Drugs In Man Research Articles

Preconception Antidiabetic Drugs in Men and Birth Defects in Offspring: A Nationwide Cohort Study

(Abstracted from Ann Intern Med 2022;175:665–673) Diabetes mellitus is known to compromise sperm quality and is associated with impaired male fertility. Metformin is a first-line oral diabetes medication that has been shown to improve markers of semen quality in obese men but reduces serum testosterone levels independently of glycemic control.

Preconception Antidiabetic Drugs in Men and Birth Defects in Offspring : A Nationwide Cohort Study.

Diabetes reduces semen quality and increasingly occurs during reproductive years. Diabetes medications, such as metformin, have glucose-independent effects on the male reproductive system. Associations with birth defects in offspring are unknown. To evaluate whether the risk for birth defects in offspring varies with preconceptional pharmacologic treatment of fathers with diabetes. Nationwide prospective registry-based cohort study. Denmark from 1997 to 2016. All liveborn singletons from mothers without histories of diabetes or essential hypertension. Offspring were considered exposed if their father filled 1 or more prescriptions for a diabetes drug during the development of fertilizing sperm. Sex and frequencies of major birth defects were compared across drugs, times of exposure, and siblings. Of 1116779 offspring included, 3.3% had 1 or more major birth defects (reference). Insulin-exposed offspring (n= 5298) had the reference birth defect frequency (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.98 [95% CI, 0.85 to 1.14]). Metformin-exposed offspring (n= 1451) had an elevated birth defect frequency (aOR, 1.40 [CI, 1.08 to 1.82]). For sulfonylurea-exposed offspring (n= 647), the aOR was 1.34 (CI, 0.94 to 1.92). Offspring whose fathers filled a metformin prescription in the year before (n= 1751) or after (n= 2484) sperm development had reference birth defect frequencies (aORs, 0.88 [CI, 0.59 to 1.31] and 0.92 [CI, 0.68 to 1.26], respectively), as did unexposed siblings of exposed offspring (3.2%; exposed vs. unexposed OR, 1.54 [CI, 0.94 to 2.53]). Among metformin-exposed offspring, genital birth defects, all in boys, were more common (aOR, 3.39 [CI, 1.82 to 6.30]), while the proportion of male offspring was lower (49.4% vs. 51.4%, P= 0.073). Information on underlying disease status was limited. Preconception paternal metformin treatment is associated with major birth defects, particularly genital birth defects in boys. Further research should replicate these findings and clarify the causation. National Institutes of Health.

Clustering of Borderline and Narcissistic Personality Disorders Based on Nature and Character Dimensions in Men Drug User

Clustering of Borderline and Narcissistic Personality Disorders Based on Nature and Character Dimensions in Men Drug User

Summary for Patients: Preconception Antidiabetic Drugs in Men and Birth Defects in Offspring.

Summary for Patients: Preconception Antidiabetic Drugs in Men and Birth Defects in Offspring.

Comparison of Methods for the Estimation of the Maximum Oxygen Uptake of Men Drug Addicts.

Background: Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) is an important respiratory physiological index of the aerobic endurance of the body, especially for special groups such as drug addicts, and it is an important indicator for assessing the cardiopulmonary function and formulating exercise prescriptions. Although the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX) is a classic method to directly measure VO2max, this method is limited by factors such as cumbersome operating procedures and expensive equipment, resulting in its relatively low applicability. Recently, many studies have begun to focus on the estimation of VO2max in different groups of people, but few studies have focused on drug addicts.Methods: Fifteen chemically synthesized drug addicts (such as amphetamines) and Fifteen plant-derived drug addicts (such as heroin) were recruited at the Chongqing Compulsory Isolation and Drug Rehabilitation Center in China. First, the VO2max of subjects was directly measured through the CPX. Second, after subjects were fully rested, they were required to complete the 30-s high-leg raise, 1,000-m walk, and 3-min step experiment. Finally, SPSS 21.0 software was used to perform the correlation and linear regression analysis to verify the estimated effectiveness.Results: (1) Regardless of chemically synthesized or natural plant-derived drug addicts, the years of drug use and walking time of 1,000 m were significantly negatively correlated with VO2max (chemically synthesized: P < 0.01 and natural plant-derived: P < 0.05), the number of 30-s high-leg raises was a significantly positive correlation with VO2max (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01), and the 3-min step index was significantly positively correlated with VO2max (P < 0.01 and P < 0.01). (2) Regression analysis shows that the 30-s high-leg lift, 1,000-m walking, and 3-min step experiment could effectively estimate the VO2max of chemically synthesized and natural plant-derived drug addicts. (3) Multiple linear regression constructed by the years of drug use combined with the step index has the highest estimated accuracy for the VO2max of chemically synthesized drug addicts (96.48%), while the unary regression equation established by a single step index has the highest prediction accuracy for the VO2max of natural plant-derived addicts (94.30%).Conclusion: The indirect measurement method could effectively estimate the VO2max of drug addicts, but different measurement methods have certain differences in the estimation accuracy of VO2max of different drug addicts. In the future, the physical characteristics of drug users can be fully considered, combined with more cutting-edge science and technology, to make the estimation accuracy of VO2max closer to the real level.

Same-Day Correlates and Prior-Day Predictors of Couples' Violent Behaviors Based upon Partners' Daily Reports.

Although previous research identified predictors of violent events within violent heterosexual couples, findings were limited to the woman's reports, to her perceptions; his assessments were not obtained. This exploratory study was conducted to gain understanding of proximal predictors of violence assessed in "real-time" from the perspective of both partners. Fifteen adult heterosexual couples in which the woman reported experiencing partner violence in the prior 30 days were enrolled in a primary care clinic. Each partner provided separate daily telephone reports for eight weeks via an automated Interactive Voice Response (IVR), concerning the previous day's violence, alcohol use, stressors, emotional reactions and concerns for children. Same-day correlates were determined by Pearson correlations while prior-day predictors were identified via vector autoregression. Same-day correlations show that men's violence was associated with almost every other variable while women's violence correlated with men's violence, men's drug use, women's alcohol use, anger, closeness, hassles, and all men's negative feelings. Using prior-day predictors, men's violence was related to feelings (primarily hers), but women's violence was more dependent upon feelings of both of them as well as women's prior-day violence and alcohol use. Men's violence was dependent upon their partners' prior-day feelings and the men's lack of concern about effects of violence on children. Women's violence was also dependent upon women's prior-day feelings, as well as women's violence, alcohol use, marital closeness, and men's concern for children. Although the co-occurrence of men's and women's violence has been seen before, in this study only women's violence was linked to alcohol use.

Preventive parenting intervention during childhood and young black adults' unhealthful behaviors: a randomized controlled trial.

Lifestyle variables such as drug use and excessive weight gain contribute to adult morbidity and mortality. This study was designed to determine whether participation in a preventive intervention designed to enhance supportive parenting can reduce drug use and body mass index (BMI) in young Black adults from disadvantaged neighborhoods. This study was conducted in the rural southeastern United States. Black parents and their 11-year-old children (517 families) were assigned randomly to the Strong African American Families (SAAF) prevention trial or a control condition. Data assessing neighborhood socioeconomic status and supportive parenting were obtained when the youths were ages 11 and 16. When youths were ages 19-21 and 25, drug use and BMI were measured. As hypothesized, significant three-way interactions were detected among neighborhood disadvantage, prevention condition, and gender for BMI (B=3.341, p=.009, 95% CI [0.832, 5.849]) and substance use (B=-0.169, p=.049, 95% CI [-0.337, -0.001]). Living in a disadvantaged neighborhood during adolescence was associated with increased drug use among young men in the control group (simple-slope=0.215, p<.003) but not among those in the SAAF condition (simple-slope=0.030, p=.650). Neighborhood disadvantage was associated with elevated BMI among young women in the control group (simple-slope=3.343, p<.001), but not in the SAAF condition (simple-slope=0.204, p=.820). The results suggest that participation during childhood in a preventive intervention to enhance supportive parenting can ameliorate the effects of life in a disadvantaged neighborhood on men's drug use and women's BMI across ages 19-25years. These findings suggest a possible role for parenting enhancement programs in narrowing health disparities.

Women and Addiction: The Importance of Gender Issues in Substance Abuse Research

Substance use was considered to be primarily a male problem, and many substance abuse studies are conducted with a predominance of male participants. However, recent substance abuse research indicates significant gender differences in the substance-related epidemiology, social factors and characteristics, biological responses, progressions to dependence, medical consequences, co-occurring psychiatric disorders, and barriers to treatment entry, retention, and completion. The epidemiology of women's drug use presents challenges separate from those raised by men's drug use. A convergence of evidence suggests that women with substance use disorders are more likely than men to face multiple barriers affecting access and entry to substance abuse treatment. Gender-specific medical problems as a result of the interplay of gender-specific drug use patterns and sex-related risk behaviors create an environment in which women are more vulnerable than men to human immunodeficiency virus. Individual characteristics and treatment approaches can differentially affect outcomes by gender. All of these differences have important clinical, treatment, and research implications. (Reprinted with permission from Journal of Addictive Diseases 2010; 29:127–138)

Women and Addiction: The Importance of Gender Issues in Substance Abuse Research

ABSTRACT Substance use was considered to be primarily a male problem, and many substance abuse studies are conducted with a predominance of male participants. However, recent substance abuse research indicates significant gender differences in the substance-related epidemiology, social factors and characteristics, biological responses, progressions to dependence, medical consequences, co-occurring psychiatric disorders, and barriers to treatment entry, retention, and completion. The epidemiology of women's drug use presents challenges separate from those raised by men's drug use. A convergence of evidence suggests that women with substance use disorders are more likely than men to face multiple barriers affecting access and entry to substance abuse treatment. Gender-specific medical problems as a result of the interplay of gender-specific drug use patterns and sex-related risk behaviors create an environment in which women are more vulnerable than men to human immunodeficiency virus. Individual characteristics and treatment approaches can differentially affect outcomes by gender. All of these differences have important clinical, treatment, and research implications.

The Lorong as a Risk Environment: Drug Use and Gangs among Young Men in the Slums of Makassar, Indonesia

This study investigated the relationship between the social environment and drug use among young men in slum areas (lorong) in Makassar, Indonesia. In-depth interviews were conducted with 18 male drug injectors who attended a drop-in center for drug users. The interviews revealed the crucial role of Rewa (the local concept of masculinity) in mediating risky practices, as youths strive to be perceived as Rewa. The dynamics of gang participation in the lorong result in high levels of drug use and are influential in the ways young men's drug consumption evolves. Furthermore, risky drug use that potentially leads to HIV infection is not an isolated behavior and must be understood in the social context of the lorong. We conclude that to be more effective, existing harm-reduction programs in Makassar that focus on individualistic behavioral change need to be complemented with community-based programs that take into account the social and structural context of risk taking practices among young people in the lorong.

Latino Gay Men's Drug Functionality

This study describes the consequences of drug use and abuse across Latino gay men's (LGM) lives. We also explore the role social networks play in LGM's access to drug use, as well as identifying the role of social support in regulating drug intake. Using a thematic content analysis, we analyzed a subsample (n = 16) of the interviews. Results suggest LGM's drug functionality varies according to their involvement in non-drug and drug-present social networks, with functional drug users reporting less convergence of their social networks than their drug-abusing counterparts. Furthermore, participants voiced being able to regulate their drug intake better when social support was available in their networks. These findings suggest the importance of developing preventative and harm reduction programs with strong social networks and social support components.

Gender Differences in Treatment Outcomes over a Three-Year Period: A Path Model Analysis

Gender differences in longitudinal patterns of treatment utilization and outcomes over three yearly time points were examined among a sample of 511 patients recruited from drug treatment programs across Los Angeles County. Face-to-face interviews were conducted at baseline and one-year follow-up. Retrospectively recalled natural history data were collected at the follow-up interview. Over the three observational years, compared to men, women generally reported greater involvement in drug abuse treatment, lower levels of drug use and employment, and higher levels of drug use by their spouses. The path model showed that women's drug use and criminality were negatively related to formal treatment and self-help group participation, but positively related to their spouse's drug use. Fewer factors significantly impacted men's drug use and crime over time. Implications of these gender differences are discussed.

Co-occurrence of abuse of different drugs in men: the role of drug-specific and shared vulnerabilities.

Previous research has demonstrated genetic and environmental influences on abuse of individual substances, but there is less known about how these factors may influence the co-occurrence of abuse of different illicit drugs. We studied 3372 male twin pairs from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. They were interviewed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, Version III, Revised to investigate the extent to which the abuse of different categories of drugs occurs together within an individual, as well as the possibility that genetic and environmental factors are responsible for observed co-occurrence. Co-occurrence was quantified using odds ratios and conditional probabilities. Multivariate biometrical modeling analyses were used to assess genetic and environmental influences on co-occurrence. Abusing any category of drug was associated with a marked increase in the probability of abusing every other category of drugs. We found evidence for a shared or common vulnerability factor that underlies the abuse of marijuana, sedatives, stimulants, heroin or opiates, and psychedelics. This shared vulnerability is influenced by genetic, family environmental, and nonfamily environmental factors, but not every drug is influenced to the same extent by the shared vulnerability factor. Marijuana, more than other drugs, was influenced by family environmental factors. Each category of drug, except psychedelics, had genetic influences unique to itself (ie, not shared with other drug categories). Heroin had larger genetic influences unique to itself than did any other drug. There are genetically and environmentally determined characteristics that comprise a shared or common vulnerability to abuse a range of illicit drugs.

The Study of Intellectual Ability and Scholastic Achievement of Institutionalized Men Drug Addicts Belonging to Three Different Racial-Ethnic Groups

The Raven Standard Progressive Matrices and the Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills tests were administered to 364 institutionalized men drug addicts. In addition, information was collected on racial-ethnic background (White, Black, Mexican-American), school grade completed, and years away from school of all the subjects. Means, standard deviations, F-analysis of variances and t tests between ethnic racial groups were calculated. Results indicate that in spite of overlap, the White always received significantly higher mean scores than the other two groups. White and Black dropped out of school practically at the same grade level (between 10th and 11th), while Mexican-Americans dropped out of school earlier (at the 9th grade). Recommendations based on these findings are discussed.

EARLY EVALUATION OF PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS IN MAN: A Trial That Failed

EARLY EVALUATION OF PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS IN MAN: A Trial That Failed

Psychoses and Drugs for Men and Animals

Psychoses and Drugs for Men and Animals