Dry Events Research Articles

Siberian larch is better adapted to stress in wet-stressed areas than in drought-stressed areas

With climate change, the frequency and intensity of wet and dry events are increasing, as is the uncertainty of their impact on tree growth. There have been studies on the effects of wet and dry conditions on tree growth, but there is a lack of comparisons of tree adaptation strategies to different types of wet and dry events in heterogeneous environments. Therefore, we explored differences in the response of tree radial growth to different types of wet and dry events using data on tree ring widths of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) in the Altai Mountains (west) and Mongolian Plateau (east) of Central Asia. The results showed that western tree radial growth was significantly negatively correlated with precipitation and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), and significantly positively correlated with mean temperature. The radial growth of trees in the east was significantly and positively correlated with precipitation and SPEI, and significantly and negatively correlated with mean temperature. Trees in wet-stressed areas are less resistance to composite cold-wet events than to ordinary wet events. Trees in drought-stressed areas are less resistance to composite hot-drought events than to ordinary drought events. Trees in the wet-stressed area recovered to normal growth levels in the first year after both ordinary wet and compound cold-wet events, and trees in the drought-stressed area failed to recover after both ordinary drought and compound hot-drought events, but then experienced compensatory growth. Thus, climate warming had a positive effect on radial growth of trees in the wet-stressed areas and a negative effect on radial growth of drought-stressed trees. Forest management should be based on the different adaptation strategies of larch to climatic stresses in heterogeneous environments.

An extended kinematic hardening constitutive model to include unsaturated behaviour for the prediction of soil deterioration

Linear geotechnical infrastructure undergoes seasonal volumetric changes due to climatic and hydrological cycles, leading to progressive failure of the soil mass and performance deterioration. The magnitude of the seasonal cycles of pore water pressure is expected to be increased by more extreme and frequent wet and dry events, leading to an accelerated deterioration process. Advanced constitutive models for unsaturated soils able to reproduce the observed behaviour are therefore required. A new advanced constitutive model for the hydro-mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils is formulated and implemented within the framework of elasto-plasticity with internal variables. The effect of recent suction history is incorporated using a kinematic hardening constitutive model augmented by elements of bounding surface plasticity, initially developed for saturated soils, which is further extended to the unsaturated range through the inclusion of a loading collapse curve. The model permits the retention of information on recent stress history, allows prediction of irrecoverable stiffness and strength loss, and replicates the hysteretic response during cyclic loading. The model has been implemented in a constitutive driver using an implicit numerical scheme and its predictive capabilities are demonstrated by performing numerical simulations of a series of laboratory experiments involving complex sequences of isotropic loading, wetting, drying and shearing stages.

Compound Hot and Dry Events in Argentina and Their Connection to El Niño‐Southern Oscillation

ABSTRACTThis work studies the simultaneous and sequential occurrence of hot and dry months in the summer season in Argentina, north of 40°S, based on three different databases: meteorological stations, a gridded observational dataset and a reanalysis product. The influence of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) over the occurrence of these compound events is specially analysed using a logistic regression model. Monthly maximum temperature and precipitation data are used for the period 1979–2022 in four sub‐regions of Argentina: Northwestern Argentina (NOA), Northeastern Argentina (NEA), Cuyo (central‐western Argentina) and the Pampas (central‐eastern Argentina). Simultaneous hot and dry months and hot months preceded by dry months are the most frequent compound events. The highest frequencies are found in the centre part of the study region and NEA for simultaneous compound events, and in NOA and the Pampas region for sequential ones. In general terms, all datasets show a good representation of the spatio‐temporal variability of hot and dry months. The insights of the influence of ENSO on compound events revealed that La Niña enhances the occurrences of hot and dry months throughout the study region, with the exception of NOA, where El Niño conditions promote the occurrence of these events. Based on logistic regression models, we successfully quantify the relationship between ENSO and hot and dry months and demonstrate that ENSO plays a significant role as a driver of compound hot and dry events in the central region, Cuyo, NEA and a portion of the Pampas. This research contributes to the understanding of compound events in Argentina and how they are influenced by major drivers of climate variability providing useful information for the development of a predictive system for such events.

Role of Squalene Epoxidase Gene (SQE1) in the Response of the Lichen Lobaria pulmonaria to Temperature Stress.

Currently, due to the increasing impact of anthropogenic factors and changes in solar activity, the temperature on Earth is rising, posing a threat to biodiversity. Lichens are among the most sensitive organisms to climate change. Elevated ambient temperatures can have a significant impact on lichens, resulting in more frequent and intense drying events that can impede metabolic activity. It has been suggested that the possession of a diverse sterol composition may contribute to the tolerance of lichens to adverse temperatures and other biotic and abiotic stresses. The major sterol found in lichens is ergosterol (ERG); however, the regulation of the ERG biosynthetic pathway, specifically the step of epoxidation of squalene to 2,3-oxidosqualene catalyzed by squalene epoxidase during stress, has not been extensively studied. In this study, we used lichen Lobaria pulmonaria as a model species that is well known to be sensitive to air pollution and habitat loss. Using in silico analysis, we identified cDNAs encoding squalene epoxidase from L. pulmonaria, designating them as LpSQE1 for the mycobiont and SrSQE1 for the photobiont Symbiochloris reticulata. Our results showed that compared with a control kept at room temperature (+20 °C), mild temperatures (+4 °C and +30 °C) did not affect the physiology of L. pulmonaria, assessed by changes in membrane integrity, respiration rates, and PSII activity. An extreme negative temperature (-20 °C) noticeably inhibited respiration but did not affect membrane stability. In contrast, treating lichen with a high positive temperature (+40 °C) significantly reduced all physiological parameters. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that exposing thalli to -20 °C, +4 °C, +30 °C, and +40 °C stimulated the expression levels of LpSQE1 and SrSQE1 and led to a significant upregulation of Hsps. These data provide new information regarding the roles of sterols and Hsps in the response of lichens to climate change.

Effects of Extreme Climatic Events on the Autumn Phenology in Northern China Are Related to Vegetation Types and Background Climates

The increased intensity and frequency of extreme climate events (ECEs) have significantly impacted vegetation phenology, further profoundly affecting the structure and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. However, the mechanisms by which ECEs affect the end of the growing season (EOS), a crucial phenological phase, remain unclear. In this study, we first evaluated the temporal variations in the EOS anomalies in Northern China (NC) based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) from 2001 to 2018. We then used event coincidence analysis (ECA) to assess the susceptibility of EOS to four ECEs (i.e., extreme heat, extreme cold, extreme wet and extreme dry events). Finally, we examined the dependence of the response of EOS to ECEs on background climate conditions. Our results indicated a slight decrease in the proportion of areas experiencing extreme heat and dry events (1.10% and 0.66% per year, respectively) and a slight increase in the proportion of areas experiencing extreme wet events (0.77% per year) during the preseason period. Additionally, EOS exhibited a delaying trend at a rate of 0.25 days/a during the study period. The susceptibility of EOS to ECEs was closely related to local hydrothermal conditions, with higher susceptibility to extreme dry and extreme hot events in drier and warmer areas and higher susceptibility to extreme cold and extreme wet events in wetter regions. Grasslands, in contrast to forests, were more sensitive to extreme dry, hot and cold events due to their weaker resistance to water deficits and cold stress. This study sheds light on how phenology responds to ECEs across various ecosystems and hydrothermal conditions. Our results could also provide a valuable guide for ecosystem management in arid regions.

Observational constraint on climate model projections of global compound hot–dry events and the socioeconomic risks under climate change

Abstract The frequency of compound hot-dry events (fHD) is projected to increase significantly with future warming, yet associated uncertainties remain considerable and poorly constrained. In this study, we constrain future projections of fHD (2070-2099) using observations of recent trends in temperature (T) and precipitation (P) (1980-2014) during the warm-seasons. The physical mechanism is that the variance of fHD across climate models is dominated by their projected changes in P (ΔP), which can be constrained by recent trends in T and P. Compared to the raw projections, the observationally constrained fHD is reduced by 9.68%~18.74%, with uncertainty narrowed by 3.79%~10.66% under the high emission scenario. The highest decline of fHD is located in regions with low population and GDP, and globally, population and GDP exposures to fHD are reduced by 6.02%~10.73% and 6.51%~12.03%, respectively. The observationally constrained fHD with lower uncertainty provides more reliable information for risk management under climate change.

Projected changes in the frequency of compound hot and dry events over Tropical Brazil in CORDEX-CORE simulations

Projected changes in the frequency of compound hot and dry events over Tropical Brazil in CORDEX-CORE simulations

The trends of non-accidental mortality burden attributed to compound hot-dry events in China and its provinces in a global warming world

BackgroundGlobal warming has provoked more co-occurrence of hot extreme and dry extreme, namely compound hot-dry events (CHDEs). However, their health impacts have seldom been investigated. This study aimed to characterize CHDEs and assess its mortality burden in China from 1990 to 2100. MethodsCHDEs were defined as a day when daily maximum temperature > its 90th percentile and Standardized Precipitation Index < its 50th percentile. A two-stage approach, including a distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) and a multivariate meta-analysis, was used to estimate exposure–response associations of CHDEs with mortality in 358 counties/districts during 2006–2017 in China, which was then applied to assess the national mortality burden attributable to CHDEs from 1990 to 2100. FindingsWe observed a significant increasing trend of CHDEs in China until mid-21st century, and then flatted, while the duration and intensity of CHDEs continuously increased across the 21st century. CHDEs were much riskier (ER=17.82 %, 95 %CI: 14.17 %-21.60 %) than independent hot events (ER=5.86 %,95 %CI: -0.04 %,12.45 %) or dry events (ER=0.07 %,95 %CI: -1.22 %, 1.38 %), and there was significantly additive interaction between hot events and dry events (AP=0.10,95 %CI: 0.04, 0.16). Females (ER=24.28 %, 95 %CI: 19.21 %-29.56 %), the elderly (ER=23.28 %, 95 %CI: 18.23 %-28.55 %), and people living in humid area (ER=18.98 %, 95 %CI: 15.08 %–23.02 %) had higher mortality risks than their counterparts. Mortality burden attributed to CHDEs significantly increased during historical observation and became stable since mid-21st century in China. InterpretationCHDEs would significantly increase mortality with higher risk for females, the elderly and people living in humid areas. Mortality burden has significantly increased during historical observation and will keep relatively steady since mid-21st century.

Holocene dynamics of the Indian summer monsoon inferred from a high-resolution peat α-cellulose δ18O record on the Tibetan Plateau

Knowledge of the variability of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is crucial for deciphering hydroclimate dynamics in the Asian Monsoon region during the Holocene. In this study, we present a continuous history of the ISM over the past ∼9700 years using the high-resolution δ18O composition of α-cellulose (δ18Ocell) derived from sedges in a high-altitude peatland in the south-central part of the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The results show that the δ18Ocell values increased gradually from the early Holocene, implying a weakening trend of the ISM. However, a remarkable decrease in δ18Ocell occurred after 2.0 cal ka BP, which is consistent with the recently reported '2-kyr shift' in stalagmite δ18O. Further compilation of reconstructions across Asia demonstrates that the '2-kyr shift' suggests an anomalous intensification of the ISM during the late Holocene. In addition, we propose the concept of a '2-kyr dry event' characterized by the weakest ISM intensity, lasting for approximately a thousand years. The ISM record is influenced by boreal summer insolation and ocean-atmosphere coupling in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The '2-kyr shift' and '2-kyr dry event' in the ISM region could be linked to the SSTs of the western Arabian Sea and the Pacific warm pool, which superimposed on the reduced solar insolation. This study highlights the δ18O in peat α-cellulose responds well to monsoon intensity at our study site and the important role that ocean-atmosphere circulation plays in regulating centennial-millennial regional hydroclimate variability.

Compound hot–dry events greatly prolong the recovery time of dryland ecosystems

ABSTRACT Compound hot–dry events cause more severe impacts on terrestrial ecosystems than dry events, while the differences in recovery time (ΔRT) between hot–dry and dry events and their contributing factors remain unclear. Both remote sensing observations and eddy covariance measurements reveal that hot–dry events prolong the recovery time compared with dry events, with greater prolongation of recovery time in drylands than in humid regions. Random forest regression modeling demonstrates that the difference in vapor pressure deficit between hot–dry and dry events, with an importance score of 35%, is the major factor contributing to ΔRT. The severity of stomatal restriction exceeds that of non-stomatal limitation, which restricts the vegetation productivity that is necessary for the recovery process. These results emphasize the negative effect of vapor pressure deficit on vegetation recovery during hot–dry events and project an extension of drought recovery time considering elevated vapor pressure deficit in a warming world.

Soil water consumption along the profile in response to soil water content variations in a black locust plantation with a rainfall exclusion in Loess Plateau

Soil drying is frequently observed in mature forests in water-limited regions, and poses a threat to sustainable development of the ecosystems. Herein, we assessed the effects of rainfall reduction on the water-use characteristics of a black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) plantation in a sub-humid region of the Loess Plateau, China. Paired plots were established in the plantation, including a treatment with 30 % throughfall exclusion and a control. We comparatively investigated the dynamics of soil water content (SWC) throughout the profile in the two plots after four years of the treatment and determined the contribution of soil water storage (SWS) in each soil layer to water consumption according to the SWS budget. While SWC across the profile in the control plot showed general responses to replenishment and consumption under rainy and dry weather conditions, respectively, the treatment plot had smaller replenishment and consumption in deep layers, causing an aggravated deficiency in SWS and the formation of a temporary dried soil layer (DSL) at a depth of 55–100 cm. The cumulative decrement in SWS during each dry event (consecutive rainless days of ≥ 5-day duration) in the control plot was significantly correlated with SWC at 100–160 cm, suggesting a substantial contribution of water consumption from this layer. However, the treatment plot showed a major contribution to water consumption from the 0–100 cm soil layer during dry events. The vertical distribution of the root system supports these findings, which differed from our hypothesis that deep soil water would be used in response to reduced rainfall input. The distribution of fine root density in the treatment plot was relatively shallower (0–22 and 0–73.1 cm accounting for 50 % and 90 % of fine roots, respectively) than in the control plot (0–31.2 and 0–103.5 cm for corresponding values). These findings indicate that soil water deficiency resulted in the formation of DSL, which hindered water consumption and root development deeper in the soil profile. The severity and recovery of the DSL may be jointly determined by the vertical distribution of SWS and transpiration demand of the plantation. These findings provide insights for water resource management and sustainable development of the plantations in this region.

The Duration of Dry Events Promotes PVC Film Fragmentation in Intermittent Rivers.

The majority of microplastics (MPs) found in the environment originate from plastic fragmentation occurring in the environment and are influenced by environmental factors such as UV irradiation and biotic interactions. However, the effects of river drying on plastic fragmentation remain unknown, despite the global prevalence of watercourses experiencing flow intermittence. This study investigates, through laboratory experiments, the coupled effects of drying duration and UV irradiation on PVC film fragmentation induced by artificial mechanical abrasion. This study shows that PVC film fragmentation increases with drying duration through an increase in the abundance and size of formed MPs as well as mass loss from the initial plastic item, with significant differences for drying durations >50% of the experiment duration. The average abundance of formed MPs in treatments exposed to severe drying duration was almost two times higher than in treatments nonexposed to drying. Based on these results, we developed as a proof of concept an Intermittence-Based Plastic Fragmentation Index that may provide insights into plastic fragmentation occurring in river catchments experiencing large hydrological variability. The present study suggests that flow intermittence occurring in rivers and streams can lead to increasing plastic fragmentation, unraveling new insights into plastic pollution in freshwater systems.

Nitrogen deposition differentially regulates the sensitivity of gross primary productivity to extreme drought versus wetness.

Global hydroclimatic variability is increasing with more frequent extreme dry and wet years, severely destabilizing terrestrial ecosystem productivity. However, what regulates the consequence of precipitation extremes on productivity remains unclear. Based on a 9-year field manipulation experiment on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, we found that the responses of gross primary productivity (GPP) to extreme drought and wetness were differentially regulated by nitrogen (N) deposition. Over increasing N deposition, extreme dry events reduced GPP more. Among the 12 biotic and abiotic factors examined, this was mostly explained by the increased plant canopy height and proportion of drought-sensitive species under N deposition, making photosynthesis more sensitive to hydraulic stress. While extreme wet events increased GPP, their effect did not shift over N deposition. These site observations were complemented by a global synthesis derived from the GOSIF GPP dataset, which showed that GPP sensitivity to extreme drought was larger in ecosystems with higher N deposition, but GPP sensitivity to extreme wetness did not change with N deposition. Our findings indicate that intensified hydroclimatic variability would lead to a greater loss of land carbon sinks in the context of increasing N deposition, due to that GPP losses during extreme dry years are more pronounced, yet without a synchronous increase in GPP gains during extreme wet years. The study implies that the conservation and management against climate extremes merit particular attention in ecosystems subject to N deposition.

Millennial to centennial-scale climate oscillations since 15000 cal yrs BP from Kanwar wetland in the Central Ganga Plain, India

Millennial-scale climate cycles have been meagerly discussed in the terrestrial records from the Indian subcontinent, particularly the wetlands of the Ganga Plain. The mineral magnetic and textural analyses, along with chronology, distinctly record variation in the monsoon intensity since 15000 cal yrs BP in the sediment core collected from the Kanwar Lake in the Central Ganga Plain (CGP) of India. This unique high-resolution data allowed us to analyse monsoon fluctuation in the CGP with respect to changes in the North Atlantic process (internal) and external (solar cycles) forcing. During this period, several palaeoclimatic events, such as the Bølling-Allerød (B/A), Older and Younger Dryas, and the high-frequency fluctuations in the Holocene viz., Greenlandian, Northgrippian, and Meghalayan stages, were observed. The B/A event is correlated with the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) intensification period of the CGP. Eleven dry events are recorded at 13600–13200, 13000–11700, 11000, 10600, 9800–9000, 8200, 6100–5300, 4300–4200, 3800, 1800–900 and 300 cal yrs BP. During the Holocene, the sustained episodes of weaker monsoon centered around 10600, 9600, 8200, 6000, 4200, 2800, 1400 and 600 cal yrs BP, where the variability of the proxy data is mostly synchronous with the reduced upwelling intensity in the western Arabian Sea as well as roughly align with ∼1500 years cyclic signals in the drifted ice proxy recorded Bond Events indicating weakened ISM circulation during colder North Atlantic. Two distinct short cycles, spanning 172–344 and 172–688 years, are evident around 12,000 and 14,000 cal yrs BP with an additional occurrence from 86 to 344 years during 2000 and 6000 cal yrs BP, affirming the significance of external forcing, particularly solar activity. For the 1492 years cycle in ISM fluctuation, we postulate it may represent a combined forcing of external (solar) and internal (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)) factors during the Holocene. This is the first high-resolution record available in the CGP, which brings out crucial monsoon reconstruction during the last 15000 years.

Quantifying the Impacts of Dry–Wet Combination Events on Vegetation Vulnerability in the Loess Plateau under a Changing Environment

Extreme drought and flood events, as well as their combined events, pose significant challenges to global sustainable socio-economic development and ecological health. However, the impact of dry–wet combination events (DWCEs) on vegetation vulnerability remains to be investigated. The Loess Plateau (LP) was selected as the study area to explore the response time of vegetation to precipitation index changes by optimal correlation coefficient; then, the impact of different DWCEs on vegetation vulnerability under moderate and severe scenarios was analyzed; finally, a vegetation loss probability model was constructed based on the copula function and Bayesian framework, to quantify the vegetation loss probability under DWCEs stress. The results indicate that: (1) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) shows an upward trend in spring, summer, and autumn, with the proportion of areas are 90.5%, 86.2%, and 95.4%, respectively, and show an insignificant trend in winter; (2) the response time of vegetation to precipitation index changes tends to be one or two seasons; (3) moderate scenarios have more influence than severe scenarios, dry-to-wet events (DWEs), wet-to-dry events (WDE) and continuous dry events (CDE) in spring-summer have a significant impact on summer vegetation of Ningxia and Shanxi, and WDE and CDE have a higher impact on autumn vegetation. (4) in terms of the probability of vegetation loss, DWE, and CDE cause higher losses to summer vegetation, while WDE and CDE cause higher losses to autumn vegetation. This study quantifies the impact of adjacent seasonal DWCE stress on future vegetation vulnerability.

Changes in the spatial variability of extreme precipitation characteristics across Peninsular India

Through a comprehensive analysis, this study portrays the changing spatial variability of extreme precipitation characteristics as a consequence of a gradually warming climate in peninsular India. In particular, it emphasizes the coastal areas that are under increased exposure to frequent extreme events in the recent past. Different extreme precipitation characteristics are considered, and the change points are identified based on their trend, mean and standard deviation. Changes in the spatiotemporal variability of extreme precipitation characteristics are identified through empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs). Our findings illustrate the occurrence of discernible changes almost all over the region with varying time points (1970 to 2011), and the extremes with higher thresholds exhibit more prominent changes. More importantly, a notable disparity in extreme indices expressing intensity is observed between the eastern and western coastal regions: change points for the eastern coastal areas (the Bay of Bengal side) predominantly emerged in the post-1980s, in contrast to the pre-1980s points across the western coastal (the Arabian Sea side) regions. Furthermore, after 2001, the spatial coverage of the western region notably expanded, as indicated by a significant increase in wet extremes, including those at the southernmost tip of India. Concurrently, extreme dry events significantly decreased across most of southern India during this period. On the other hand, the intensification of precipitation has become more prominent towards the Bay of Bengal side than towards the Arabian Sea side. This may be attributed to the increased cyclonic activity in the Bay of Bengal. Overall, the findings of this study will aid in understanding the evolving spatial pattern of extreme precipitation indices and will contribute to better management of extreme events and related hazards across peninsular India.

Observations of enhanced rainfall variability in Kenya, East Africa

Understanding local patterns of rainfall variability is of great concern in East Africa, where agricultural productivity is dominantly rainfall dependent. However, East African rainfall climatology is influenced by numerous drivers operating at multiple scales, and local patterns of variability are not adequately understood. Here, we show evidence of substantial variability of local rainfall patterns between 1981 and 2021 at the national and county level in Kenya, East Africa. Results show anomalous patterns of both wetting and drying in both the long and short rainy seasons, with evidence of increased frequency of extreme wet and dry events through time. Observations also indicate that seasonal and intraseasonal variability increased significantly after 2013, coincident with diminished coherence between ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) and rainfall. Increasing frequency and magnitude of rainfall variability suggests increasing need for local-level climate change adaptation strategies.

Site-specific climate sensitivity of tree-ring width and vessel anatomical features of Juglans regia L. in Bhutan Himalaya

Climate change significantly impacts tree growth in the Himalayas, however, there is little information on how broadleaved tree species in Himalayan regions respond to climate change. Juglans regia L. (Common or Persian walnut) plays a vital economic and ecological role across the Himalayas, but little is known about how environmental changes influence the growth and wood anatomical traits of this species. In this study, we developed chronologies of tree-ring width (TRW) and six quantitative vessel anatomical features of Persian walnut trees from two sites in the Bhutan Himalayas. We evaluated how TRW and vessel anatomical features respond to climatic conditions and extreme climate events for the period 1960–2020. We found the climate sensitivity of tree growth differed at the two study sites, with the southwest-facing Dodeyna site (DOD) exhibiting higher moisture sensitivity than the north-facing Chimithangka site (CHI). The climate sensitivity of vessel traits was much stronger than that of tree-ring widths, particularly at the DOD. Hydraulic efficiency-related vessel traits (Mean vessel area, MVA; theoretical hydraulic conductivity, Kh; and hydraulic diameter, Dh) were positively sensitive to moisture availability, whereas the hydraulic safety-related vessel traits (vessel density, VD; and vessel grouping index, RVGI) were negatively sensitive to moisture availability at the DOD site. We further observed that MVA and Kh were significantly higher during extreme dry events at CHI site but displayed opposite directions at DOD site. Notably higher RVGI at the DOD site during dry years indicated an enhancement of hydraulic safety against drought. These findings highlight that the climate sensitivity of tree-ring width and vessel traits of walnuts were site-specific and mediated by aspects with the drier site (south-facing slope) being more sensitive. Whilst consideration of the aspects and site-specific climate sensitivity of tree species is crucial to developing robust forest conservation strategies at a larger spatial scale in the Himalayan region which is more vulnerable to climate change.

Comprehensive analysis of characteristics of dry–wet events and their transitions in Uttar Pradesh, India

Understanding the occurrence and characteristics of dry and wet events is crucial for effective disaster prevention, resource management, and risk reduction in vulnerable regions. This study analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of dry–wet events and their transition characteristics in Uttar Pradesh, India. The standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) at a monthly timescale was utilized to identify hotspot regions vulnerable to concurrent and frequent dry and wet events and their transitions. The severity, duration, and intensity of dry and wet events were characterized with the run theory over SPEI time series data from 18 synoptic stations in Uttar Pradesh over 48 years (1971–2018), sourced from the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology and the India Meteorological Department. Multiple assessment methods were utilized to examine the interaction of these extreme events, considering characteristics such as wet–dry ratio, average transition time, and rapid transition times from wet to dry events and from dry to wet events. Average wet durations ranged from 1.27 to 1.58 months, and average dry durations ranged from 1.29 to 1.82 months. Rapid transition times from dry to wet events ranged from 2.5 to 4.1 months, and those for wet-to-dry events ranged from 2.1 to 5.3 months. The eastern region experienced a significantly high number of dry events, while the western and Bundelkhand regions experienced more intense dry events. In contrast, the eastern region had intense wet events. This research on the occurrence of dry–wet events and their transitions can provide valuable insights for government decision-making and disaster prevention and reduction efforts.

A pollen-based reconstruction of middle to late holocene precipitation dynamics in Anyang archaeological area, Central Plains, China

In the context of global warming, the dynamics of East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) are of great significance for predicting future climate change. The variations of humidity indicated by various climate proxies in Central China are controversial. This study relies on pollen data retrieved from lacustrine sediment at the Anshang site in Anyang archaeological area, Central Plains of China to quantitatively reconstruct the change in PANN (mean annual precipitation). The results show that the region experienced three distinct dry-wet intervals during the ∼8.54 to ∼3.26 cal ka BP: the earlier portion of the mid-Holocene (∼8.5–∼6.0 cal ka BP) witnessed the higher PANN; the latter portion of the mid-Holocene (∼6.0–∼3.6 cal ka BP) enjoyed the highest PANN of the past ∼8500 years with a noticeable cold and dry event occurred around 4.2 cal ka BP; the late Holocene (∼3.6–∼3.2 cal ka BP) experienced the lower PANN. Periodic analysis on pollen-based precipitation further reveals ∼500-year and ∼800-year cycles, matching well with regional climate records. Our regional comparison suggests that the Central Plains of China shared similar climatic controls with the southern region of China during the ∼8.54 to ∼3.26 cal ka BP. Shifts of Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH), driven by the ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) conditions and SST (Sea Surface Temperatures) in the western tropical Pacific, regulated the positioning of the EASM-related rain-belt during ∼8.54 to ∼3.26 cal ka BP. This study provides more reliable variations of humidity in the Central Plains under the influence of the EASM, which is helpful to predict future climate change.