Dry Chilli Research Articles

Time Series Analysis of Dry Chilli Price Trends in Byadagi Market, Haveri District, Karnataka, India

Spices are conventional aromatic vegetables mainly utilized for flavoring of food. Among these, chilli (capsicum annuum), is one of most important spice used around the world. The present study examined dry chillies price behaviour in the Byadagi market of Haveri District, Karnataka. The study was based on secondary data from 2000-2022 collected in Agmarketnet.in. Time series analysis involves a complex mix of four main components: trend (Tt), seasonal (St), cyclical (Ct), and irregular (It) variations. The result revealed that there was a significant increasing trend in prices of dry chillies from 2000-2022. The Multiplicative model of TCSI was used in this study, the polynomial regression was also used for the trend analysis and found the Third-degree model best fit. The highest seasonal index was found in January (112.44) while the lowest seasonal index in the month of July (93.28) the analysis of seasonal indices in the price of dry chilli would help to understand the status of dry chilli marketing in the Byadagi market. The dry chilli prices exhibit no oscillatory movement and no definite periodicity during the study period.

Impact of decontamination and processing methods on insecticide residues in green and red chilli (Capsicum annum L.) by LC- MS/MS

The study aimed to evaluate various decontamination and processing methods for the removal of pesticide residues in chilli, focusing on emamectin benzoate, fipronil, spirotetramat, and tolfenpyrad. The LC-MS/MS instrument parameters were standardized and method was validated for identification and quantification of residues in both green and dry chilli. In green chilli, treatments such as soaking in 2 per cent NaCl solution showed promising results in reducing pesticide residues. The tested decontamination treatments are effective for handling emamectin benzoate and tolfenpyrad residues in green chilli. However, fipronil residues remained above Maximum Residual Limits even after decontamination treatments, indicating the need for careful application and monitoring. In red chilli, processing methods such as sun-drying and pan-frying led to increased residues due to concentration effects during drying. Despite efforts, some residues remained above regulatory limits, emphasizing the importance of adhering to pre-harvest intervals to minimize residues in processed chili products.

Growth Dynamics of vegetable crops in Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka, India: An Economic Analysis

The present study was initiated in the Kolar and Chikkaballapur districts of Karnataka with the overall objective of assessing the growth in production and allocation of the area under vegetables in situations. The study was based on time series data collected from the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Bangalore. Compound Annual Growth Rate and Triennium averages were worked out to examine the trend in area, production and productivity of major vegetable crops. Markov chain analysis was used to examine the dynamic shift in the area, production, and productivity of major vegetable crops for a decade from 2007-08 to 2017-18. The triennium end average of area major vegetable crops in Kolar district for the period TE 2010-11 was 2480.20 ha reduced to 1424.00 ha in TE 2017-18. The productivity of major vegetable crops is increasing to 15134.30 kg/ha from 8830.10 kg/ha (TE 2000-01). The triennium end average of area major vegetable crops in Chikkaballapur district for the period TE 2010-11 was 1085.20 ha increased to 1311.00 ha in TE 2017-18. The productivity of major vegetable crops is increasing to 14422.30 kg/ha from 12166.40 kg/ha (TE 2000-01). The overall growth in the area and productivity of vegetables in Kolar was -7.37 and 8.14 per cent, respectively whereas the overall growth in the area and productivity of vegetables in Chikkaballapur was 4.80 and 1.98 per cent, respectively. Implies growth in the area, production, and productivity showing a decline turn to negative. Whereas, the triennium end average of area for major vegetable crops for the period TE 2017-18 was 124765.7 ha growth of 3.1 per cent and a productivity average of 2165.7 kg/ha with a growth of -0.3 per cent. The tomato and cabbage were the highest retention capacity of 69 per cent equally in both districts. Beans, Brinjal, and Dry chilli have zero retention capacity in the Chikkaballapur district whereas onion, brinjal, and cabbage have zero retention capacity in the Kolar district. i.e these crops lost their 100 per cent area to the other crops. This will be projected by using Markov chain analysis.

Pesticide residue analysis in different spice samples by automatic µSPE clean-up workflow determination using LC-MS/MS.

Spices such as paprika, curry, turmeric, dry chilli, and black pepper are grown in various geographic locations and widely used by consumers across the world. Pesticides applied during crop production practices could contaminate the produce, affecting the quality and posing ahealth risk for consumers. The complexity of thespice matrix and the wide range of target pesticides potentially present require special sample extraction and clean-up treatments to overcome matrix interference and ion suppression. In this study, sample extracts from spice matrices (paprika/curry/turmeric/dry chilli/black pepper) were cleaned up by anautomated µSPE clean-up method for multi-residue analysis of pesticides using LC-MS/MS. The automated µSPE clean-up method involves pre-filled cartridges containing varioussorbent materialssuitable for numerous co-extractives and the automated clean-up process was carried out using an autosampler. The regulatory limit for pesticides in spices varies with type, witha low MRL of 0.05 mg kg-1 or higher for 99% of the analytes. At spiking concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 mg kg-1, good recoveries between 70 and 120% with RSD values below 20% were achieved for more than 98% of the compounds. With automatic clean-up of samples that takes 5 min/sample, 20% increased output per day shows animportant advantage achieved compared to manual clean-up.

Balanced Nutrient Recommendations for Dry Chilli in an Inceptisol of Tamil Nadu based on a Targeted Yield Model

Background: Considering the high cost of fertilizers and adverse effect of its overuse on environment and soil health, proper organic manure-fertilizer recommendations on the basis of soil test values, residual effect and yield targets of chilli becomes vital. Methods: Field experiment was carried out on Periyanaickenpalayam soil series of Inceptisol soil order at farmers holding, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu during 2021-2022 after establishment of marked fertility gradient with respect to soil available N, P and K by gradient experiment with fodder sorghum. The test crop experiment with chilli was laid out in a fractional factorial design comprising of 24 treatments with 4 levels of N (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1), 4 levels for both phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) and potassium dioxide (K2O). Farmyard manure (FYM) levels were 0, 6.25 and 12.5 kg ha-1.From the field experiment data, the fundamental parameters- nutrient requirement (NR) and nutrients contributions from soil (Cs), fertiliser (Cf) and farmyard manure (Co)-were determined. Result: The percentage of nutrients estimated from fertiliser (%Cf) that contributed towards the total amount of nutrients taken up by dry chilli was calculated to be 44.09, 39.29 and 76.91 per cent of N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively. K2O greater than N greater than P2O5 was seen as the order of the fertiliser nutrient per cent contributions to total nutrient uptake. Incase of nutrient contribution form soil (% Cs) the order is P2O5 greater than N greater than K2O. FYM contributed (% Co) 29.42, 14.40 and 38.73 per cent of N, P2O5 and K2O. One quintal of dry chilli production was estimated to require (NR) 4.24 kg of nitrogen, 1.91 kg of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) and 4.80 kg of potassium oxide (K2O) as nutrients. Fertiliser prescription equations (FPEs) for dry chilli and ready reckoners for the operating range of soil test values for the intended yield target experiment under NPK alone and IPNS were built using basic data.

Triple layer hermetic bags for safe storage of dry Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) pods.

Aflatoxin contamination is a major concern in dry chilli pods during storage, which renders chilli flakes, and chilli powder unsafe for consumption and unfit for trade. Traditional method of storage also results in both qualitative as well as quantitative losses. In our study, we evaluated Purdue improved crop storage (PICS) based triple layer hermetic bags (PICS triple bags) for their efficacy in safe storage of dry chilli pods. Four different types of storage bags including untreated jute bag, polythene bag, triple layer hermetic bag, and fungicide treated jute bag were tested for three different storage periods (2, 4, and 6month). Results suggest that aflatoxin levels resulting from Aspergillus flavus infection were below detectable levels in chilli pods stored in PICS triple bags owing to the modified atmospheric conditions of hypoxia and hypercarbia conditions created inside the bags. Further, dry chilli pods stored in PICS triple bags for 2, 4 and 6month recorded no loss in test weight (1000 seeds) and no change in moisture content, whereas significantly moisture loss was observed in remaining treatment bags. Germination percentage of the seeds from the PICS triple bags at 2, 4 and 6month storage was highest (72%) compared to all other treatment bags. Overall, we conclude that the PICS triple bags were effective in safe storage of dry chilli pods by ensuring detrimental environment to Aspergillus flavus growth and preserved both qualitative and quantitative characteristics including test weight, moisture content, and per cent germination compared to other storage bags.

Diversity and Genetic Association Analysis of Dry Chillies (Capsicum annuum L.) of Northern India for Yield and Biochemical Traits

A study was conducted at the Experimental Farm of Department of Vegetable Science, Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP), India during the year 2018 (May–October) to screen twenty-one (21) genotypes of chilli for thirteen characters including yield and total capsaicin content. The evaluation was done in a randomized block design with three replications. Sufficient genetic variability was found for all characters. Correlation analysis revealed a positive significant correlation of fresh ripe yield plant-1 with the number of red fruits plant-1 (0.842*), days to fresh ripe maturity (0.394*), dry yield as percentage of fresh ripe (0.386*), days to 50 % flowering (0.384*), plant height (0.374*) and days to green fruit maturity (0.352*). The number of red fruits plant-1 (0.440*) had a positive significant correlation with total capsaicin content. Path analysis revealed a positive direct effect of number of red fruits plant-1 (0.698) on fresh ripe yield followed by days to green fruit maturity (0.372), number of seeds fruit-1 (0.218), average red fruit weight (0.168), dry yield as percentage of fresh ripe (0.111), plant height (0.111) and red fruit length (0.007) whereas total capsaicin content in dry chilli had the positive direct correlation with days to 50% flowering, days to fresh ripe maturity, number of fruits plant-1 and 1000 seed weight. Finally, it was revealed that the selection of genotypes bearing many small-thick fruits would be the most suitable criterion for selecting a population having high capsaicin content and fruit yield.

Knowledge of Women Labourers Involved in Post-harvest Activities of Dry Chilli - A Comparative Study

India is the largest agricultural dependent country wherein; the culturally diverse population still depends on ‘agriculture’ and for them it is not merely a business but is the “True Culture of India”. In Indian agriculture, women play multiple roles right from sowing to harvesting. She also plays crucial role in post-harvesting operations. Women are therefore key contributors in agricultural production. A comparative study to know the Knowledge of fi eld level women labourers involved in post-harvest activities of dry chilliA comparative study in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Study was undertaken in Haveri district of Karnataka and Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. A total of 120 respondents were selected for the study (60 respondents from Karnataka and 60 respondents from Andhra Pradesh). The data was collected through personal interview method with the help of pre-structured interview schedule. Statistical tools viz., frequency, percentages, class interval and t-test were used to analyze the data. The overall knowledge index of fi eld level labourers knowledge index was 63.48 in Haveri and 63.61 in Guntur districts respectively. Regarding fi eld level women labourers knowledge there was no signifi cant diff erence between Byadgi and Guntur district fi eld level women labourers.

Socio-personal Profile of APMC Women Involved in Post-harvest Activities of Dry Chilli and their Constraints – A Comparative Study

A comparative study to know the socio-personal profi le, constraints and health problems of APMC women involved in post-harvest activities of dry chilli was undertaken during 2019-2020 in Byadgi APMC of Karnataka and Guntur APMC of Andhra Pradesh with a sample of 120 women labourers. The results showed that, 63.33 per cent of Byadgi AMPC and 70.00 per cent of Guntur APMC respondents belonged to middle aged (36- 50) category. More than half (53.33 %) of Byadgi APMC and 63.33 per cent of Guntur APMC women labourers were illiterates. Most of Byadgi APMC (70.00%) and Guntur APMC (86.67%) women labourers belonged to small family size. The family income was medium for 73.33 per cent of Byadgi APMC and 60.00 per cent for Guntur APMC women labourers. More than half (53.33%) of Byadgi APMC and (26.67%) of Guntur APMC respondents belonged to backward castes. Remaining belonged to SC/ST and forward castes. They had low extension, organizational and mass media participation. Social participation was medium. The women labourers faced many constraints while performing post-harvest activities at APMC as APMC is far away to reach by 93.33 per cent of Byadgi APMC and 90.00 per cent Guntur APMC women labourers. Similarly 93.33 per cent of Byadgi APMC and 76.66 per cent of Guntur APMC respondents said less wages as a constraint. More than 70.00 per cent told high cost of transportation to reach APMC as a constraint. More than 70.00 percent of respondents said joint pain, whole body ache, hand pain and back ache followed by 65.00 percent told eye burning were the health problems faced by them while performing post-harvest activities of dry chilli in the APMCs.

Constraints in dry chilli cultivation practices and mechanization of harvesting in Southern India

Dry chilli production in India condition faces many challenges apart from adverse weather conditions, labor-intensive production practices and higher overall production costs are limiting profitable dry chilli cultivation. Therefore, a study was carried to know the key constraints in current chilli production practices in eight major production districts of three states. A systematic research and development approach is essential to know the range of constraints and farmers preferences over technological options for field operations. The harvesting operation alone demands 43% of labour 360.5 man-days/ha. So, red chilli harvesting mechanization is a definite immediate requirement to reduce labour input. Farmers (47%) prefer small size self-propelled chilli harvester over tractor operated equipment. In the production catchments, farmer also inferred to change the cultivation practices to mechanize chilli production operations, but 18% of farmers hesitant to adopt one-timeharvesting chilli varieties due to suspicion about the yield potentials.

Performance of rainfed chilli crop in Tamil Nadu under climate change in RCP4.5

Dry chilli, which stands third in production from the spice industry, has influenced the Indian diet to a greater extent . The impact of climate change conditions on chilli crop could, in turn, impart the economy deeply. Hence, the future projection of dry chilli production will surely enrich knowledge about crop performance. Climate data from CCSM4 being downscaled from RegCM 4.4 was used in yield projection till the end of 21st century through DSSAT crop simulation for two major cultivars of chilli in Tamilnadu viz., TNAU chilli hybrid CO1 and K1 variety under rainfed conditions. TNAU chilli hybrid CO1 and K1 varieties have shown negative yield deviations for all the agroclimatic zones of Tamilnadu under variable time scales. However, southern zone was exclusive in exhibting positive yield by 7 percent and 5 percent, respectively, during the end of century.

Benefits and Perception of Dry Chilli Farmers in Online Marketing: Experiences from Karnataka State, India

Benefits and Perception of Dry Chilli Farmers in Online Marketing: Experiences from Karnataka State, India

Dissipation Dynamics and Risk Assessment of Thiacloprid Residues in Chilli Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and Soil using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

The dissipation of thiacloprid (Alanto 240 SC) in fresh, dry chilli pepper and soil is reported. The residues in fresh and dry chilli peppers reached below the quantitation limit of 0.01 mg kg−1 after 15th and 21st d respectively of application of thiacloprid at 63 and 126 g a.i. ha−1. The residue magnified by 1.56 to 1.88 times on sun drying of fresh chilli peppers, necessitating study on its residue dynamics at different processing steps. Half-lives of thiacloprid at lower and higher doses of application were 3.4 and 4.3 d for fresh chilli peppers, and 2.7 and 3.8 d in the case of dry chilli peppers. The corresponding waiting periods were 10.3 and 16.0 d on fresh chilli peppers and 7.7 and 15.9 d in dry chilli peppers. The residue in soil reached below LOQ after 10th and 15th day, registering a half-life of 2.49 and 2.52 d respectively at the two doses. The risk assessment showed TMRC values on 0 d at 0.825 and 1.635 μg person−1 d−1 at the lower and higher doses respectively on fresh chilli peppers, whereas dry chilli peppers showed 0.354 and 0.720 μg person−1 d−1. The thiacloprid applied at the lower and higher doses to chilli pepper did not pose any risk to humans, even on the day of application. It can thus be incorporated in integrated management of pest complex in chilli.

Nursery Management Practices for Improving the Yield of Dry Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)

Nursery Management Practices for Improving the Yield of Dry Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)

Assessing effectiveness of an alternate management system for termites in sugarcane plantation

An alternate management system for termites in sugarcane was evaluated. The system included reduced frequency of application of synthetic organic pesticides (single application) as compared to standard chemical method, use of phytochemical (dry chilli powder) and food-bait trap (fish bladder) for predatory ant, Tetraponera sp. that predated on termites. Alternate management system was found to be quite effective and reflected in form of lower germination failure (62–65% germination during 30–45 days after sowing) and seedling damage (8–13% damaged tillers during 30–90 days after sowing) in sugarcane as well as in the termite population counts (0.7–9.1/15 cm3/plot) and was at par with chemical check. Chlorfenapyr and imidacloprid were at par but imidacloprid was more toxic to non-target organisms, thus use of chlorfenapyr is the better and rationally more acceptable option. Chilli powder showed some sort of repellent activity and contributed in lowering field population density of termites. Food-bait strongly attracted wood ants and they substantially predated upon termites which was reflected in damage parameters as well as in termite counts. Pesticide alone and in combination with Metarhizium performed at par indicating that fungus could not exert significant influence on termite populations.

Genotypes performance and genetic variability studies in Hot Chilli (<italic>Capsicum annum</italic> L.)

Twenty five diverse chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes were evaluated in a field study to assess genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance. The highest PCV were recorded for number of fruit plant-1 (42.0), dry fruit yield plant-1 (30.34), seed yield plant-1 (28.94), fruit weight of dry chilli (23.38), number of primary branches plant-1 at 30 DAT (21.88) and fruit width (21.0). While, highest GCV was observed for number of fruit plant-1 (41.77), dry fruit yield plant-1 (29.61), seed yield plant-1 (27.67) and fruit weight of dry chilli (21.67), The value of heritability (h2bs) was found to be very high for fruit yield plant-1 (97.91), seed yield plant-1 (96.82), dry fruit yield plant-1 (95.24), days to first picking (94.88), fruit length (93.30), fruit weight of green chilli (93.26), fruit yield plot-1(92.91), fruit yield ha-1 (92.90) and fruit width (92.02). The highest estimates of genetic advance as percentage of mean was recorded for number of fruit plant-1 (45.59), fruit weight of dry chilli (41.38), fruit width (39.82), dry fruit yield plant-1 (39.52), seed yield plant-1 (38.70), fruit weight of green chilli (38.10), fruit yield plant-1 (37.33) and fruit length (36.78) were observed for these all the above characters, imply the potential for crop improvement in chilli through selection.

Chemical Pretreatments Affecting Drying Characteristics of Chilli (cv. Huarou Yon)

One- (70°C) and two-temperature regimes (70 and 50°C) were used to dry chilli (Capsicum annuum cv. Huarou Yon) using a laboratory tray dryer compared to conventional sun drying. A pretreatment was done by soaking chilli in antibrowning solutions before drying. It was found that the drying rate of chilli soaked in chemical solutions was increased and the drying period of chilli was decreased. Page's model was found to fit well with the experiment for one- and two-temperature drying using least squares analysis. The highest value of the coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.99), the lowest value of standard error of estimation (SEE < 0.00031), and the lowest value of the mean relative deviation (P < 10%) were obtained. The effective moisture diffusivities of chilli drying at 70°C and two-stage drying were between 6.01–7.22 × 10−10 m2/s and 3.16–3.89 × 10−10 m2/s, respectively. In contrast, the lowest value of effective moisture diffusivity of chilli was obtained by the conventional sun-drying method (0.597 × 10−10 m2/s). The highest value of moisture diffusivity was observed for chilli soaked in sodium metabisulfite (NaMS) mixed with CaCl2 solution for both one- and two-temperature regimes. The color of chilli was improved by using chemical pretreatments, in particular, chilli soaked in NaMS mixed with CaCl2 solution.