Drug Sales Research Articles

Sales of antitumor drugs in the retail segment of the Russian pharmaceutical market

Objective: to study the features of the population consumption of antitumor drugs (ATDs) of groups L01 and L02 according to the anatomical, therapeutic and chemical classification (ATC), purchased at the expense of personal funds of citizens in the retail sector of the pharmaceutical market of the Russian Federation (RF).Material and methods. We analyzed data on the range of ATDs sold in retail pharmacies in all federal districts of the RF in 2020–2023. The methods of comparative, retrospective, logical, graphical and content analysis, the method of grouping data by ATC groups and methods of descriptive statistics were used.Results. At the end of 2022, in the RF, about 6 million packages of ATDs worth 6.5 billion rubles were purchased at the expense of citizens’ personal funds, i.e. approximately 1/6 of the total sales of oncology medications in monetary terms and 3.0% of the total sales in physical terms. The maximum sales in monetary terms per 100 thousand population were noted in the Central, Northwestern and Southern Federal Districts. The Central Federal District accounts for about 50% of total sales of ATDs in monetary terms and 35% of sales in physical terms. The maximum costs were for medications in ATC groups L01B Antimetabolites, L02A Hormones and related compounds and L02B Hormone antagonists and related compounds. The average shares of ATDs in the ATC group L01B were 32.8% in total sales in monetary terms and 50.8% in physical terms, in the ATC group L02B – 27.3% and 31.9%, L02A – 21.8% and 5.7%, L01X – 8.9% and 7.9%, respectively. In the RF as a whole, the top-3 international nonproprietary names of greatest demand in the pharmaceutical market retail segment included methotrexate, buserelin and anastrozole, which account for more than 40% of sales volume in monetary terms.Conclusion. The obtained results can be used by healthcare organizers to clarify the real need for ATDs, as well as to improve drug care for cancer patients.

The role of a clinical pharmacist in implementing modern guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of arterial hypertension

Aim. To study the possibilities of participation of a clinical pharmacist in complying with modern guidelines for antihypertensive pharmacotherapy using fixed combinations of drugs in the conditions of a pharmacy and determine the directions for improving the work of a clinical pharmacist to improve the quality of hypertension control.
 Materials and methods. The analysis of reports on the sale of antihypertensive drugs containing one active substance and fixed combinations of two or three active substances was carried out in a pharmacy at a healthcare institution.
 Results. Sales volumes of combined drugs prevailed over sales volumes of drugs that contained one active substance, and fixed combinations of two active substances prevailed over triple combinations. However, the frequency of selling two drugs of different groups as separate drugs was higher than the sale of drugs of two or three pharmacological groups as fixed combinations. At the same time, sales of fixed combinations prevailed for individual active substances among the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers. 
 Conclusions. Data on the sale of fixed combinations of two or three active substances in the pharmacy have demonstrated insufficient compliance with current guidelines for antihypertensive pharmacotherapy. One of the ways to improve compliance with modern guidelines for the use of fixed combinations is the active participation of the clinical pharmacist in the selection of drugs for a particular patient, actively interacting with the doctor. Thus, a clinical pharmacist can be an important link in the control of arterial hypertension and the implementation of modern guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of arterial hypertension.

On the peculiarities of investigating criminal offenses related to illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors in modern conditions

The article examines the peculiarities of carrying out certain procedural actions during the investigation of criminal offenses related to the illegal circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors, in modern conditions. The author states that in today's conditions, against the background of global informatization of society and the active introduction of the latest technologies in all spheres of human life, the forms of sale of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors are also changing. Criminals, using the assets of modern technologies, constantly improve their criminal activities, change directions of interaction with the aim of committing offenses.
 In Ukraine, as well as in the world in general, drug crime is actively carried out through smartphones and the Internet using messengers and special applications for the distribution of psychoactive substances, narcotic drugs and their analogues.
 The author researched the peculiarities of ensuring the prosecutor fulfills the tasks of criminal proceedings during the investigation of criminal offenses in the sphere of trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors: the prosecutor's exercise of powers aimed at ensuring the completeness and comprehensiveness of the investigation of the circumstances of the criminal offense and the correct application of the norms of the criminal law, and as well as the specifics of conducting investigative actions in criminal proceedings on the facts of trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors.
 The author concludes that the effectiveness of pre-trial investigation in criminal proceedings on the facts of illegal sale of substances excluded from free circulation using the Internet and other telecommunication technologies is complicated by the need to identify the user under a pseudonym.

Revolutionizing Medicinal Chemistry: Al Powered Drug Discovery for Faster Innovation

The great majority of medicines on the market today are tiny molecule pharmaceuticals with a few hundred atoms or fewer.These pharmaceuticals, which account for 90% of global drug sales, range from ordinary over-the-counter remedies like aspirin to complex targeted therapies used to treat diseases like cancer, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, and respiratory infections. The process of identifying and developing novel small molecule medications, on the other hand, is both expensive and time-consuming, frequently taking a decade and costing upwards of $1-2 billion, with a shocking 90% of drug candidates failing in clinical trials. Fortunately, artificial intelligence (AI) has enormous potential for speeding up drug discovery by allowing researchers to quickly identify the most appropriate compounds. Finding new small-molecule medications is a time-consuming, iterative process that includes examining thousands of chemical compounds to find the best one. The first step in the procedure is for scientists to discover a prospective therapeutic target, such as an enzyme that plays an important role in a disease. Medicinal chemists then set out to find a tiny molecule that can alter the target's activity. To demonstrate its efficacy as a successful medicine, the chemical must contain several additional critical 'drug-like' features, such as non-toxicity, solubility, and stability inside the body, in addition to generating the required biological reaction. High-throughput screening, which uses automated technology to rapidly screen enormous collections of small compounds for potential hits with the requisite activity against the target, is the traditional technique of finding prospective drug candidates. The next stage is to turn these findings into lead compounds that could one day be used to create effective medications. This procedure, known colloquially as hit-to-lead, entails a sequence of chemical alterations to the hit molecules to improve their potency, selectivity, and other drug-like qualities. The hit-to-lead process frequently requires multiple iterations of chemical synthesis, biological testing, and computer modeling, all of which take a significant amount of time, resources, and skill. Furthermore, a significant number of these early compounds are eliminated during succeeding stages of development due to ineffectiveness, inadequate drug-like qualities, or difficulties in chemical synthesis.

Usage of Web Scraping in the Pharmaceutical Sector

INTRODUCTION: Web scraping is a technique that provides organizations with the ability to analyse large amounts of information and gather new information. 
 OBJECTIVES: Find a group that is a health check, a full body test, a blood test, and so on. In this way, the pharmaceutical industry should consider how to improve information, information storage, information retrieval, and capture. For example, the healthcare system may decide to standardize the assessment of speech and allow information to be shared across organizations to improve treatment outcomes in web scraping applications.
 METHODS: Web scraping is based on the pharmaceutical industry. From here, we get information about pharmacies, such as drug names in different categories or drug sales. However, we are dealing with diseases and common medicines. Using this information, we can find the most common viruses. There are many factors to consider when creating a junk website for the pharmaceutical industry, such as drug names, tablet categories, and syrups found in the pharmaceutical industry.
 RESULTS: As is clearly visible from the output, there are columns for drug names, manufacturers, drug types, and prices. This is the information we get from a website called Net meds, a pharmacy site. With the help of this information, we learn which drugs are most needed, and then we can find the most common diseases today.
 CONCLUSION: The results of this web scraping can be very useful and powerful. However, the industry's success in web scraping and data extraction techniques depends on the availability of clean chemical data.

PERAN APOTEKER DALAM PEREDARAN OBAT SECARA DARING DI PRAKTIK KEFARMASIAN DI PURWOREJO

Online drug distribution are one of the essential elements to realize health in health administration. The Food and Drug Monitoring Agency (BPOM) has provided and disseminated Regulation 8 of 2020 concerning the Control of Drugs and Food Circulated Online. This study aims to determine the role of pharmacists in online drug distribution in pharmaceutical practice. Sampling was done by purposive sampling with interviews. Informants in this study include pharmacists who practice in pharmacies that already serve online drug sales, furthermore, the data is processed with NVIVO 12 Pro software. The study results show that pharmacists' role in online drug distribution is to serve incoming drug requests, ensure the availability of quality drugs, ensure that these requests comply with applicable regulations, and ensure that the drugs reach patients safely.

Некоторые меры по уточнению признаков склонения к потреблению наркотиков и смежных с этим деяний

The article is aimed at improving the norms enshrined in Articles 230, 2281 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, Article 6.13 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses, Article 46 of the Federal Law “Concerning Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances”. In order to improve the accuracy of qualifi-cation, the author develops a definition for the concept of “arousal of desire” in relation to drug use, which char-acterizes the crime under Article 230 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. With the aim of differen-tiating the actions of inducement to drug use, their propaganda and advertising, it is proposed to clarify the ori-entation of the latter to an indefinite circle of persons, fixing its legal signs. To ensure a uniform qualification of inducement to drug use coupled with illegal sale of drugs, a normative rule for the qualification of such situa-tions is substantiated. Models for changing legal norms are proposed taking into account the experience of legislators and scientists from Switzerland and Germany.

Adolescent Pregnancy and Education Attainment of Female Learners in Iceme Sub County, Oyam District, Northern Uganda

Purpose: This study aimed at determining the factors associated with adolescent pregnancy, motivating factors for girls to stay in school and the effects of adolescent pregnancy on education attainment and livelihoods in Iceme Sub County, Oyam District.
 Methodology: The study adopted exploratory study using a qualitative phenomenological approach. Using the principle of data saturation, the study engaged thirty-five participants that included adolescent mothers, school head teachers and other education stakeholders in two selected parishes in Iceme Sub County.
 Findings: Analysis of the responses about the causes of adolescent pregnancy generated five major themes, economic status, peer influence, substance use and abuse, inadequate sex education and domestic violence. Factors motivating girls to stay in school included becoming national leaders, better living condition and independence. It was revealed that the effects of adolescent pregnancy include dropping out of school, being chased away from home, developing complications during and after delivery, poverty and producing so many children.
 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study suggests adoption of remedial policy measures that include; provision of income generating opportunities to families, strengthening the implementation of policy on domestic violence and violence against children, strengthen peer to peer education/ learning, policy that does not allow sale of drugs and other substance in shops that are not licensed as drug shops and regulated by the National drug authority, provision of counselling and guidance, identification of role models who can offer guidance to girls for them to have a bright future and become national leaders and affirmative action towards girls who return to school after delivery such that they are able to complete their education. This study contributes to the understanding of the plight of adolescent girls face in a post-war region situated in a less-developing nation.

Implementasi Forecasting Penjualan Obat Menggunakan Metode Straight Line Model Pada Apotek Ficus Bengkulu

Abstract: Forecasting is an analytical technique that uses historical data as input to make informed forecasts to determine the direction of future trends. Forecasting can be used for business actors to be able to manage and organize sales strategies and inventory in the following month or year. Ficus Bengkulu Pharmacy is one of the pharmacies in the city of Bengkulu which sells various types of medicines, both prescription and non-prescription. The processing of drug sales data is still conventional, so when pharmacists want to know drug sales and drug supplies they have to look at the records from the book so it takes a very long time. Therefore, an inventory application is needed that is able to record drug records and provide recommendations in the form of forecasting to maintain and control drug use and drug demand which is carried out every month. The forecasting method used is the Straight Line Model Method. Based on the implementation of Tremenza drug sales data for 2021, the results for forecasting Tremenza drug sales in 2022 are obtained every month from January to December 2022, where the average value of sales forecasting results per month is 1041 and an increase of 4.83% from average sales per month in the previous year.

Impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on antibiotic sales in suburbs of Galle

Introduction: Antibiotics are considered as one of the highest selling drug classes all over the world. This is more evident in low-income countries such as Sri Lanka. With the introduction of travel restrictions and hygiene measures due to the COVID-19 outbreak, one can expect a reduction in usage of non-COVID antibiotics among the general public. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of COVID-19 on the sales of common antibiotics in community pharmacies during the lockdown period in the suburbs of Galle district.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted based on reported antibiotic sales in three community pharmacies in Galle suburbs, Sri Lanka. During the two lockdown periods, information on sales of four commonly used antibiotics (Co-amoxiclav, Cefuroxime, Ciprofloxacin, and Metronidazole) were obtained from three pharmacies. For comparison, sales data for two commonly used non-antibiotic drugs (Diclofenac sodium and Losartan potassium), were obtained for the same period. Sales of these drugs were compared before and during lockdown periods using non-parametric tests at 0.05 significance level. Results: Clear reductions in sale of antibiotics and control drugs were identified during both lockdown periods. There was a significant difference between the reductions of antibiotic sale in the first and second lockdown periods (52% vs 12%, p<0.05). The reduction of sales between antibiotics and control drugs during two lockdown periods is statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusions: There was a reduction in both antibiotic and controlled drug sales during both lockdowns. A comparatively higher antibiotic sale was identified in the second lockdown and possibly due to the relaxation of lockdown restrictions during that time.

SANKSI PIDANA BAGI PEMILIK APOTEK TERHADAP PENJUALAN OBAT DAFTAR G SECARA ILEGAL

The illegal sale of G-list drugs by pharmacy owners is a practice that violates the law and has the potential to endanger public health. This study aims to analyze the role of criminal witnesses and the challenges faced by law enforcers in prosecuting pharmacies selling illegal G-list drugs. The research method used is document analysis and interviews with related parties. The results of the study show that criminal witnesses play an important role in disclosing facts related to the illegal sale of List G drugs. Their testimony is vital evidence in the law enforcement process to bring perpetrators to justice. However, the process of providing testimony at trial faced several challenges, including threats to witness safety, intimidation, and harassment that could affect the integrity of testimony.

An Investigation into NAFDAC Intervention on the Incidence of Fake and Counterfeit Drugs in Nigeria

Various interventions, including innovative technologies, have been used to solve problems. Over the years, the Nigerian government has introduced a good healthcare delivery system, including providing quality, efficacious and affordable drugs. The study used a qualitative design method adopting a focus group discussion approach. The selected states for the study are Lagos, Kano, Anambra and FCT Abuja. The study population comprised NAFDAC stakeholders who are dealers in pharmaceutical products or Marketing Authorization Holders (MAHs) of medicines, Consumers and Policymakers. The focus group participants were selected based on convenience sampling. The interventions highlighted were Mobile Authentication Services (MAS), on-the-spot checks on drugs through a TruScan, Black-Eye and Radio Frequency Identification Devices (RFID). The respondents also highlighted using NAFDAC registration numbers and holograms as important ways of checking the features of medicine before using it. The participants also highlighted the lack of public awareness about these interventions and the need for proper regulation and enforcement of laws against the sale and distribution of fake drugs as challenges that hinder the successful development and implementation of interventions against fake and counterfeit drugs. The participants suggested KYC measures to address issues within the supply chain to evaluate the effectiveness of their current strategies. Regular meetings, advocacy efforts, and educational workshops are recommended to raise awareness and educate stakeholders about their roles and responsibilities in pursuit of addressing the challenges related to counterfeit drug interventions. Keywords: Focus group discussion (FGD), Investigation, Intervention, Counterfeit, Technology.

Analisis Forecasting Penjualan Obat Dengan Menggunakan Metode Least Square (Studi Kasus Pada Klinik King Medika Pelibaler)

This study aims to determine the forecast of drug sales at King Medika Pelibaler Clinic in 2023-2027. This type of research is qualitative research. The type of data used is secondary data, namely data on drug sales results in 2018-2022 where data collection is carried out through documentation studies. Data analysis was carried out through Quantitative Descriptive analysis using the least square method to calculate and analyze drug sales forecasts at King Medika Pelibaler Clinic. The results of the data analysis obtained the equation y = Rp96,221,838 + Rp68,634,550x + Rp6,921,621x2. From this equation, it is obtained that the forecast of sales results for 2023 is IDR 364,420,077, in 2024 is IDR 481,505,974, in 2025 is IDR 612,435,113, in 2026 is IDR 757,207,494, and in 2027 is IDR 915,823,117, with a percentage of sales growth of 42%. The conclusion of the data analysis above states that the use of the least square method can be used to predict drug sales using drug sales data in the previous period.

SELF-MEDICATION PRACTICES IN DERMATOLOGICAL DISEASES: A CROSS-SECTIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE-BASED STUDY

Objective: The study aimed to assess the pattern and reasons for self-medication practices and its rationality in dermatological diseases among the population of the Malwa region of the central India. Methods: Individuals aged older than 18 years who were practicing self-medication and gave informed consent for participation in the study were enrolled. Doctors, pharmacists, and medical students were excluded from the study. A preformed and semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain the data. Results: High tendency of self-medication was seen among young adults of age between 21 and 40 years (61.42%) while it was low among aged < 20 years (15.71%) and > 50 years (7.14%). Self-medication practice was more common in people who had education between high school and graduation (72.85%) in comparison to the illiterate (7.14%) and post-graduated subjects (5.14%). Most of the subjects who had practicing self-medication were taking suggestions from the nearest medical shopkeepers (50%). The main reasons for self-medication were the non-severity of diseases (42.85%) and easy availability of medicine from medical stores without dermatologist prescription (24.28%). Conclusion: The study showed the prevalence of self-medication was nearly same in both rural and urban population. Health-care providers should educate patients on the dangers of self-medication. Such messages should be extended periodically to the community at large scale by the government health ministry/authorities. Government should enforce relevant and strict legislation, which limits the sales of drugs without prescription.

Drug overdose in Pakistan, a growing concern; A Review

The primary cause of overdose in Pakistan is a lack of implementation of pharmaceutical drug sales regulations. The use of a drug or medicine over the recommended safe dose, whether accidentally or purposely, constitutes a drug overdose. The type of drug, amount consumed, and medical history of the person who overdosed determine its severity. It can be accidental or intentional and can result in serious medical issues or even death. In Pakistan, there is growing concern about two major categories of overdoses: opioid overdose and recreational drug overdose. About 700 people die of drug-related complications and overdose in Pakistan every day, which translates to 250 000 deaths every year. In Pakistan, an estimated 7 million individuals take drugs regularly. Among them, 4 million use cannabis, and 2.7 million use opiates. Since 2005, ANF Model Addiction Treatment & Rehabilitation Centers (MATRC) have treated more than 14 000 patients. At least 604 individuals connected to Pakistani drug trafficking have been found guilty by the ANF since 2014. Another promising cause of drug overdose is qualified doctors negligence. Many doctors do not spend enough time with their patients and do not adequately educate them about the disease, drug dosage, timing, drug-drug interactions, drug-food interactions, and adverse effects. There is a need for immediate action, which includes employee training, psychoeducational campaigns on mental health and suicide, medical resources for quick treatment of self-poisoning, and revised government regulations on drug sales. To lower the prevalence and negative effects of overdoses in Pakistan, it may be necessary to educate the ‘chemist’ and restrict the number of tablets that can be prescribed at once.

Methods of involving minors in the illegal production, manufacture, acquisition, storage, transportation, forwarding or sale of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their analogues

The article examines in detail the methods of involving minors in illegal production, manufacture, acquisition, storage, transportation, forwarding or sale of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their analogues, as an element of the forensic characteristics of the specified criminal offense. The provisions of Article 2 were analyzed 307 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which provides for illegal production, manufacture, acquisition, storage, transportation or forwarding for the purpose of sale, as well as illegal sale of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their analogues committed with the involvement of a minor.
 Attention is drawn to the fact that all the variety of ways of involving a minor in illegal activities can be combined into two main groups: related and unrelated to the use of violence or the threat of its use. The most common non-violent methods of committing are revealed, which include: a promise, deception, clarification, offer, persuasion, a personal example of the contortionist, etc. The results of the study of the materials of criminal proceedings show that about 88 % of involvements were committed by offering, persuading, explaining, requesting and persuading to commit a criminal offense.
 The most common non-violent way of involving minors in illegal activities is an offer to commit a criminal offense. However, attention is drawn to the fact that the establishment of only one proposal by an adult to commit a criminal offense is not always sufficient to recognize it as a method of entrapment.
 Separate attention is paid to preparatory actions regarding the involvement of a minor in committing the actions provided for in Art. 307 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Such actions are diverse, but the following should be considered the most common: 1) search for children, before committing illegal actions, their selection, manifestation of friendly relations (70% of criminal proceedings); 2) creating a vested interest (ease of earning, raising authority) in a minor in illegal activities with drugs (67%); 3) facilitating the behavior of a minor in which he loses the ability to control his actions (drinking alcoholic beverages, using narcotics, psychotropic substances), which creates psychological and physical dependence (60%); 4) familiarization of minors with the methods of committing, distribution of roles between accomplices, planning to hide traces of a criminal offense (52%).

Poor regulation, desperation, and misinformation, a countrywide analysis of self-medication and prescription patterns in Ecuador during the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundThe rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus during the early phase of the pandemic led to an unprecedented global health crisis. Various factors have influenced self-medication practices among the general population and unsubstantiated prescribing practices among healthcare professionals. ObjectiveThis study aimed to describe trends in the purchase and sale of medicines during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–2022) in Ecuador, by comparing them with pre-pandemic periods. MethodsIn this study, a cross-sectional design was employed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of 28 pharmacological groups, categorized according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification (ATC). Utilizing an integrated drug consumption database, the study examined physician prescribing data, medicine usage, and spending levels in Ecuador during the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis involved computing absolute differences in monthly resolution, calculating excessive expenditure in comparison to previous yearly averages, and using Defined Daily Dose (DDD) methodology for internationally comparable results. Furthermore, a correlation analysis was performed to investigate potential associations between prescribed and consumed medicines and the number of new cases and deaths. ResultsIn Ecuador, the average yearly expenditure among these groups prior to the pandemic (2017–2019) amounted to $150,646,206 USD, whereas during 2020 and 2021, the same groups represented a total expenditure of $228,327,210, reflecting a significant increase. The excess expenditure during this period reached 51.4%, equivalent to $77,681,004 USD. Notably, 13% of this expenditure consisted of Over the Counter (OTC) Medicines. The study also identified a remarkable surge in sales of ivermectin, which increased by 2,057%, and hydroxychloroquine, which increased by 171%, as measured by DDD. ConclusionsThis study highlights the substantial consumption of medicines by the population in Ecuador during the pandemic. It is concerning that many medications were sold without proven therapeutic indications, indicating that misinformation and desperation may have led to improper prescribing by physicians and patients resorting to ineffective drugs. Moreover, since the sale of these therapeutic drugs requires a prescription, poor regulation, and a lack of control within pharmacies likely contributed to such practices.

Patologi Sosial dalam Novel Kado Terbaik Karya J.S. Khairen dan Relevansinya dengan Kejahatan di Indonesia

Literary works are a result of the creativity of a literati, literary works can be in the form of novels, poems, and so on. This study examines social pathology in the novel Best Gift by J.S. Khairen. This study uses the study of literary sociology. Sociology discusses how a science in which is discussed how people's lives. Literary sociology is a science that links literary works with sociology. In research conducted in the novel Best Gift by J.S Khairen, the social symptoms studied are bad social behavior. In the novel Best Gift by J.S Khairen, it describes how the social dynamics experienced by the main character. This study aims to describe the form of social pathology and the factors that influence the occurrence of social pathology in the novel Best Gift by J.S. Khairen. This research data is in the form of sentence quotes which are forms or factors of social pathology in the Best Gift novel by J.S. Khairen. Data collection techniques use reading techniques and recording techniques. Data analysis techniques use data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. This research data validity technique uses theory triangulation. From this study found the form of social pathology and the factors affecting it. Forms of social pathology in J.S. Khairen's novel Best Gift include child exploitation, child abuse, fraud, drug sales, theft, kidnapping, and drug sales. The factors that influence social pathology in the novel Best Gift by J.S. Khairen are family, social environment, economic and educational factors. Keywords:novel best gift, literary sociology, social pathology.

Perancangan Engine Decision Support System untuk Aplikasi Kefarmasian dengan Penggunaan Metode Analytical Hierarchy Process

This study aims to increase effectiveness in the selection of drug suppliers in the Tangerang public hospital pharmacy. Tangerang General Hospital is an agency engaged in the health and pharmaceutical services sector. This pharmaceutical division has an internal pharmaceutical application that has been implemented with various features used for recording transaction data both drug sales and drug purchases. Currently there is more than one supplier that supplies the same drug. Therefore the main focus of this research is to design an engine to feature a decision support system by utilizing the analytical hierarchy process approach for selecting the best specific medicine supplier. A decision support system (DSS) is an information system designed to assist decision makers in processing complex information and providing relevant data to support these decisions. The approach that used in this research is analytical hierarchy process with the criteria as needed. The conclusion of this research is to design a prototype engine that is able to provide information and recommendations about the best drug suppliers.

Legal Protection for Consumers for Drug SalesDiet without Distribution License Through Marketplace

This paper aims to explain the legal protection of consumers for the sale of diet drugs without a distribution permit through the marketplace. This research is a normative legal research. The type of approach used in this study is the statutory approach and the conceptual approach. The collection of legal material in this study used the snowball technique as used in empirical research. The analysis of legal material in this research is to use descriptive, comparative, evaluative and argumentative analysis. This study aims to answer the problem of what are the permit provisions for diet drugs sold through marketplaces? Then how about the legal protection for consumers who buy diet drugs without a distribution permit through the marketplace? After conducting the research, it can be concluded that business actors who trade diet/slimming products without a distribution permit are actions that are prohibited for business actors, so these goods must be withdrawn from circulation. Then,