Drug Use In Sport Research Articles

Newer drugs used to enhance sporting performance.

Controversy surrounding drug use in sport makes this a difficult area for rigorous research. However, it is striking that what data there are on drugs currently used for performance enhancement rarely indicate any clear benefit.

Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sport

THE SCOPE OF THIS BRIEF ARTICLE is limited to the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport and the response of the international sport community to such use. It does not extend to the so-called recreational or hard drugs, except insofar as they may specifically be included in the rules of particular sports at the international level. The scope is further restricted to those sports and organizations within what has come to be known as the Olympic movement.CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKSport is a consensual activity, entered into by individuals of their own free will, governed by agreed-upon rules. The rules relate to all aspects of the sporting activity, including the definition of the sport, its rules of play, field of play, nature of the equipment used, age and weight limits for certain sports, and generally all matters germane to the practice of the sport. Of particular interest in this article is the subset of those rules that relate to doping in sport.Sport occurs within society as a whole. Therefore, the laws of the land pertaining to the use of certain substances or procedures that are regulated, civilly or criminally, necessarily have primacy over the rules of sport agreed to privately. In the tradition of most democratic countries, however, when there are no applicable public laws restricting the actions of individuals, those individuals are free to act as they wish. They may also associate with others and agree to their respective conduct among themselves, including applicable sanctions in the event that conduct to which all agreed is breached. They may form associations to organize their sport relationships - locally, nationally, and internationally. That is how sport has been organized on a worldwide basis.DRUG USE IN SPORTUnfortunately, in sport, as in other social activities in which rules of conduct or of law have been established, there has always been some element of cheating. Again as in other elements of society, sport has adopted a combination of education and sanctions to promote compliance with its rules. Just as in society at large, in sport, too, penalties, suspensions, forfeitures of games and events, and all the other sanctions with which we are familiar have been adopted for behaviour that does not comply with established rules and norms. And in sport, too, the sanctions are graduated, depending upon the severity of the breach and the nature of the particular rule.The focus of this article is the involvement of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in the evolution of 'anti-doping' rules and the procedures for their enforcement.The IOC was established more than a century ago, in 1894, to renovate the Olympic Games conceived in ancient Greece. It has co-ordinated and supervised the Olympic movement ever since and has stimulated the development of sport on an international basis until some 200 countries now participate in the Games. It is a remarkable achievement, and the Games have become the most important sports event in the world today.The IOC is a non-governmental organization (NGO) consisting of approximately 115 members who act, on a voluntary basis, as trustees of the Olympic movement. Its headquarters are in Lausanne, and it is organized as an association with legal personality under Swiss law. A permanent staff of slightly more than 100 employees is responsible for its activities and relationships, which are governed by the terms of the Olympic charter. The IOC operates, in a manner akin to governments, by 'recognizing' the international sports federations (IFs) that govern particular sports and the national Olympic committees (NOCs) that agree to subscribe to and be bound by the provisions of the Olympic charter. The responsibilities of NOCs are, inter alia, to promote the Olympic movement within their respective territories and to select the athletes from those territories to participate in the Olympic Games.In addition to the matters for which it is directly responsible (including the granting of recognition referred to above and the choice of sports on the Olympic programme and sites for Olympic Games), the IOC exercises a co-ordinating role within the Olympic movement. …

Does the Ban on Drugs in Sport Improve Societal Welfare?

The two major justifications for the ban on the use of drugs in sport are: (1) to create fair contests and (2) to protect the health of athletes. This article analyses these claims and concludes that the ban rather than improving societal welfare by creating fair sporting contests, in fact results in contests being unfair relative to an unregulated market. In addition, it is argued that rather than improving societal welfare by protecting the health of athletes, the ban, by denying athletes access to medical advice and treatment, in fact increases athletes' health risks. The majority of the deaths and impairment of the health of athletes that have occurred during the ban would not have occurred in the absence of the ban. Rather than the ban on drugs in sport improving societal welfare, it moves actual outcomes away from the social optimum. Removal of the ban would result in an improvement in societal welfare by creating fairer sporting contests and reducing health risks facing athletes.

Doping in Norwegian Gyms —

At the end of 1993 there was carried out an investigation on the extent of doping in Norwegian gyms. The main results from the investigation are: Around 2% use or have used drugs and 20% reported knowledge of other using drugs at the gym. In this article we discuss the methodology that was used and the findings from the investigation in relation to other surveys, both Norwegian and foreign studies. The findings are also basis for a more sociological discussion on doping and modern sport. In this section we discuss how big problem doping in sport in reality is, and what type of problem issues drug use in sport raises.

Running scared: the use of drugs in sport

British Journal of AddictionVolume 86, Issue 1 p. 5-8 Free Access Running scared: the use of drugs in sport Harry Shapiro, Institute for the Study of Drug Dependence, 1 Hatton Place, London EC1N 8ND, UK.Search for more papers by this author Harry Shapiro, Institute for the Study of Drug Dependence, 1 Hatton Place, London EC1N 8ND, UK.Search for more papers by this author First published: January 1991 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb02614.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume86, Issue1January 1991Pages 5-8 ReferencesRelatedInformation

The Use of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Sports.

In brief: Several of the new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are being used widely to treat athletic injuries, but relatively little has been written about them in this context. Recent advances in the understanding of the mechanism of action and clinical pharmacology of these drugs can help practitioners decide which to use and how to administer them. Special considerations in their use include the nature of the injury, underlying disorders in the patient, and the toxicities of specific drugs. When used properly, the newer NSAIDs have distinct advantages over aspirin with regard to compliance, toxicity, and safety.

Principles of Sports Medicine

The title suggests that this book might be a basic text useful for a practitioner in the general area of sports medicine. The editors intend to enhance the understanding of medical issues in sports by physicians, coaches, trainers, and athletes and their parents. The book contains three parts: Physiology in (39 pages), Recognition and Treatment of Injuries (322 pages), and Preventative Sports Medicine (63 pages). Emphasis is on risks and incidents in athletic training and competition, and, therefore, it is understandable that the orthopedic side of sports medicine takes up most of the text. In the first chapter of Part 1, the physiology of the cardiovascular system is covered adequately, but there is no follow-up chapter on pulmonary function. The neuromuscular system is treated quite thoroughly. The chapters on nutrition and on the nonmedical use of drugs in sports provide useful information for the dialogue between the physician and

Use and abuse of drugs in sport.

SummaryAn account is presented of the increasing use of drugs in sport, the attempts to test for and control the drugs used, and the devices used to evade detection. The author's view is that all the drugs being used at present can be detected, provided that sufficient funds are available for organizing tests and that national federations co-operate fully.