Dry Dam Research Articles

Hydrological model of Ciawi dry dam using GPM satellite data

Ciawi Dam is the first dry dam in Indonesia. The benefits of the dam are to reduce flooding in the capital city of Jakarta, especially at a 50-year return period. The operation of the dam using 1 conduit unit aims to cut the flood peak. The flood discharge analysis that has been used so far is very limited due to the lack of existing rainfall data. So that calculations are carried out using corrected satellite data. In addition, flood discharge is also calibrated to the discharge at the Katulampa Weir. Analysis of the design rainfall shows the value of design rainfall with 50-year return (R50) is 210.59 mm and the 50-year flood discharge (Q50) is 317.13 m3/dt. The flood reduction value at the 50-year return period is 27%. If an alternative water gate is added, the flood reduction value can increase up to 72% with an opening of 30%.

MODELLING SPILLWAY FOR FLOOD CONTROL OPTIMIZATION IN EMBANKMENT DRY DAM

Purpose: The primary purposes of this present study are to show and compare 3 (three) different types of spillways, namely normal, differential, and labyrinth, by means of passing exceptional flood events with acceptable safety and margin for the dam and spillway while maintaining a hydraulic safety point of view. Theoretical reference: Ciawi dry dam is a homogenous type of dam with an inclined wet core built in the Ciliwung River, Jakarta, Indonesia. Its purpose is to retain 50 years of floods and cut the peak of floods as part of the Jakarta flood control system. It has been functioning since the year 2022 with another dry dam in the same River basin called the Sukamahi dry dam. Method: The flood control capacity of the dry dam with a spillway and gateless bottom outlets designed at the riverbed level is investigated with an analytical approach using a theoretical formula. Numerous design discharges were verified and compared for specific scenarios engaging the operation of bottom outlets reviewed based on flood control and the safety of the dam. In addition, a spillways type comparison is made for a scenario with one gate opening and one gate closing of the bottom outlet using PMF design discharge to confirm the satisfaction of dry dam outlet capacity. Result and Conclusion: The best design choice that can be recommended for the worst scenario is the Labyrinth spillway with a width of 155m and an angle of 18o while the spillway span width is kept to the same existing normal spillway width. This proposed design improvement option with labyrinth spillway for the PMF flood discharge still has a freeboard of 1.17 m allowance to the crest of the dam in the closed gate condition, 1.88 m of freeboard in 1 gate opened condition, and 2.55 m of freeboard while both gates are opened. Implication of research: This present study evaluates the performance of a dry dam design outlet in flood control by assessing the reservoir capacity to compare the existing built normal spillway with the other types of spillways, namely differential and labyrinth. It will recommend an alternative type of spillway for the Ciawi dry dam or another dam to face global climate change and a future challenge. Originality/value: The comprehensive investigation of the limitations and benefits of comparing 3 different types of spillways: normal, differential and labyrinth, with a combination scenario of 2 gates opening and closing in the embankment type of dry dam. This proposed type of spillway could be used for upgrading works and even for a new dam.

Hydraulic Dam Safety Evaluation of Gateless Bottom Outlet and Spillway in Dry-Dam for Flood Control

Purpose: This study intends to carry out the assessment of an earth fill dry dam safety for flood control from the perspective of hydraulic points of view. Theoretical reference: Ciawi dry dam is the first dry dam built in Indonesia and has been operated since end of year 2022. The dam intends to reduce Q50 flood in Ciliwung River, it is design to reduce the peak flood and extend the peak of flood in Jakarta. Method: The methodology consists of by carrying out the experiment in hydraulic laboratory test by 1:50 scale; then using the software of FLOW-3D for analyzing the numerical modeling. Some design discharge was evaluated and researched for the scenarios as follow: 2(two) gate openings, 1 gate opening and 1 gate close. Result and Conclusion: The result shows that there is a good method between theoretical formula, numerical simulation and physical modeling. Implication of research: The location of spillway is separated from bottom outlets, it is placed at left side of abutment, it is an ogee type side spillway while the bottom outlets located in the right side of abutment with two conduits which to allow the inspection or maintenance during the operation is mainly designed at original bed level and to be able to pass through the sediments inflow naturally during the flooding periods. Both structures are designed to meet the dam safety in the perspective of the hydraulic issue. Originality/ value: The comparison between laboratory test and the Flow-3D software is done by a scenario with one gate opening and one gated close by using the PMF discharge to confirm the satisfactory of dry dam outlet capacity.

An Isotopic Approach to Investigate Seepage in Dam: Case Study Ciawi and Sukamahi Dry Dams, West Java, Indonesia

Seepage control in the dam is vital in maintaining dam safety. It is important to determine the source of seepage water to be controlled so that there is no excessive seepage that threatens dam stability. This study used Physico-chemical parameters and stable isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) to determine groundwater characteristics, the groundwater origin around the dam, and the connectivity of the Ciawi and Sukamahi Dry Dam’s seepage with surrounding water sources. This research shows that the groundwater in the study area includes freshwater with TDS values varying from 62 ppm to 189 ppm and EC values from 62 μS/cm to 414 μS/cm. The results of stable isotope analysis showed that the composition of seepage and groundwater sources around the dams are around the local meteoric water line (LMWL); this indicates that groundwater is more influenced by rainwater. Comparing the composition of δ2H and δ18O showed that the seepage water from the two dams has the same genesis as springs in Sukakarya Village (MA02) and dug wells in Gadog Village (SG13). This information is beneficial in determining the handling of seepage in the Ciawi dan Sukamahi Dry Dams.

Flood Control of Kupang River, Pekalongan

The local community in Pekalongan suffered financial losses as a result of the Kupang River flood. To control floods in the Kupang watershed, this research aims to identify the most effective way to lower the discharge that flows downstream due to heavy rainfall. HEC-HMS modeling was used to analyze flood discharge. The result from an analysis of flood discharge in the existing conditions downstream of the Kupang River with a 100-year returns period is 641.6 m3/s. This study will include 9 locations of the potential reservoir as flood control that will be simulated using small dams and dry dams. The discharge analysis results from modeling a small dam can reduce the discharge by 261.9 m3/s, or 40.8%. On the other hand, the dry dam simulation can reduce flood discharge by 406 m3/s, or 64.8%. According to the analysis's results, using a dry dam to reduce the amount of water that is discharged into the upstream watershed is the most efficient way to manage floods. As a result, the dry dam method is ideal for controlling floods from the Kupang upstream watershed.

Arid Lands Flood Evaluation and Mitigation Measures Using HEC-HMS Model and Best Management Practices (BMPs)

<p>This study emphasis on draining and slowing runoff volumes in arid and semi-arid lands regions using HEC-HMS model linked with various Best Management Practices (BMPs) alternatives. The proposed methods may help significantly in reducing flash flood precipitation and improving instream water quality. It provides facilities to increase flood retention times and infiltration rates. Recently, flash flooding in arid lands is occurring on almost every two-year basis and is threatening human lives and damaging properties. Modern urbanization of the cities has great impacts on flooding schemes, it increases peak streamflows and it reduces the time to peak. Eventually, major cities experienced newly developed areas to accommodate the increase of population, and thus surface runoff volumes would increase substantially. In addition to outflows from surrounding high desert lands which form a significant portion of flash flood volumes. This study proposed a modern and progressive flash flood management scheme that would emphasize on enhancing soil infiltration and runoff attenuation by construction facilities that would absorb runoff water. We formulated five proposals for flood mitigation derived from BMP techniques for the purposes of stormwater management. Rainfall-runoff natural disaster modeling was simulated using HEC-HMS (Hydrological Modeling Systems). The Geographic Information System (GIS) coupled with HEC-HMS was employed in this study to delineate the watershed line and to simulate streams discharges. Results for investigating the construction of dry dams' option showed a significant reduction in both peak volumes and time to peak and consequently, the mitigated flood spreads longer. Furthermore, downstream calculations prove the contributions of other events on increasing flood hazards downstream. Outlet bottom size and storage capacity are the major parameters that control flood hazards. Outcomes of this study would help water resources managers and decision-makers who need immediate action plans and operational responses when floods occur. Discharge outflow rates were assessed using HEC-HMS and CN methods, and modeling the studied area using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This study reveals runoff volumes ranges of 0.04 to 0.77 cm/hr. Also, results shows that the HEC-HMS model is capable of simulating runoff based event.</p>

Geospatial Analysis and Land Suitability for “FloodWise” Practices: Nature-Based Solutions for Flood Mitigation in Eastern, Rural North Carolina

As the global climate continues to change, extreme weather events such as hurricanes and heavy rainfall are becoming more frequent. Subsequently, flooding and standing water disrupt and negatively impact many communities. The use of nature-based solutions (NBS) is an innovative and sustainable approach to flood mitigation. Geospatial research and applications have developed rapidly to identify and map broad regions in the world, as well as specific locations for NBS. We conducted a geospatial analysis in ArcGIS Pro to identify areas where NBS, referred to as “FloodWise” practices in this study, could be sited in the North Carolina Coastal Plain to strategically reduce flooding and provide water quality and habitat improvement. The study provides a spatially explicit application of integrated remote sensing, scientific and professional knowledge, and extant databases to screen diverse variables and identify potential specific NBS opportunities and sites. The practices modeled in this study are wetland restoration, afforestation, agroforestry, “water farming” (which uses a combination of dry dams and berms), and stream restoration. Maps of specific areas and tracts in the county for the NBS practices in Robeson County, North Carolina were developed based on the land ownership size, biophysical characteristics, current land uses, and water management opportunities. Land suitability locations revealed in these maps can be used in future resilience planning initiatives to reduce floodwaters on North Carolina’s rural landscapes. The geospatial analysis methodologies employed in this study can be followed to model NBS locations for flood reduction and water storage opportunities in other counties in Eastern North Carolina or other regions with similar topographies and land-type characteristics.

Model of Flood Attenuation by Combining Dry Dam and Retention Pond Distribution

This research aims to find the most optimum condition for the position and capacity of the retention pond for decreasing the design flood and increasing the time concentration. This research was conducted in the Ciawi and Sukamadu dams-Indonesia. Based on the design, the Ciawi and Sukamadu dry dams only can reduce the flood peak to amount of 13%, so it is still needed the supporting infrastructure for increasing the efficiency in reducing flood. The combination of high- and low-intensity rainfall-runoff management methods can support the performance of dry dams in making an effort to reduce the design flood. The methodology consists of collecting the primary and secondary data, conducting the analysis based on the concepts of flood control and low impact development, then analyzing by using the HEC-HMS software. The results show that by adding the Ciawi and Sukamahi dams that have a storage capacity of 15 million m3, there is success to decrease the flood peak to 13% and the additional time concentration (Tc) is during 20 min. The additional retention pond will be able to reduce the number of flood peaks. The results show that the additional retention pond that is combined with the Ciawi dan Sukamahi dams can increase the performance of the Ciawi and Sukamahi dams with the percentage flood reduction is 19% and the additional time concentration is 50 min. The formulation that illustrates the flood reduction in the downstream of the Ciliwung watershed was proposed.

Natural Infrastructure Practices as Potential Flood Storage and Reduction for Farms and Rural Communities in the North Carolina Coastal Plain

Increased global temperatures resulting from anthropogenically induced climate changes have increased the frequency and severity of adverse weather events, including extreme rainfall events, floods, and droughts. In recent years, nature-based solutions (NBS) have been proposed to retain storm runoff temporarily and mitigate flood damages. These practices may help rural farm and forest lands to store runoff and reduce flooding on farms and downstream communities and could be incorporated into a conservation program to provide payments for these efforts, which would supplement traditional farm incomes. Despite their potential, there have been very few methodical assessments and detailed summaries of NBS to date. We identified and summarized potential flood reduction practices for the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. These include agricultural practices of (1) cover cropping/no-till farming; (2) hardpan breakup; (3) pine or (4) hardwood afforestation, and (5) agroforestry; establishing the wetland and stream practices of (6) grass and sedge wetlands and earthen retention structures, (7) forest wetland banks, and (8) stream channel restoration; and establishing new structural solutions of (9) dry dams and berms (water farming) and (10) tile drainage and water retention. These practices offer different water holding and storage capacities and costs. A mixture of practices at the farm and landscape level can be implemented for floodwater retention and attenuation and damage reduction, as well as for providing additional farm and forest ecosystem services.

Geophysical and Geoelectric Studies of Dry Dam against Flood

Water shortage has always been one of the fundamental problems in society. For this reason, dams play an important role in the country's water crisis. Among the dams, embankment dams are the most common type of dams that local materials can be used for their construction. Because embankment dams are susceptible to cracking, the extension of crack should be prevented in them with necessary measures. In this study, geophysical studies of dry dam were proposed. For this purpose, geoelectric method has been used to study and identify different layers of the dam, identify cracks as well as the water surface in the dam body and the results show the layering separation based on soil specific resistance.

Hydrological Risk Valuation on The Design of Sukamahi Dry Dam, Bogor, West Java

The flooding risk has always been considered as an important factor ofthe risk safety management of dams. The extreme flooding in the downstream of a dam could be either due to dam failure or sometimes without failure. In both cases, they give serious risks to people and property in the downstream of the dam.Sukamahi dry dam at Cisukabirus River is a part of the upper Ciliwung Watershed, located in Bogor regency. Sukamahi dry dam was design for flood reduction purpose especially for the downstream regione.g. Bogor City, Bogor Regency, Depok City and Jakarta. Sukamahi dam has a capacity in flood reduction of 13.53 m3/s with probability exceeded 2 %, and time to concentration (tc) of peak discharge (Qp) at least 4 hours longer than the existing condition. Construction of dry dam might increase the magnitude of flood prone risk especially on the dam breach caused by spillway capacity failure case, although with lower probability. Simulation using HEC RAS 4.1 and an ex-antehydrological risk valuation Xrisk model wereperformed with three scenarios, i.e. normal risk, risk averse and risk takers, with simplified option value and option risk calculation. Risk valuation can be used by decision makers to evaluate the technical and risk feasibility of Sukamahi dry dam construction.

A Simple Mathematical Model for Flood Control by a Dry Dam

At the same time that the estimated risk of natural disasters is increasing due to global warming, the capacity to prevent disasters in Japan has been weakened due to infrastructure degradation and population aging. To reduce the damage caused by flooding, flood control dams without a slide gate in a spillway, known as “dry dams,” have been planned and built on some sites in Japan. In this study, a simple mathematical model for flood control by a dry dam is proposed, aiming to encourage the construction of such dams. An implicit integral equation that is based on the continuity equation and simulates flood control by a dry dam is analytically derived. This equation can be easily solved by a spreadsheet program, making the mathematical models widely accessible, particularly to hydraulic engineers and students. The model’s results are compared with laboratory experimental results and the output of a numerical simulation. The results show that the accuracy of the model is quite good, especially in its prediction of the maximum water level of dam reservoirs, meaning that the peak discharge during a flood can be predicted to high accuracy by using this simple mathematical model.

Effect of butyrate on passive transfer of immunity in dairy calves

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of supplemental butyrate on (1) Ig production in dams and (2) Ig absorption in their calves. Twenty dry dams fed a close-up total mixed ration were assigned to either a control treatment (CTRL-D) or a butyrate treatment where the close-up total mixed ration was supplemented with butyrate at 1% of dry matter intake (wt/wt; BUT-D). At calving, calves were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: a control group fed colostrum replacer only (CTRL-C) and a butyrate group fed colostrum replacer with supplemental butyrate at 2.5% (wt/vol; BUT-C). Serum IgG, glucose, and β-hydroxybutyrate were measured weekly in both dams and calves. Additionally, calves were weighed weekly to determine average daily gain. In dams, serum IgG concentration was not different between CTRL-D and BUT-D (1,785 ± 117 vs. 1,736 ± 137 mg/dL, respectively), nor was there a change in Ig levels in the colostrum between control and butyrate groups. Serum total protein did not differ between CTRL-D and BUT-D dams. Dam dry matter intake did not differ between CTRL-D and BUT-D but did decrease 1 wk before parturition. Compared with CTRL-C calves, BUT-C calves had significantly decreased serum IgG concentration at 24 h (2,110 ± 124 vs. 1,400 ± 115 mg/dL), wk 1 (1,397 ± 121 vs. 866 ± 115 mg/dL), and wk 2 (1,310 ± 121 vs. 797 ± 115 mg/dL). Additionally, apparent efficiency of absorption was lower for the BUT-C group compared with the CTRL-C group (35.3 ± 2.1 vs. 25.9 ± 2.0). Differences in serum Ig concentrations between the CTRL-C and BUT-C groups did not affect average daily gain (0.59 ± 0.05 vs. 0.48 ± 0.05 kg/d, respectively), serum glucose concentrations, or serum β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. These data demonstrate that butyrate inclusion in colostrum negatively affects IgG absorption in newborn calves, whereas calf body weight gains were unaffected.

Influence of Ciawi and Sukamahi dam construction on flood early warning system in Katulampa weir

Based on the Comprehensive Flood Management Plan (CFMP), one of the flood control alternatives in the Ciliwung Watershed is using the dry dam construction. Construction of Ciawi dam and Sukamahi dam who are located in Bogor District, are expected to decrease the flood peak and increasing the time concentration in order to reduce the impact caused by a flood in DKI Jakarta due to Ciliwung River. With the construction of Ciawi dam and Sukamahi dam, it is necessary to conduct a research on the effect of both dams construction in Katulampa Weir, one of monitoring point dams on the DKI Jakarta Flood Early Warning System. Hydrological analysis with Win-TR 20 and HEC-RAS was conducted to identify the changes in the flood level of Flood Early Warning System in DKI Jakarta with and without both dams are available. The results of this study indicate that the peak floods decreased by around 2.5% after the implementation of Ciawi dam and Sukamahi dams. The impacts of this reduction will not affect the Flood Early Warning System level at Katulampa Weir significantly.

Flow with a free surface in a Hele-Shaw cell: experiments and theory

ABSTRACTThe solution of Boussinesq's equation that describes the free surface of water flowing steadily through a dam on an impervious bottom can be generalized to quasi steady propagation of water into an initially dry dam. If the water level in the reservoir rises with constant speed from zero, a closed solution of Boussinesq nonlinear equation can be found since the problem lacks characteristic length. The solution shows that the advance rate of the saturated zone is constant. Experiments in a vertical Hele-Shaw cell, resting on an impervious bottom and connected with a reservoir filled with glycerine have been made. The results show that if the level in the reservoir rises linearly with time from zero, the horizontal advancement of the glycerine increases linearly with time.

Modeling of water flows through a designed dry dam using the HEC-RAS program

In the designing water reservoirs, information on flood control it’s necessary to make the right technical decisions related to the safe use of reservoirs, human life and the natural environment in the areas below the reservoirs.The hydrological data of a given river profile (stages and discharges) is important for the planning, hydraulic modeling of the reservoir and its exploitation. In the last years of the twentieth and twenty-first century in Central Europe, many floods of different intensity and extent have occurred on the Odra River and its tributaries. Therefore, the increasing extreme natural phenomena, like a violent floods and long droughts, mean that the importance of hydrotechnical constructions increases. One of the planned investments, which is to minimize the effects of the flood by collecting a flood wave on the Osobłoga River is the dry dam named Racławice Śląskie. According to Polish law, model researches are required for the 1st and 2nd class of hydrotechnical constructions. Considering research models, not only physical models are used, but also hydroinformatic programs for the numeric model, like HEC-RAS. These programs enable modeling based on hydrometric measurements of rivers. The aim of the work is to model the discharges using the HEC-RAS program after analysis of the hydrological data. Analyzes and modeling were made of the planned reservoir – the dry dam across the Osobłoga River, Racławice Śląskie profil in the Opolskie Province, in Poland.

Dry Dams in the Desert: Chasing Land Subsidence and Earth Fissures with Geophysics

Homogenous embankment dam flood retention structures (FRSs) were built throughout central Arizona desert basins in the mid-twentieth century to protect mostly agricultural lands and military installations from rare flood events. Many of these FRSs eventually suffered transverse cracking due to desiccation of the embankment soils in the hot, dry climate. While this dam safety hazard has been recognized and mitigated, another hazard was developing under several dams. Differential land subsidence was gradually tilting some FRSs by several feet; ground cracks known as earth fissures have developed near two FRSs. These earth fissures are large (typically) tension cracks in basin alluvium with lengths of hundreds of feet to several miles and depths up to perhaps hundreds of feet. They can become conduits for uncontrolled erosion and earthen structure failure. Compounding the impacts of these geohazards, continuous metropolitan growth was changing the land use that these FRSs protected so the consequences of dam failure were increasing dramatically.

Conditions for peak pressure stability in VOF simulations of dam break flow impact

This work addresses the problem of numerical simulation of the dynamic loads generated during a dry dam break flow impact on a wall. The numerical model used is the multi-fluid Navier–Stokes Volume Of Fluid (VOF) model THETIS. The results are compared with two experiments allowing pressure evolution validation at two relative positions on the wall. A first analysis of the results shows the large spatial and temporal variability of the pressure field after impact, highlighting the need for extreme care when performing measurements. When using first a free-slip boundary conditions on the bottom, the computed pressure peaks are found to behave differently depending on the distance to the stagnation point. Above a certain position, which is determined in the paper, computed peak pressures are stable with resolution while under this position, a divergent behavior is observed. This divergence is attributed to the shape of the bore tip which is poorly resolved with our model when a free-slip condition is used. This is confirmed by showing that starting from an identical free surface profile right before impact, the pressure peaks are convergent. The pressure peak instability problem can be solved by resolving the boundary layer structure with a suitable model (in our paper a v2−f RANS model) but this requires much more CPU resources.

An Experimental Study on Flood Control Capability of Dry Dams Constructed in a Series

The new Cascade concept of flood control is demonstrated in laboratory experiments in which upstream dams in a series of dams constructed along a river overflow from emergency spillways while the final downstream dam is required only to use its normal spillway and never do its emergency spillway. Multiple small dry dams lacking a slide gate in a normal spillway should be constructed in a series rather than as a single large dam to prevent flood disasters and to preserve the natural environment. Dry dams for flood control have recently been reviewed, planned, and built at sites in Japan. In this paper, we compare the Cascade method to conventional flood control in laboratory experiments conducted based on the condition that dams all have the same reservoir capacity. Results have shown that the Cascade method using multiple dry dams was considerably more effective than conventional flood control. Furthermore, the additional flood control effect of a dry dam equipped with closable and openable gate in its regular spillway was experimentally confirmed although there is no such kind of the gate on an ordinary dry dam. This new dry dam should be constructed in the river’s upper reaches away from the existing downstream storage dam needing still more its capacity for water utilization, thus ensuring the amount of water available by closing the regular spillway after the dry dam is filled to capacity. The flood control capacity of dams including the new dry dam is stronger than that of an ordinary storage dam thanks to the dry dam’s storage function.

Flood Control Mechanism of Multiple Dams Constructed in a Series Based on Cascade Method

Using numerical simulation, we clarified the mechanism that the flood control capability is dramatically strengthened by using multiple serial dams efficiently, based on a new flood control concept that let dams overflow through emergency spillways. Numerical analysis results for a group of dry dams were used to quantitatively evaluate this effect and to derive an empirical formula. The conventional flood control approach sets the design high water discharge of individual dams, even when dams are constructed serially, ensuring that no overflows occurs in any of the dams, here called the “conventional” method. By comparing the group of dry dams based on the conventional method and a method on the same scale but set based on a new concept that we called Cascade method, we found that when the flood peak is cut in conventional control, the latter half of the cutoff flood peak must be cut again, making flood control redundant. The Cascade method avoids this redundancy in storage use and cuts the flood peak efficiently and linearly.