Dry Blending Method Research Articles

Performance of Asphalt Mixtures Modified with Desulfurized Rubber and Rock Asphalt Composites

This study explores the performance of asphalt mixtures modified with North American rock asphalt and desulfurized rubber particles at varying rubber-to-asphalt ratios ranging from 18% to 36% by weight. A comprehensive set of laboratory tests, including high-temperature rutting tests, low-temperature bending tests, indirect tensile tests, and freeze–thaw splitting tests, were conducted to evaluate the modified mixtures. The results indicate that both wet and dry blending methods produce mixtures that meet technical requirements, with the optimal asphalt-to-aggregate ratio determined to be 7.1%. At a rubber-to-asphalt ratio of 18%, the wet blending method slightly improves high-temperature rutting resistance compared to the dry method. However, an increase in rubber content generally enhances rutting resistance regardless of the blending technique. The wet blending method excels in low-temperature crack resistance, possibly due to better rubber dispersion, while an increase in rubber content diminishes crack resistance due to a thinning asphalt film. In terms of fatigue performance, the dry blending method results in significantly longer fatigue life, with a 27% rubber-to-asphalt ratio exhibiting optimal balance. The dry method consistently outperforms the wet method in water stability, and the resistance to water damage increases with rubber content. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into optimizing rubber-to-asphalt ratios and blending methods for various application needs, showcasing the benefits of rock asphalt and desulfurized rubber particles in asphalt modification.

Development of multifunctional nylon 6,6-based nanocomposites with high electrical and thermal conductivities by scalable melt and dry blending methods for automotive applications

With the advent of intelligent automobile technology, the demand for multifunctional composites with higher electrical and thermal conductivities is increasing. We have herein reported for the first time the effect of polyolester on the dispersion of carbon nanotube (CNT) in the short-carbon fiber (CF)/nylon 6,6 (PA66) composite using a scalable melt-mixing and dry-blending method and its subsequent improvement in electrical and thermal conductivities. Masterbatches were prepared with a higher concentration of CNT (both untreated and polyolester-treated) followed by dry blended with reference composite (30 wt% CF and 10 wt% mineral fiber filled PA66) before making coupons via injection molding. A 500 % and 63 % improvements in electrical (3.14 S cm−1) and thermal conductivities (in-plane) (1.99 W m−1 K−1) conductivities were observed by adding 1.5 wt% treated CNT compared to the reference composite. The improvements were even higher than that of untreated CNT due to better dispersion. Furthermore, the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness reached 61 dB for 1.5 wt% treated CNT-filled composite (39 % enhancement). These results are significant in imparting multiple functionalities to the automotive composite parts.

Effect of Processing Technology, Nanomaterial and Coupling Agent Ratio on Some Physical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of Wood Polymer Nanocomposites

The goal of this study is to find out how some properties of wood–polymer nanocomposites are affected by the processing technology, the nanomaterials, and the ratio of coupling agents. To achieve this objective, the extruded and dry blended samples are made from wood flour with MAPP, ZnO nanoparticles (0, 1, 3, and 5 wt%), and polypropylene. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites improve significantly with ZnO and MAPP loading. Due to the more homogeneous structure of nanocomposites, better mechanical results are obtained with the extrusion method. With ZnO and MAPP loading, the thermal stability of nanocomposites improves. The storage and loss modulus values indicate that the processing technology of nanocomposites could be a key factor in the resistance of the materials obtained by extrusion. The storage and loss modulus of nanocomposites manufactured by the extrusion technology are determined to be higher than those of the samples produced using the dry blending method.

Novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of cystic fibrosis based on freeze-dried tridrug microparticles to treat cystic fibrosis.

Cystic fibrosis is a severe, autosomal recessive disease that shortens life expectancy. According to studies, approximately 27% of patients with CF aged 2-5years and 60 to 70% of adult patients are infected with P. aeruginosa. The patients experience bronchospasm leading to a persistent contracted state of the airways. The current work explores the possibility of combining ivacaftor and ciprofloxacin to combat the bacteria. A third drug L-salbutamol would be coated onto the surface of the drug-entrappped microparticles to instantaneously provide relief from bronchoconstriction. The microparticles were prepared using bovine serum albumin and L-leucine using the freeze-drying approach. The process and formulation parameters were optimized. The prepared microparticles were surface coated by L-salbutamol using the dry-blending method. The microparticles were subjected to rigorous in-vitro characterization for entrapment, inhalability, antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity study and safety. The performance of the microparticles to be loaded into a inhaler was checked by the Anderson cascade impactor. The freeze-dried microparticles had a particle size of 817.5 ± 5.6nm with a polydispersity ratio of 0.33. They had a zeta potential of -23.3 ± 1.1mV. The mass median aerodynamic diameter of the microparticles was 3.75 ± 0.07μm, and the geometric standard diameter was 1.66 ± 0.033μm. The microparticles showed good loading efficiency for all three drugs. DSC, SEM, XRD, and FTIR studies confirmed the entrapment of ivacaftor and ciprofloxacin. SEM and TEM scans observed the shape and the smooth surface. Antimicrobial synergism was proven by the agar broth, and dilution technique and the formulation was deemed safe by the results of the MTT assay. Freeze-dried microparticles of ivacaftor, ciprofloxacin, and L-salbutamol could pave way to a hitherto unexplored combination of drugs as a novel approach to treat P. aeruginosa infcetions and bronchoconstriction commonly associated with cystic fibrosis.

Determination of technological properties of wood plastic nanocomposites produced by flat press reinforced with nano MgO

In this study, wood plastic nanocomposites (WPNC) reinforced with nano magnesium oxide (MgO) were produced in a flat press using the dry blending method. It is aimed to investigate the technological properties of the produced WPNC panels. To achieve this aim, scots pine wood flour, waste polypropylene (PP), maleic anhydride grafted PP (MAPP) and nano MgO were mixed and combined in eight different formulations by dry blending method. The densities, water absorption and thickness swelling, tensile strength, bending strength, modulus of elasticity (MOE), surface roughness and Shore D hardness properties of the obtained WPNC panels were determined. On the other hand, scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs were obtained to determine the morphological properties of WPNCs. Nano MgO and MAPP reinforcement positively affected the technological properties of flat-pressed WPNC panels. It was determined that increasing nano MgO ratio and MAPP reinforcement increased the water resistance of WPNC panels. It has been determined that the use of MAPP and nano MgO significantly improves the mechanical properties of WPNC panels. When the SEM micrographs of WPNC panels were examined, it was observed that large voids were formed especially in WPNC panels that without MAPP and nano MgO, and these voids were largely eliminated with the increase of MAPP reinforcement and nano MgO ratio. Following the technological results obtained within the scope of this study, it is recommended to conduct new studies to investigate the biological resistance of nano MgO reinforced WPNCs due to the known antibacterial, catalytic and photocatalytic properties of nano MgO.

Improvement of the comprehensive properties of polymer templates via a novel dry blending method for fabricating OTFT electrodes

Polymer template is widely used in the fabrication of organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) electrodes. However, the mechanical/thermal properties of the polymer template are generally poor owing to their low Young’s modulus (E) and high coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), resulting in the formation of massive wrinkles and cracks on the OTFT electrodes, as well as the electrodes incomplete transfer, which seriously affects the fabrication of the electrodes. Here, a novel dry blending method is described in which SiO2 nanoparticles are filled into a grooved silicon template, followed by permeation of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) into the SiO2 nanoparticle gaps. The SiO2 nanoparticles in the groove are extracted by curing and peeling off PDMS, affording a PDMS/SiO2 composite template with a nanoparticle content of 83.8 wt% and good transparency. The composite template has a Young’s modulus of 16.58 MPa and a CTE of 96 ppm/°C, which constitutes an increase of 91.56 % and a reduction of 69.23 %, respectively, compared with the original PDMS template. Finally, the high performance OTFT electrodes were fabricated using the composite template with good comprehensive properties.

High mechanical properties of micro fibrillated cellulose/HDPE composites prepared with two different methods

Compared to materials fabricated by traditional polymer, cellulose was chosen to improve the strength of composites due to its excellent performance in mechanical and thermal expansion properties. However, in the current investigation of manufacturing cellulose nanofibril (CNF)/high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites, the instinct of CNF tends to aggregate, limiting the content of CNFs in composites (mostly no more than 10 wt%). Herein, we reported two green and continuous manufacturing methods, naming “suspension blending method” and “dry blending method”. Micro fibrillated cellulose (MFC) was selected to enhance the stability of interfaces between HDPE with the synergetic interaction of cationic polyacrylamide, resulting in the flexural strength of ~ 78.87 MPa and the flexural modulus of ~ 3.45 GPa, which are ~ 190.12% and ~ 315.66% higher than pure HDPE respectively. Besides, the thermal expansion coefficient of our samples is ~ 28.9 ppm/k, ~ 80.3% lower than those made by HDPE. The prepared MFC/HDPE composites are expected to pave the way for the development in auto manufacturing and engineering.

Based on dry blending method to control the micro-cracks morphology of metal film on flexible template

Using 500 nm SiO2 nanoparticles as a filler and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a polymer coated with nanoparticles, a novel dry blending method was used to prepare the SiO2/PDMS flexible template with SiO2 nanoparticles as high as 83.8wt%. The flexible template has an elastic modulus (E) of 16.58 MPa and a thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of 96×10−6/°C, compared with the pure PDMS flexible template by direct incorporation of SiO2 and PDMS in wet blending, which increases by 91.56% and decreases by 69.23%, respectively. The flexible template has good transparency. Finally, a silver film was deposited on the surface of the flexible template by magnetron sputtering, and the surface morphology of the silver film was characterized by SEM and AFM. The results show that the surface of the silver thin film is smooth and the roughness is small, the silver thin film has good stability. Effectively suppression the micro-cracks formation of metal film on the flexible template prepared by the dry blending provides a new solution for the manufacture of good conductivity electrodes and large-area metal film.

Investigation of the Performance of Fumed Silica as Flow Additive in Polyester Powder Coatings

Fumed silica is one of the most commonly used flow additives in the powder coating industry. To investigate the influence of the properties of fumed silica on powder coatings, three different types of fumed silica, Aerosil R812, R972, and R8200, were selected and introduced to an ultra-high-gloss powder paint by the dry-blending method with preset mixing conditions and times. Their effect on the powder flowability, coating application related properties and film properties were carefully studied. The angle of repose (AOR) and bed expansion height data, which represent the semi-dynamic and dynamic flowability of powders respectively, show a strong flowability enhancement for the powders with additives, and R812 exhibits the best performance compared to 8200 and R972, mainly due to its high hydrophobicity and specific surface area. For the ultra-high-gloss powder paint, all the flow additives cause slight gloss reductions, surface roughness increase and a significant effect on the distinctness of image (DOI). The addition of R972 is beneficial to the transfer efficiency of powders compared with the other two, while the additives impose only a minor influence in the Faraday cage effect. The melting and curing dynamics, i.e., gel time, and inclined plate flow, are not affected by the flow additives.

A novel dry-blending method to reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion of polymer templates for OTFT electrodes

Among the patterning technologies for organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs), the fabrication of OTFT electrodes using polymer templates has attracted much attention. However, deviations in the electrode alignment occur because the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the polymer template is much higher than the CTE of the dielectric layer. Here, a novel dry-blending method is described in which SiO2 nanoparticles are filled into a grooved silicon template, followed by permeation of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) into the SiO2 nanoparticle gaps. The SiO2 nanoparticles in the groove are extracted by curing and peeling off PDMS to prepare a PDMS/SiO2 composite template with a nanoparticle content of 83.8 wt %. The composite template has a CTE of 96 ppm/°C, which is a reduction by 69.23% compared with the original PDMS template. Finally, we achieved the alignment of OTFT electrodes using the composite template.

Vulcanization, interfacial interaction, and dynamic mechanical properties of in-situ organic amino modified kaolinite/SBR nanocomposites based on latex compounding method

With the help of soluble amino modifiers, the vulcanization delay of kaolinite/SBR composites is investigated to shorten the optimum curing time of the filled rubber system based on the latex compounding method (LCM). Compared to the traditional dry blending method, the LCM had better kaolinite dispersion in the rubber matrix. The two different amino modifiers, i.e., quaternary ammonium salt ((CH3)3-N-CH2-) and amino silane (H2N–(CH2)2–NH–(CH2)2–NH–(CH2)3–) were selected in the in-situ modification through two different routes: physical adsorption and chemical bonding. The Moving Die Rheometer revealed that the curing process with the amino group could accelerate the crosslinking reaction, and the kaolinite grafted KH892 nanocomposite showed the best vulcanization performance. An improvement in the curing rate and mechanical properties of kaolinite/SBR composite is ascribed to the outstanding distribution and chemical bonding of nanokaolinite lamellae in the vulcanizate. Furthermore, SEM, HR-TEM, and DMA results demonstrated that both the dispersion of kaolinite in the vulcanizate and the wet skid resistance of the kaolinite/SBR hybrid materials are superior to the composite made by the dry blending method.

FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF STARCH BASED BIOPLASTICS WITH PALM OIL ADDITION

In this work, starch-based bioplastics in advancing its properties were positively arranged with the addition of palm oil. Starch-based bioplastics were produced by dry blending method and compression technique with mixing starch and glycerol (3:1, w/w) then adding palm oil at various concentration (0%, 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% w/w). Morphology of bioplastics presented that palm oil wrapped bioplastics granules which influenced hydrophobicity properties of bioplastics compared by increasing contact angle of bioplastics from 45.95 0 (0% of palm oil) to 61.98 0 (5% of palm oil). This result indicated that the addition of palm oil could develop the properties of bioplastics to hold absorbing water molecules. Moreover, the melting point of bioplastics also affected shifting temperature from 115 0 C to be 100 0 C that could save the energy needed during heating process. FTIR analysis showed that C=O group at wavenumber 1747 cm -1 was dependable the interaction between starch-glycerol and palm oil. Furthermore, the addition of palm oil would accelerate the biodegradation process. Although the mechanical properties of bioplastics have not increased, the addition of palm oil on bioplastics fabrication is an alternative to improve the characteristic of bioplastics, especially physical, thermal, hydrophobicity and biodegradation properties.

FORMULASI DAN PENINGKATAN SIFAT KELARUTAN MINUMAN SERBUK COKELAT

Chocolate beverage powder (CBP) consists of cocoa powder, sugar and milk powder and their compositons are important for consumer’s acceptance. Generally, wettability due to the hydrophobicity of the cocoa butter is a problem and lecithination is often used to improve the wettability. Because CBP pro-duction process utilizes dry blending method, the incorporation of lecithin is a challenge. There of this stu-dy, aimed to (1) formulate CBP produced by dry blending as well as to (2) improve its wettability using pre-pared soy (de-oiled) lecithin powder and soy liquid lecithin. A hedonic test using 50 respondents was carried out to obtain the preferred formula. Two methods of lecithin addition were tested (i) premixing with cocoa powder and (ii) direct addition during dry blending process. Liquid lecithin was added by spraying at 70°C to the material during dry blending. The amount of prepared lecithin added were 0.5, 2.0, and 4.0% for lecithin powder and 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0% for liquid lecithin. The results showed that the formula with the highest overall like (6.7) was that containing 40% instant whole milk powder, 40% sugar castor, 10% alkalized cocoa powder, 9.7% maltodextrin and 0.3% salt. It was clearly showed that liquid lecithin was more effective in improving wettability as compared to lecithin powder and there was no significant differences between premixing and direct addition method. The amount of prepared liquid lecithin needed to meet the wettability target of below 30 seconds the selected formula without giving significant difference in taste was 25%.

Polypropylene/polyethylene two-layered by one-step rotational molding

Abstract At present, a two-layered product can be molded through various processes. The rotational molding process is a thermoplastics process that can produce products with a two-layered structure; however, it requires special equipment or additional steps in the processing, which make the processing more complex. However, previous research has shown that, through the use of materials with different particle sizes and melting points, two-layered products can also be molded. Thus, this research uses an axial powder flow apparatus to determine the possibility of a two-layered molding between polypropylene (PP) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE). The differences in the particle shapes of a PP homopolymer and copolymer have been considered. The particle sizes of both PPs were determined to be larger than that of LLDPE, and were mixed in a ratio of 50:50 (%wt) using a dry blending method. The results of this experiment show that the two-layered molding of PP and LLDPE using an uncomplicated technique for rotational molding has a high probability of success.

Preparation and performance of silica/SBR masterbatches with high silica loading by latex compounding method

With the help of a new coupling agent Si747, silica water slurry and styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) latex were successfully co-coagulated by the latex compounding method, even silica/SBR masterbatches with silica loading as high as 200 phr could be prepared by such method. Compared to the traditional dry blending method, the latex compounding method had lower energy consumption during mixing and better silica dispersion in rubber matrix. Meanwhile, the effect of the amount of silica in the SBR latex on the properties of silica/SBR composites was investigated, and the results showed that the larger the amount of silica in the rubber matrix, the stronger the filler network. The performance of these composites was good and the dispersion of silica was relatively homogeneous. Furthermore, the masterbatches with high silica loading were mixed with emulsion polymerized styrene–butadiene rubber (ESBR) or solution polymerized styrene–butadiene rubber (SSBR). The silica dispersed better in ESBR than in SSBR.

Effect of Grafting with Maleic Anhydride on Interfacial Bonding of Rubber Wood Flour Filled Poly(propylene) Composite

SummaryThe process of making wood‐plastic composites with poly(propylene) as a matrix and rubber wood flour with particle size of 0.709 mm as a filler has been carried out by combination of the dry blending method and the extrusion treatment using twin screw extruder. The content of rubber wood flour was adjusted as 10wt% for each composite formula. Maleic anhydride grafted poly(propylene) (PP‐g‐MA) was added as a coupling agent at four concentrations, 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt%. Melt flow rate (MFR), crystalisation temperature and mechanical properties of composites indicate that increase in PP‐g‐MA generated decrease in melt viscosity significantly, which reversed MFR is increased, while mechanical properties increased due to interfacial bonding improved. Based on the differential scanning calorimetric analysis it was found that the mechanical properties and crystallization temperature increased with increasing PP‐g‐MA content, due to increase in interfacial bonding between matrix and sawdust fillers. In addition, fracture surface imaging analysis showed that good adhesion was present in the interface of composites between 10wt% and 15wt% PP‐g‐MA.

Synthesis of Structured Lipid Enriched with Omega Fatty Acids and sn-2 Palmitic Acid by Enzymatic Esterification and Its Incorporation in Powdered Infant Formula

Structured lipid (SL) enriched with arachidonic (ARA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids was produced from tripalmitin using Lipozyme TL IM. The effects of acyl donors, that is, free fatty acids vs fatty acid ethyl esters, on the reactions were compared. The highest total incorporation of ARA and DHA was obtained when the reaction continued for 24 h, at a substrate mole ratio of 9, using free fatty acids as acyl donors (acidolysis). The SL prepared by a large-scale acidolysis reaction contained 17.69 ± 0.09% total ARA, 10.75 ± 0.15% total DHA, and 48.53 ± 1.40% sn-2 palmitic acid. SL thermograms exhibited multiple peaks indicating complexity of the triacylglycerol (TAG) distribution. RP-HPLC analysis of SL revealed nine of 26 TAG molecular species that were similar to those of human milk fat. Powdered infant formulas containing the SL were prepared by wet-mixing/spray-drying and dry-blending methods. Formula prepared with microencapsulated SL and the dry-blending method had better oxidative stability and color quality.

Withdrawal strength of fasteners in rice straw fibre-thermoplastic composites under dry and wet conditions

The withdrawal strength of nail and screw fasteners has been studied in rice straw fibre-thermoplastic composites. Two types of thermoplastic, virgin polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), were selected as separate composite matrices. Three levels of dry rice straw fibre, 45%, 60% and 75%, based on the composition by weight and passed through a 40-mesh size screen was mixed with the polymeric matrices without and with 2% (based on weight) maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) as coupling agent. A dry-blending method was used for compounding the materials. The 12 formulations for the polymer composites were used to prepare samples with dimensions 25 cm by 15 cm by 1 cm. The final composites were made by pressing the prepared mats between the hot plates of a compression press by employing combinations of temperature and pressure in three stages. After keeping the composites at room temperature for 15 days, the withdrawal strengths of nails and screws were measured according to BS Standard (CEN/TS 15534–1:2007) for dry composites. Withdrawal strengths were also measured after immersion of the composites for 24 h in distilled water (wet condition). The results showed that the withdrawal strength of screws is more than that of nails. Also, irrespective of the type of polymer, the percentage of rice straw fibre may significantly influence the withdrawal strength of fasteners, especially at the higher fibre to polymer ratios. Furthermore, it was found that in the wet condition the withdrawal strengths of the nail fasteners are reduced more (73.66%) than for the screws (28.9%).

Effect of Formulation and Process Variables on the Dissolution Profile of Naproxen Sodium from Tablets

AbstractResults of this investigation revealed some important formulation characteristics of naproxen sodium. Tablets made from the granules, prepared by wet granulation method using water, showed a significant decrease in solution as compared to those made by dry blending method. During wet granulation, heat was evolved due to the hydration of naproxen sodium resulting in the retardation of dissolution. The pseudo-polymorphism and hydration is being investigated by Bansal et. al. (1). In addition, when polyvinyl pyrolidone (PVP K-90) was used instead of PVP K-30, the dissolution was further retarted. Addition of cross carmellose sodium (Ac-Di-Sol) did not change the dissolution behavior of these tablets. When naproxen sodium was granulated with water, a decrease in dissolution rate was observed as mixing time was increased from 5 minutes to 15 minutes. The increase in hardness of the tablet from 10 Kp to 18Kp did not alter the dissolution profile of naproxen sodium. When granulation was prepared using a ...

THE MORPHOLOGY OF 6 NYLON-66 NYLON BLENDS OBTAINED BY THE DRY-BLENDING METHOD FROM SOLUTION

The coagulation mechanism of 6 nylon-66 nylon blends obtained by dry-blending method, prepared by evaporation of the solvent from the formic acid solution of both polymers was investigated.The crystallinity of each component of freeze-dried blends, which were prepared by evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure from frozen solution, decreased remarkably by the addition of other component. On the other hand, in dry blends prepared by very slow evaporation of the solvent, the 66 nylon component crystallized independently of the 6 nylon component, but the crystallization of 6 nylon component strongly interfered with 66 nylon component as the result of co-precipitation of both components.In the DSC curve of the dry blends obtained from aqueous formic acid solution, a new melting peak was found between the peaks of both components, However, it was considered to be one of the multiple melting peaks of 66 nylon component. This phenomenon was observed when the samples were prepared by slow sodificating process. 66 nylon component of the dry blends was observed to aggregate as dendritic crystals within large spherulites, and 6 nylon component filled up the crevices of dendritic crystals of 66 nylon.