Dry Bone Research Articles

Anatomical Variations of Gerdy’s Tubercle: The Distal Attachment Site of the Iliotibial Tract

Background: Morphometric evaluation of Gerdy’s tubercle located on upper end of tibia has very significant role in orthopedics for the treatment and surgeries of total knee replacement. A triangular facet known as Gerdy’s tubercle is located on the lateral tibial condyle. Aim: To analyze and evaluate the variations in size, shape, prominence and localization of Gerdy’s tubercle in dry human tibial bones. Study Design: Cross sectional morphological study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anatomy, Akhtar Saeed Medical & Dental College Lahore from 1st July 2022 to 31st December 2022. Methodology: To record the variations of Gerdy’s tubercle in this research work, 50 dry human tibial bones were obtained. Morphologically shape and bony prominence of this tubercle was noted. Vernier caliper and ruler were used to measure the diameter and localization of the tubercle. Results: The calculated mean diameter of Gerdy’s tubercle irrespective of the side of tibia was 12.5±2.85mm. This tubercle on tibia was noted as triangular in shape in 60% bones and oval in 30% and irregular in 10%. The surface prominence of Gerdy’s tubercle was observed to be rough in 20%, smooth in 80% of the total bones. For localization of the tubercle, the distance measured between the tibial tuberosity to the Gerdy’s tubercle. It was 54.5±6 mm on all total bones. Conclusion: The present study provides the morphological and morphometrical evaluation of the variations in Gerdy’s tubercle on upper end of tibial bones, furnishing an anatomical correlation of these anatomical information of the tubercle with the orthopedic and radiological manifestations. Keywords: Tibial anterolateral facet, Gerdy’s tubercle, Localization of Gerdy’s tubercle, Anatomical variations

Ethics of the use of dead human bodies in anatomy teaching in India.

The study of the human anatomy predominantly requires the use of remains of the dead. Unclaimed bodies are easily available in India; however, there is a lack of clear ethical guidelines governing their transport and exchange. We raise pertinent questions about the ethical implications of using unclaimed bodies in teaching anatomy, their transport, transfer and storage, ethical and legal issues regarding the voluntary donation of bodies and dry human bones, as well as the commercial aspects of body donation. We also examine existing practices in anatomy departments in India, and explore the available legal safeguards. We detail practical and ethical challenges in the existing practices and safeguards and attempt to provide solutions.

Water (and Blood) in Ezekiel 16 and 36-37

This article compares Ezekiel 16 and Ezekiel 36:1-37:14 as an example of “resumptive exposition” (D. I. Block) with particular attention to the ways that the message of Israel’s restoration in the later chapters allude to the message of Jerusalem’s judgment and rehabilitation in the earlier one. Although commentators have occasionally noted various lexical and thematic links between Ezekiel 16 and Ezekiel 36-37, none has yet provided an integrative assessment of these chapters with respect to the foundling motif. The prophetic indictment of the adulterous Jerusalem in Ezekiel 16 recurrently appeals to YHWH’s merciful treatment of Jerusalem in her youthful years as an exposed orphan and uncovered virgin (vv. 1-14). The author proposes that the ancient Near Eastern texts on the birth ritual and the foundling inform the rhetoric of Ezekiel 16. A careful examination of the chapters warrants the conclusion that Ezekiel 36:1-37:14, in connection with Ezekiel 16, employ literary reversal and amplification through skillful interlacing of lexical elements (e.g., to multiply, to know, to remember, and to live) to augment the import of YHWH’s message for the eschatological renewal of Israel. Moreover, in both chapters (Eze 16 and 36), the water ritual intimated at the beginning of YHWH’s deliverance of the covenantal partner is allusively linked to priestly texts on riddance rituals (e.g., Num 19; Lev 16), underscoring the irony of divine forgiveness of the house of Israel to her shame. Ezekiel’s prophecy of the restoration of the — house of Israel (Eze 36:33-38) and the vision of the bones in the valley (Eze 37:1-14) parallel the depiction in Ezekiel 16 of Jerusalem’s encounter with YHWH as a foundling in response to his divine command, “Live!” (Eze 16:6/2x). The creative imperative reverberates throughout Ezekiel’s vision of the dry bones in Ezekiel 37 (vv. 6, 9, 10, and 14) with the word to live ( חיה ) serving as a characteristic leitmotif. This pronouncement powerfully affirms YHWH’s eternal loving-kindness for his chosen people, whom their parents had abandoned (Eze 16:2), in contrast to the way these estranged parents entreat the river god for their lives while abandoning an unwanted child in the Mesopotamian riddance ceremony. Ezekiel 16 is thus a significant dialectical partner in understanding the prophetic discourse on the hopeful future of Israel in Ezekiel 36:1-37:14.

Nubuatan Yehezkiel Tentang Kebangkitan Israel Dalam Perspektif Kristen Berdasarkan Yehezkiel 37:1-14

The vision of passing from death to life is a glorious awakening. It is something that nature completely ignores, totally contrary to how it works (une privatione ad habitum non datur regressus-no way without ownership). Interestingly, the book of Ezekiel shows an unusual hope. In a valley full of human bones, God asked, "Can these bones rise again?" " Impossible! However, Ezekiel knows that nothing is impossible in God's hands. This paper uses qualitative research methods with a literary approach to present problems as well as analyze and collect data. With this in mind, the writer wants to discuss a number of things related to the text of Ezekiel 37 :1-14 itself. The main problem being considered is how to interpret the passage Ezekiel. 37:1-14. The conclusion is that through the text of Ezekiel 37:1-14, God actually wants to convey promises and messages of hope through Ezekiel. Text it mentions that Ezekiel saw a vision of dry bones in the valley, which was interpreted as a promise to save the Israelites.

Morphology and Topography of the Nutrient Foramina in the Shoulder Girdle and Long Bones of the Upper Extremity

Objectives: The most principal nutrition source of a bone is nutrient arteries. They are important at every stage of bone development. A nutrient artery enters a bone through the nutrient foramen, the largest hole on the outer surface of the bone. The foramen is important both morphologically and clinically.
 Methods: A total of 414 adult human dry bones were investigated in this study to identify topographic and morphological features of nutrient foramina in the scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius and ulna. Nutrient foramina were examined with a hand lens. Their dimensions and directions were determined with a 21-gauge needle, and thus major foramina were detected. Positions of nutrient foramina were noted according to surfaces of the bones, and to segments separated as proximal, middle and distal by calculating foraminal index.
 Results: A single nutrient foramen was found in 71% of our samples. We observed that 94.2% of foramina in the clavicle, 89.3% of foramina in the humerus, 51.3% of foramina in the radius, and 67.7% of foramina in the ulna were located in the middle 1/3 segment of the bones.
 Conclusion: Our findings were in line with the data in the literature. On account of pathologies associated with the nutrient foramen, our findings may be helpful for surgeons to design applications performed in the region. In addition, we think that our data by contributing to the literature may be a resource for clinicians due to the importance of the nutrient foramen for surgical procedures.

Quantifying microcracks on fractured bone surfaces – Potential use in forensic anthropology

Bone fracture surface morphology (FSM) can provide valuable information on the cause of failure in forensic and archaeological applications and it depends primarily on three factors, the loading conditions (like strain rate), the ambient conditions (wet or dry bone material) and the quality of bone material itself. The quality of bone material evidently changes in taphonomy as a result of the decomposition process and that in turn is expected to affect FSM. Porcine bones were fractured by a standardised impact during the course of soft tissue decomposition, at 28-day intervals, over 140 days (equivalent to 638 cooling degree days). Measurements of the associated microcracks on the fractured cortical bone surfaces indicated a progressive increase in mean length during decomposition from around 180 μm–375 μm. The morphology of these microcracks also altered, from multiple intersecting microcracks emanating from a central point at 0–28 cumulative cooling degree days, to longer linear cracks appearing to track lamellae as soft tissue decomposition progressed. The implications of these findings are that taphonomic changes of bone may offer the real possibility of distinguishing perimortem and taphonomic damage and also provide a new surrogate parameter for estimation of post-mortem interval (PMI) in forensics.

Forensic age estimation: comparison and validation of the Iscan method in 3D reconstructions using a surface scanner in a Spanish population

When investigating a death, post-mortem identification provides with results of great legal and humanitarian significance. The effectiveness of the methods used to estimate age depends on the reference population, considering variables such as sex and ancestry. The aim of this study was to validate the Iscan method to estimate age in a Spanish forensic population, comparing the estimates obtained in dry bones and 3D reconstructions created with a surface scanner. We carried out a cross-sectional study on 109 autopsied corpses (67% male), scanning the sternal end of the right fourth rib in a 3D mesh, using an EinScan-Pro® surface scanner (precision: 0.05 mm). Two observers estimated the phases in dry bones and 3D images according to the Iscan method and to the sex of the subject. The mean age was 57.73 years (SD = 19.12 years;18–93 years). The intra-observer agreement was almost perfect in bones (κ = 0.877–0.960) and 3D images (κ = 0.954), while the inter-observer agreement was almost perfect in bones (κ = 0.813) and substantial in 3D images (κ = 0.727). The correlation with the Iscan phases was very strong in bones (Rho = 0.794–0.820; p < 0.001) and strong in 3D images (Rho = 0.690–0.691; p < 0.001). Both sex-adjusted linear regression models were significant (dry bones: R2 = 0.65; SEE = ± 11.264 years; 3D images: R2 = 0.50; SEE = ± 13.537 years) from phase 4 onwards. An overestimation of age was observed in the first phases, and an underestimation in the later ones. Virtual analysis using a surface scanner in the fourth rib is a valid means of estimating age. However, the error values and confidence intervals were considerable, so the joint use of different methods and anatomical sites is recommended.

Shape analysis and morphometric evaluation of the obturator foramen in dry human bones

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the shape and morphometric features of the obturator foramen (OF) in dry human bones.&#x0D; Methods: Forty-six (Right:15, Left:31) dry human coxal bones were evaluated. Photographs of samples for morphometric measurements were taken using a transparent osteometric box (TOB) designed for this study. Horizontal and vertical diameters of OF were measured according to two different principles. Measurements were taken to determine the localization of OF on the coxal bone (hip bone) relative to the acetabulum, pubis, and ischium. Shape analysis (visual typing) of OF was performed with the conventional method. In order to examine the shape variations of the OF in more detail, quantitative shape analysis based on Elliptic Fourier Analysis was performed with the SHAPE software.&#x0D; Results: A significant difference was observed between the diameter measurements obtained by the two methods (p

Towards an understanding of the different uses of sheep/goat and hare in Iberian South-Western Bronze Age funerary contexts

Faunal remains associated with human burials are a well-known practice in Southern Portugal during the Middle Bronze Age (end of the third millennium until the first half of the second millennium BC). The funerary architecture is mainly marked by hypogea, where articulated segments of anterior limbs or isolated bones from the front limbs of cattle or sheep/goat are present as grave goods. Along with hypogea, there are also examples of burial contexts in pits with faunal remains associated. This paper presents data on a circular pit from Montinhos 6 (Southern Portugal) with two primary interments, where disarticulated sheep/goat and hare remains are included as grave goods. Some of the bones (both hare and sheep/goat) were included as dry bones, meaning that animal corpses were manipulated earlier. It allows considering the hypothesis that such animal remains have been used in a previous social context. The animal corpses decay, and some bones were chosen, collected, and lastly integrated within the funerary context. This treatment of the bones suggests a well-planned integration of the animals into the funerary rituals. Regarding the meaning of these faunal remains, one may interpret them as “manipulated artefacts” or amulets, invoking graces for hunting and/or herding practices. In addition, sheep/goat front limb bones (humerii and radii) were added as well, probably with fresh tissues attached, suggesting rituals of funerary commensality.

Osteonal Microcracking Pattern: A Potential Vitality Marker in Human Bone Trauma.

In forensic anthropology, the differential diagnosis between peri- and postmortem bone fractures is mainly based on macroscopic criteria. In contrast, studies focusing on bone histology are very scarce. In a recent publication, we showed that (perimortem) fractures in fresh human bones exhibit a different osteonal microcracking pattern than (postmortem) damage in dry bones. In the current work, we explored whether this osteonal microcracking pattern is distinctive of the vitality of (perimortem) fresh bone fractures. To this end, we compared the number, length and structural distribution of microcracks in vital humeral fractures from forensic autopsy cases with experimentally reproduced, three point-bending fractures in fresh and dry human humeri. Half of the fresh experimental bones were fractured whilst applying axial compression, i.e., attempting to simulate intra vitam conditions more accurately. The results showed a similar osteonal microcracking pattern between vital fractures and experimental fractures of fresh humeri subjected to axial compression. Interestingly, this pattern was significantly different from the one observed in the experimental fractures of fresh humeri without axial compression and dry humeri. This supports our hypothesis that the osteonal microcracking pattern can potentially be used as a marker for vital perimortem trauma, providing a histomorphometric tool for fracture timing.

Bone as a Fuel: Studying the Properties Based on the Results of Experimental Observations

Purpose. Burnt animal bones are regularly found at archaeological sites of different eras and territories. One of the popular hypotheses suggests that they were used as fuel. The purpose of this work, based on experimental observations, is to determine the combustion temperature regime of bones different types in comparison with wood.Results. A series of nine experimental bonfires revealed the following advantages of bone as fuel: 1) increase in the maximum combustion temperature to 800–900 °C versus 600–700 °C in a fire with wood fuel only; 2) increase in the average range of combustion temperature by more than 100 °C; 3) minimization of temperature fluctuations; 4) ensuring a stable high temperature. We also found that the bones condition (fresh / dry; unbroken / fragmented) and its structure (the predominance of compact / spongy bone tissue) affects its combustible properties. Fresh bones with spongy tissue predominance (the spine, limbs bones) have the best qualities. Dry fragmented bones burn much worse and have no advantages over other fuels.Conclusion. Thus, animal bones are not universal independent fuel. Some of its properties could be used for operations requiring a stable high temperature. It could be simple activities (cooking, heating, hearth maintenance, drying) and the specialized ones.

Morphologic and Topographic Anatomy of the Nutrient Foramen in Human Long Bones and Its Clinical Significance

BACKGROUND&#x0D; The aim of the study was to evaluate the number and position of the nutrient foramina in tibia, fibula, femur, humerus, ulna, and radius bones of dry human bones and correlate the results clinically.&#x0D; METHODS&#x0D; For this purpose, 214 long bones were examined. Of the 214 bones studied, 31 were radial, 28 ulnar, 46 humeral, 33 tibial, 22 fibular and 54 femoral. The size, location and the number of nutrient foramina were analysed, and the length of the bone, and the distance of the nutrient foramina from the proximal end of the bone were measured. And the foraminal index was calculated.&#x0D; RESULTS&#x0D; The numbers of primary nutrient foramen (PF) and secondary nutrient foramen (SF) were 183 (85.5 %) and 16 (7.47 %), respectively, and distributed 80.64 % at radius, 92.85 % at ulna, 80.43 % at humerus, 93.93 % at tibia, 86.36 % at fibula, and 83.33 % at femur. The greatest number of SF was on the femur, but not on the tibia and fibula. A statistically significant correlation was seen among; TL-DPF (radius, tibia and femur), DPF-FI (radius, ulna, humerus, tibia, fibula and femur).&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS&#x0D; This study provides important information about the morphology of nutrient foramina in human long bones, knowledge of which will be useful to surgeons in planning orthopaedic procedures and useful to anthropologists in segmental analysis.

Morphometry and morphological analysis of carotico-clinoid foramen: an anatomical study with clinical implications.

The dural fold between anterior and middle clinoid processes on mineralisation leads to the formation of caroticoclinoid foramen (CCF). Different morphology of this foramen presents with different clinical features. The present study reports the frequency of CCF in the population of Bihar, while providing an account of assimilated information from previous literature regarding the association of caroticoclinoid ligament ossification with age and human genetics. The study was conducted on 100 adult dry human skulls of unknown age and sex, and 50 lateral view radiographs of the head. Of the 100 dry skull bones, 9 presented with different forms of CCF. Bilateral complete foramina were noticed in 2 (2%) skull bones, while the incomplete foramina were observed bilaterally in 3 (3%) and unilaterally in 4 (4%) skulls. The lateral view radiograph data (n = 50) presented with a bilateral foramen in one subject and unilateral complete CCF in two different subjects. On measurements of the diameters of the complete CCF the mean values observed were 4.06 mm and 4.51 mm on the right side, while that on the left side were 5.15 mm and 4.14 mm. For the incomplete foramina, the mean values for the vertical diameter were 4.48 mm on the right and 4.19 mm on the left side, respectively. The frequency of CCF in the present study population of Bihar was much lesser than that of previously studied populations. However, the variation in frequency of different morphological types of CCF was observed to be the same across populations. The variations in CCF's metric data could help in predicting the morphological changes it causes to the clinoidal segment of the internal carotid artery, as well as in distinguishing its varieties.

Recovery of Collagen/Gelatin from Fish Waste with Carbon Dioxide as a Green Solvent: An Optimization and Characterization

Fish processing produces large amounts of fish waste. Instead of disposing of it, it is wiser to recover the valuable resource for high-value-added products. Our study proposed a process using carbon dioxide-acidified water as a green solvent under supercritical conditions to successfully recover collagen/gelatin from the skin and bone of striped catfish. The optimum extraction conditions were obtained at 75 bar, 37 °C, and 24 h. The yields from the dry skin and bone mass were around 37% and 8%, respectively. The extracted products were characterized by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy to study the functional groups, scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the morphology, sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to study the protein pattern, UV–vis analysis to measure the absorption peak, and thermal gravimetric analysis to determine the denaturation temperature. The results show the viability of the proposed method on an industrial scale. The characteristics of the extracted product show promising results and potential for being developed further in many applications such as biomaterial engineering in healthcare or natural polymer-based absorbent material for efficient removal of heavy metals from water and wastewater.

Sex- and site-specific, age-related changes in bone density - a Terry collection study.

As modern populations are living longer, age-related health issues have become more common. One growing concern is the age-related bone density loss that increases the individual's risk for fractures, which unfortunately seems to disproportionately afflict women. These fractures are not only detrimental to the individuals' lives but also come with a great economic burden to the societies. Although age-related bone loss is a normal phenomenon, studies on archaeological individuals have demonstrated that the pattern how this occurs has experienced changes due to our changing lifestyles. Hence, to add to our understanding of secular trends in age-related bone loss, we studied age- and sex-related differences in vertebral and femoral bone densities of a recent past population of late 19th and early 20th century Americans. We used a sample of 114 individuals (55 males, 59 females) from the Robert J. Terry Anatomical Skeletal Collection. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) was used to scan the dry bones. We took one scan from the 4th lumbar vertebra and three scans from the femur. The associations between the age, sex and bone density were analyzed. We were able to detect age-related bone loss in both vertebra and femur. It was observed that men tended to lose more bone density on the vertebra, whereas bone loss in women was more pronounced in the femur. We speculate that differences to modern and earlier archaeological populations are related to the major lifestyle differences between the periods.

Morphometric and Topographic Study of Nutrient Foramen in Human Clavicle in North India

Background&amp; Aims: The Clavicle also known as Collar bone is the only long bone of the human skeleton which is placed horizontally. The vascularized bone like clavicle helps principally in bone grafting and joint allograft. The morphometrical and topographical knowledge of nutrient foramina is very important in surgical and orthopaedical procedures. The aim of this study is to determine the number, position, location and direction of nutrient foramen in human clavicle bones. Material and methods: The present study was conducted on 60 human dry adult clavicle bones of unknown age and sex, which were obtained from the Department of Anatomy, Govt Medical college, Jammu. Results: The nutrient foramen was present in all 60 (100%) clavicle bones. One nutrient foramen was present in 63.3%, two in 28.3% and three in 8.3% of clavicles. Total 87 nutrient foramina were observed in our study. The nutrient foramina were predominantly located in the middle 1/3rd of the clavicle bones. In addition, the predominant position of nutrient foramen was on inferior surface of clavicle. The direction of nutrient foramina in all clavicle bones was towards the acromial end in present study. Conclusion: The knowledge of nutrient foramina is very important in surgical and orthopaedical procedures like bone grafting and more recently in microsurgical vascularised bone transplantation. Keywords: Morphometric and topographic study, nutrient foramen, human clavicle

Comparison of digestible and available phosphorus release values for a novel phytase determined with fecal phosphorus digestibility and bone mineralization in weaner pigs

The objective of this study was to compare digestible and available P release from phytase through measuring fecal P digestibility and bone mineralization. A total of 336 weaner pigs (7.4 ± 0.9 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design. Three diets were established by including 2.5 (control), 6.0 or 9.5 g/kg monocalcium phosphate (MCP) to establish the standard response curves. The other 4 diets included a novel phytase at 500, 1000, 2000 or 3000 phytase units (FYT)/kg feed to the control. Each diet was fed to 6 pens of 8 pigs each for 21 days. All diets included 3 g/kg TiO2, and fecal samples were collected on d 13–15 of trial. At the end, one pig per pen was sacrificed for the collection of tibias. The results showed that increasing supplementation of MCP linearly (P < 0.001) improved growth performance (body weight gain, feed intake and gain:feed and bone mineralization (percent bone ash and weights of dry bone, bone ash, and bone Ca and P). These parameters responded to the supplementation of phytase both linearly and quadratically (P < 0.01). Supplemental phytase or MCP increased apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca and P as well as the amount of ATTD P, but reduced the ATTD Ca-to-ATTD P ratio both linearly and quadratically (P < 0.01). Both MCP and phytase linearly (P < 0.05) increased percent bone ash P. The true total tract digestibility (TTTD) coefficient of P in MCP was estimated to be 0.94 by regressing the ATTD P against the dietary P concentration. The available P release increased from 1.58 to 2.21, 1.77–2.62, 1.17–1.82 and 1.25–1.97 g/kg feed when body weight gain, gain:feed, percent bone ash and bone P weight were used as the response variables, respectively, with increasing phytase dose from 500 to 3000 FYT/kg feed, whereas the digestible P release by phytase calculated from ATTD coefficient of P increased from 1.05 to 1.99 g/kg feed. By multiplying the TTTD coefficient of MCP (0.94), the available P release values based on bone P weight were transformed to their equivalent digestible values of 1.18–1.86 g/kg feed. In conclusion, the available P release from phytase depends on the response variables. Using the TTTD coefficient of P in MCP to convert the available P release values to digestible P values for phytase did not generate comparable results as measured from ATTD coefficient of P.

Cross sectional analytical study – Analytical morphometric study of dry femur in South Gujarat

The femur is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the human body. Morphometric study of femur can be useful for estimation of stature, prediction of femur fractures/pathologies, operative management as well as for determination of congenital anomalies. 250 dry femur bones collected from bone Store, Government Medical College, Surat, Gujarat with study done over a period of 6 months. Total length of each femur and the Foraminal Index (FI) for each nutrient foramina were obtained. The mean total length of femur obtained was 41.22 cms. Torsion angle for both right sided as well as left sided femurs was most common in the range 11 - 14. 39.7% (48) of the total right sided femurs (121) had a torsion angle in the range 11 - 14 while 41.9% (54) of the total left sided femurs (129) also had a torsion angle in the range 11 - 14. Maximum number had a neck shaft angle in the range of 123 - 127 which constitutes 41.6% (104) of total sample size. Nutrient foramina was most commonly (48.8%) along linea aspera with most had a size corresponding to 22 gauge, which constitutes 45.7% (119) of total sample size. Morphometric study of femur helps us to determine various factors which could be helpful for prediction, prevention and diagnosis of a certain pathology as well as for its management and treatment.

Veldt fires in South Africa: Implications on osteometry and the biological profile

Standard operating procedures for forensic anthropological analyses dictate that thermally altered remains should not be measured, hindering the creation of a biological profile. Few studies have addressed estimating biological parameters from burned remains, with the greatest focus of this research area being on cremated remains. However, veldt fires are more common than cremation in the South African forensic context. The aim of this study was to explore the degree of structural changes observed in domestic pig (Sus scrofa) bones associated with thermal destruction and the potential impact on the estimation of a biological profile using standard osteometric methods. A total of 96 pig femora were divided equally into two categories: fresh and dry. Within each category, equal samples were exposed to different durations of burning, namely, 5, 10, and 20 min. Ten standard femoral anthropological measurements were collected before and after burning. Technical error of measurement and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to assess changes in the femoral dimensions before and after burning. Most measurements were significantly different after burning, with the fresh bones decreasing in size by up to 7.8% and the dry bones decreasing in size by up to 4.0%. The magnitude of post-burning measurement changes for both burn conditions was similar to, or smaller than has previously been reported for observer measurement errors of commonly used variables investigated for standard osteometric studies. Veldt fires are less intense than cremation, thus causing less shrinkage.

The mystery of morphometric measurements of the coxal bone

Coxal bone, which is included in the structure of the pelvic skeleton, is in close relationship with the pelvic organs and great vessels. The aim of this study is to show the harmony between morphometric measurements using the correlation technique, based on the idea that the proportional harmony in different parts of our body will also be in the coxal bone. In the study, 95 dry coxal bone belonging to the Turkish population were examined. In dry bones of adults, the distance between anterior superior iliac spine and posterior superior iliac spine (A), distance between anterior inferior iliac spine and posterior inferior iliac spine (B), distance between anterior superior iliac spine and anterior inferior iliac spine (C), distance between posterior superior iliac spine and posterior inferior iliac spine (D), symphysial surface length (E), symphysial surface width (F), ischial tuberosity width (G), ischion-pubis arm thickness (H), coxal bone length (I), distance between the symphysial surface and the most protruding part of the ischial tuberosity (J) were measured with caliper. There was no statistical difference in the comparison of different measurements made on the right and left coxal bone in our study. In correlation studies, between (B) and (A) (r: 0.566), between (I) and (A) (r: 0.595), between (J) and (A) (r: 0.600), between (E) and (J) (r: 0.563) measurements showed a positive correlation relationship. In this study, excellent agreement was found in different morphometric measurements in coxal bone.