses.

The genus <i>Ctenorillo</i> Verhoeff, 1942 (Oniscidea, Armadillidae) from Colombia: new records, new species, and conservation comments

The Armadillidae are the most diverse family within the Oniscidea, widely distributed around the world. To date, only seven species of the family are known from Colombia. After the examination of a collection from the Colombian departments of Atlántico, Bolívar, Cesar, Magdalena, Risaralda, Santander, and Sucre, eight species were recognized as belonging to the genus Ctenorillo, of which six are considered to be new to Science: C. binomio n. sp., C. humboldti n. sp., C. mincaensis n. sp., C. orientalis n. sp., C. papagayoensis n. sp., and C. tayrona n. sp. Moreover, the distribution knowledge of C. dazai and C. tuberosus has expanded. Ctenorillo species in Colombia are predominantly distributed in Tropical Dry Forest areas, which is one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world. Considering the new taxa presented here, allied with other Oniscidea groups, there is an urgent need to raise the awareness level regarding the conservation status of this ecosystem in the country.

Ground-dwelling ant diversity in forests and agricultural land use at Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve, Thailand

Abstract. Khongthawie S, Hasin S, Ponpinij S, Pinkaew N. 2023. Ground-dwelling ant diversity in forests and agricultural land use at Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve, Thailand. Biodiversitas 24: 5937-5946. Ants play essential roles in terrestrial ecosystems, for example, soil engineers, seed dispersers, biological control agents, and indicators to monitor environmental stress and disturbance. This research aimed to study the diversity and community composition of ground-dwelling ants at Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve and its surrounding areas. Pitfall traps collected ground-dwelling ants from three habitat types: agricultural areas, dry dipterocarp forests, and dry evergreen forests; the environmental factor in this work was soil temperature. The results revealed that 109 ant species in 40 genera belonging to 8 subfamilies. Notably, the dry dipterocarp forest exhibited the highest ant diversity with 71 species, followed by the dry evergreen forest and agricultural area with 62 and 54 species, respectively. Overall, the present study reveals that soil temperature and vegetation significantly influenced ant species composition; ant species being more likely to be found in forests than in agricultural areas, and species classified as uncommon groups based on occurrence were the largest group in every study site. Besides, the information on ant species obtained from this work had the potential to be used as bioindicator species for ecosystem management and human impacts on forests.

Occurrence and characterization of insect galls in two areas of tropical dry forest (caatinga) in São Francisco River Natural Monument, Brazil

The caatinga vegetation is an important natural laboratory for the study of how plants and gall-inducing insects interact in highly variable and stressful moisture regimes. Despite this, only five gall inventories have been conducted and its richness of inducing insects and host plants has been little known. To contribute to our knowledge of galls from caatinga habitats, we registered and characterized the macroscopic aspects of the galls, then identifed the plant hosts and their associated fauna in two areas of caatinga in São Francisco River Natural Monument (MONA). Nineteen morphotypes of galls were recorded on 11 plant belonging to eight genera and six host plant families. Of the total number of galls recorded, most occurred in the rainy season (n=13). Most of the galls are globoid (n=10), pilose (n=10), green (n=15), and isolated (n=12). Most of the gall-inducing insect species found belonged to Diptera (Cecidomyiidae). All morphotypes recorded in this study are the first ones recorded of galls and their host plants in MONA. We also recorded, for the first time, the occurrence of galls in the floral buds of Cnidoscolus obtusifolius Pohl ex Baill. (Euphorbiaceae), demonstrating the importance of conducting studies in areas not yet sampled in the Caatinga biome. It is expected that this study will stimulate future investigations, helping in the protection and conservation of this conservation area and consequently increasing our knowledge about its biodiversity.

Distribution of the northern pampas cat, Leopardus garleppi, in northern South America, confirmation of its presence in Colombia and genetic analysis of a controversial record from the country

Abstract The common name of pampas cat includes a complex of small Neotropical felid species found in various habitats of South America. Recently several species of this complex were proposed, but there are few records in the northernmost distribution of the continent, and reports of the pampas cat’s presence in Colombia have been ambiguous. Current northern limits of Leopardus garleppi are limited to the Andes of Ecuador. Here we present the northernmost record of the species, validating its presence in Colombia and review previous controversial records from the country. The new record is based on a road-killed specimen in a dry tropical forest ecosystem in the municipality of Mercaderes, Department of Cauca. Our morphological and genetic comparisons also shown that a previous record from Colombia supported by a single skin recently used to described a new species named Leopardus narinensis belong to Leopardus tigrinus. With the information compiled from new localities in Colombia and Ecuador, the known distribution range for L. garleppi is increased towards the northern part of South America into areas of Tropical Dry Forest. The distribution now includes 14 ecoregions from Colombia to Bolivia, and four in Colombia (Eastern Cordillera real montane forests, Northwestern Andean montane forests, Northern Andean paramo, and the Patía Valley dry forests), which correspond to similar ecosystems inhabited by the species in other Andean landscapes. The potential distribution hypothesis showed that the species has high suitability in large areas of southwestern Colombia (Nariño). With the recording of L. garleppi in Colombia, the number of extant felid species in the country has increased to seven.

Janusia anisandra (A. Juss.) Griseb (Malpighiaceae): The first case of enantiostyly in oil‐flower species

AbstractEnantiostyly is a floral polymorphism characterized by style deflection to the right and left, which results in flowers with mirror images. To date, enantiostyly occurs only in species that offer pollen or nectar as floral resource. Here we describe the first case of enantiostyly in an oil‐flower species. Janusia anisandra (A. Juss.) Griseb (Malpighiaceae) shows right and left‐styled flowers in individuals occurring in an area of tropical dry forest in Northeastern Brazil. We described the floral morphology, investigate the reproductive system, and made focal observations of flower visitors behaviour. J. anisandra has morphological traits that are part of the floral conservatism found in the neotropical species of Malpighiaceae, which preserves features that are decisive for the interaction with oil‐collecting bees of the Centridini tribe, performing a highly specialized pollination system. The six stamens (two major and four smaller), located in the center of the flower, characterizes heteranthery, an intrafloral polymorphism, in which the stamens differ in shape, size, and function and is commonly associated with enantiostyly. We identified the two floral morphs in the same individual, characterizing a monomorphic enantiostyly; each of the morphs differs by lateral displacement of the style to the right or to the left, always accompanied by one larger stamen. The species is moderately self‐compatible. Four species of solitary bees of the genus Centris were registered visiting the two morphs of J. anisandra flowers. Centris aenea and C. fuscata were the main pollinators, performing 65% of the visits. This new discovery of a classical monomorphic enantiostyly in J. anisandra opens the way for investigations in the evolution of this system in oil‐secreting flowers.

Importance of socio-economic and institutional factors in the collection of dry forest products: The case of gum and resin in Jawi District, Northwest Ethiopia

Although the important role of dry forests in livelihoods is immense, empirical evidence on the role of socioeconomic factors in the collection of dry forest products is still lacking. This study aimed to assess the determinants of household participation in dry forest product collection and its contribution to the household economy in Jawi district. The primary data were collected from 259 randomly selected households. The determinant factors affecting household participation in dry forest product (gum and resin) collection and the level of revenue from gum and resin were evaluated using a Heckman 2-stage selection model. According to the findings of this survey, dry forest revenue accounts for 23.69% of the total annual household income. Our findings reveal that age, proximity to the forest, distance to the market, participatory forest management (PFM) membership, frequency of forest extension, and poor wealth status have a substantial impact on a household's engagement in dry forest product collection and the level of income generated from engagement in dry forest product collection. Policies and strategies aimed at improving the well-being of households in the country's dry forest areas should focus on the market development of resources to boost the income of local people.

Physiological ecology and vulnerability to climate change of a microendemic, habitat-specialist lizard in a tropical dry forest of Mexico

The role of physiology on habitat specialization in terrestrial ectotherms constitutes a rarely addressed topic, despite the fact that habitat specialization often involves the coadaptation of multiple physiological traits, which in turn may confer a higher vulnerability to climate change. Here we documented aspects of the thermal and hydric physiology of Sceloporus macdougalli, a lizard restricted to granite boulders in a tiny area of a tropical dry forest of Mexico, and estimated its vulnerability to climate change. We aimed to determine the physiological and behavioral adjustments used by this species to cope with a striking seasonal environment, to elucidate whether ecophysiology could help explain its habitat specialization, microendemicity, and how increasing environmental temperatures will restrict activity of this species. The effectiveness of thermoregulation and indications of water conservation strategies changed markedly over seasons. As expected, granite boulders and associated vegetation were more suitable for thermo- and hydroregulation than surrounding (and unoccupied) habitat. However, our model indicated that by 2041-2060 climate change will restrict activity of this species, enhancing its threat of extinction. These results highlight the importance of granite microhabitats for the thermal and water relations of S. macdougalli, in the context of climate change, and suggest that the current habitat and range restriction of the species might be an outcome of its physiology, thus demanding urgent actions to preserve the species from extinction.

Microbial enzymatic stoichiometry and the acquisition of C, N, and P in soils under different land-use types in Brazilian semiarid

This study hypothesized that different land-use affect the microbial enzymatic stoichiometry and C-, N-, and P-acquisition in Brazilian semiarid soils. Thus, the enzymes β-glucosidase (C-acquiring enzyme), urease (N-acquiring enzyme), and acid phosphatase (P-acquiring enzyme) were assessed in soil samples collected at 0–5 and 5–10 cm depth from a tropical dry forest, a protected area with Angico, a protected area with Ipê, scrub area, and an agricultural area with maize. The values of C-, N-, and P-acquiring enzymes were used to calculate the enzymatic C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios. The values of C:P and N:P ratios were higher at 0–5 cm depth, while no significant variation, between soil depth, was observed for C:N ratio. The values of C- and N-acquiring enzymes were higher at 0–5 cm in tropical dry forest areas and Angico forest, respectively. In all land use types, the values of vectors L and A were higher than 1° and 45°, respectively. This study showed that both land-use and soil depth influence the enzymatic stoichiometry, showing higher values of C- and N-acquiring enzymes in native and protected forests at soil surface.

Land Use and Land Cover Change Monitoring and Prediction of a UNESCO World Heritage Site: Kaziranga Eco-Sensitive Zone Using Cellular Automata-Markov Model

The Kaziranga Eco-Sensitive Zone is located on the edge of the Eastern Himalayan biodiversity hotspot region. In 1985, the Kaziranga National Park (KNP) was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Nowadays, anthropogenic interference has created a significant negative impact on this national park. As a result, the area under natural habitat is gradually decreasing. The current study attempted to analyze the land use land cover (LULC) change in the Kaziranga Eco-Sensitive Zone using remote sensing data with CA-Markov models. Satellite remote sensing and the geographic information system (GIS) are widely used for monitoring, mapping, and change detection of LULC change dynamics. The changing rate was assessed using thirty years (1990–2020) of Landsat data. The study analyses the significant change in LULC, with the decrease in the waterbody, grassland and agricultural land, and the increase of sand or dry river beds, forest, and built-up areas. Between 1990 and 2020, waterbody, grassland, and agricultural land decreased by 18.4, 9.96, and 64.88%, respectively, while sand or dry river beds, forest, and built-up areas increased by 103.72, 6.96, and 89.03%, respectively. The result shows that the area covered with waterbodies, grassland, and agricultural land is mostly converted into built-up areas and sand or dry river bed areas. According to this study, by 2050, waterbodies, sand or dry river beds, and forests will decrease by 3.67, 3.91, and 7.11%, respectively; while grassland and agriculture will increase by up to 16.67% and 0.37%, respectively. The built-up areas are expected to slightly decrease during this period (up to 2.4%). The outcome of this study is expected to be useful for the long-term management of the Kaziranga Eco-Sensitive Zone.

Woody species distribution across a savanna-dry forest soil gradient in the Brazilian Cerrado.

Although richness and distribution of woody species in the Cerrado physiognomies have been extensively studied, the shifts of woody species from savanna physiognomies to dry forests have not yet been addressed. Here, we investigate the effect of soil physical-chemical traits on the woody species turnover between adjacent cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest physiognomies. Woody species were surveyed, and soil and topographic variables measured, in 30 10×40 m plots systematically distributed, with 15 plots in each physiognomy. We found a spatially structured distribution of woody species, and differences of soil traits between cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest areas, mainly related to the aluminum saturation, base saturation, and available phosphorus. Aluminum saturation increased toward the savanna area, while base saturation increased toward the dry forest. Most woody species predominated in one physiognomy, such as Callisthene major in the cerrado stricto sensu and Anadenanthera colubrina in the dry forest. Only 20% of the species were widely distributed across both physiognomies or, not often, restricted to the intermediary values of the soil gradient. General results indicate that contrasting soil traits between cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest produce a strongly spatially organized and sharp transition in terms of species distribution between these physiognomies.