Drug Residues In Animal Products Research Articles

Veterinary Drug Residues in the Food Chain as an Emerging Public Health Threat: Sources, Analytical Methods, Health Impacts, and Preventive Measures

Veterinary medications are necessary for both contemporary animal husbandry and food production, but their residues can linger in foods obtained from animals and pose a dangerous human risk. In this review, we aim to highlight the sources, occurrence, human exposure pathways, and human health effects of drug residues in food-animal products. Following the usage of veterinary medications, pharmacologically active compounds known as drug residues can be found in food, the environment, or animals. They can cause major health concerns to people, including antibiotic resistance development, the development of cancer, teratogenic effects, hypersensitivity, and disruption of normal intestinal flora. Drug residues in animal products can originate from variety of sources, including water or food contamination, extra-label drug use, and ignoring drug withdrawal periods. This review also examines how humans can be exposed to drug residues through drinking water, food, air, and dust, and discusses various analytical techniques for identifying these residues in food. Furthermore, we suggest some potential solutions to prevent or reduce drug residues in animal products and human exposure pathways, such as implementing withdrawal periods, monitoring programs, education campaigns, and new technologies that are crucial for safeguarding public health. This review underscores the urgency of addressing veterinary drug residues as a significant and emerging public health threat, calling for collaborative efforts from researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders to develop sustainable solutions that ensure the safety of the global food supply chain.

Interrelations Between Probiotics, Gut Microbiota, Intestinal Barrier, and Immune Response; Focusing on Diarrhea in Dairy Calves1

The interplay between gut microbiota and host health has attracted significant interest in the animal science community. Maintaining gut microbiota homeostasis by supplementing probiotics to treat clinical conditions like calf diarrhea is an emerging area of research nowadays because of increased concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and drug residues in animal products. Probiotics reduce the incidence of calf diarrhea by increasing the gut microbiota diversity and richness with more commensal bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium that produce antimicrobial compounds, as well as modulating the immune response by increasing cytokines, Interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and reducing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), by increasing production of antibodies, especially immunoglobulin E (IgE), also IgG, differentiating naïve Th lymphocytes (Tho) into Th1, hence stimulate innate immunity and prime the adaptive immune response. Specific probiotic strains of bacteria and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) derived probiotics maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier. In this review, data is being organized to address the role of probiotics in treating calf diarrhea by modulating gut microbiota and stimulating an immune response against notorious pathogens, to present animal and veterinary scientists and nutritionists with a new concept to treat infectious diseases from the perspective of the gut microbiota, increasing animal health, performance, and welfare. In conclusion, health status and gut microbiome are strongly interlinked. Research data indicated a significant reduction in the incidence of diarrhea after probiotic administration. If interrelations between probiotics and existing gut microbiota are explored more quantitatively, novel antibiotic substitutes can emerge in the future.

Activity Test of Binahong Leaf Extract (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) Against the Eggs of Ostertagia sp. In Peranakan Etawa Goats In Vivo

Gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes are widely recognized as a significant impediment to the achievement of optimal sheep production outcomes. The management of these parasites is predominantly dependent on the utilization of chemical anthelmintics. In recent decades, there has been a growing concern regarding the emergence of anthelmintic resistance across different categories of anthelmintics, as well as the issue of drug residues in animal products. Consequently, there has been a renewed interest in exploring medicinal plants as a potential alternative source of anthelmintics. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the anthelmintic effectiveness of Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) steenis uses scientifically established in vivo on PE goats. The treatments applied in this study were made up of binahong leaf extract at concentrations of 0 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml, and 15 mg/ml. The variable subject study was the efficacy of binahong leaf extract on Ostertagia sp. eggs. The findings of the investigation on the extract derived from binahong leaves exhibited a significant impact on diminishing the quantity of Ostertagia sp. eggs. The binahong leaf extract concentration of 15mg/ml exhibited the highest efficacy in reducing worm eggs, resulting in a reduction rate of 97.5%.

Effects of High-Biotin Sample Interference on Antibody Concentrations in Sandwich Immunoassays.

The use of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) is banned because of problems associated with drug residues in animal products and increased bacterial resistance. The immunization of chickens with specific antigens is a promising strategy for generating specific antibodies that can target a wide range of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and can be used as an alternative to antibiotics. Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) antibodies in a polyclonal antibody (pAb) format, when administered orally, modulate the ruminal microbiome and maintain animal health and performance; however, there are concerns pertaining to protein impurities and biotin concentrations in the samples. Signal amplification strategies involving the noncovalent interaction of biotin with streptavidin is extensively used in diagnosis and scientific research, particularly in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). However, the high concentrations of biotin in samples, especially in those derived from rich sources such as egg yolk, can pose challenges and potentially harm the accuracy of diagnostic tests and protein concentration measurements. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of biotin on the measurement of IgY in freeze-dried egg yolk samples obtained from immunized laying hens using immunoassays with biotin-avidin/streptavidin. The detection of IgY in yolk samples using ELISA with streptavidin-biotin binding could lead to misdiagnosis due to biotin interference; the level of interference varies with the specific assay conditions and the concentration of biotin in the yolk samples. An ELISA without streptavidin-biotin binding is advisable to avoid interactions between biotin and target proteins, prevent biotin interference with the results, and achieve more reliable and accurate results.

Can Cathepsin L Epitope Be an Effective Vaccine Candidate Against Fasciola gigantica via Bioinformatics?

Background: Fasciolosis is a global parasitic disease caused by liver trematodes such as Fasciola hepatica, affecting various mammals, including sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, and humans worldwide. Cathepsin L (Cat L) found in the life stages of F. gigantica is associated with the pathology of the fluke. Given the detrimental impact of fasciolosis on animal health and production, along with reports of drug resistance and concerns regarding drug residues in animal products and the environment, there has been an increasing emphasis on developing a potent epitope-based vaccine to combat this infection. Objectives: The present study aimed at bioinformatically analyzing the characteristics of Cat L of F. gigantica newly encysted juvenile (FgNEJ) to identify potential epitopes for constructing an effective vaccine against the infection. Methods: The Cat L of FgNEJ was analyzed using several reliable bioinformatics tools. Results: Analysis of the second structure of the Cat L amino acid sequence demonstrated that the alpha-helix, random coil, and extended strand ratios were 77 (23.62%), 164 (50.31%), and 85 (26.07%), respectively. Analysis of B-cell, T-cell, and MHC epitopes predicted on the sequence suggested Cat L of FgNEJ as an ideal target for vaccine design. Conclusions: The current study introduces significant information on Cat L of FgNEJ, as well as some promising epitopes that can be used as strong candidates in studies involved in developing a vaccine against fasciolosis.

Invitro and in vivo anthelmintic efficacy of peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) essential oil against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep.

Nowadays, the exclusive use of commercial anthelmintics for the treatment of gastrointestinal nematode infections in ruminants is less sustainable due to anthelmintic resistance, as well as the problem of drug residues in animal products and the environment. Therefore, an integrated therapeutic approach is needed, including the search for alternatives to synthetic anthelmintic drugs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using the essential oil of peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. For this purpose, the in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic efficacy of this oil and the toxic effects on the hosts were examined. In the in vitro egg hatch test, ovicidal activity varied from 21.0-90.3% depending on the concentration of essential oil used (0.0125, 0.025, 0.049, 0.195, 0.781, 3.125, 12.5, and 50 mg/mL). To some extent, anthelmintic efficacy was confirmed in the in vivo fecal egg count reduction test at a mean dose of 150 mg/kg, with an average reduction of nematode eggs of 26.9 and 46.0% at Days 7 and 14 after treatment, respectively. Furthermore, no toxic effects of applied oil were observed on sheep behavior, kidney, or liver function. The main compounds identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyzes were menthol (32.6%), menthone (22.0%), menthyl-acetate (10.0%), and isomenthone (9.39%). Due to their complex chemical compositions, numerous bioactive ingredients, and natural origin, herbal formulations represent a potentially valuable alternative for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. In this context, the results of the present study showed that peppermint essential oil is one of the promising candidates. Further studies should be performed to collect more data on the safety profile of M. piperita EO in treated animals to find the most appropriate formulation for use in field conditions and to test it against resistant gastrointestinal nematode populations.

Black pepper (Piper nigrum Lam) as a natural feed additive and source of beneficial nutrients and phytochemicals in chicken nutrition

Abstract Tropical countries are rich in medicinal herbs that have the potentials to improve poultry productivity and health by increasing digestive enzyme activity, immune responses, and modulation of gut microbiota composition through the action of their bioactive constituents. Presently, black pepper (BP), one of such tropical herbs is gaining popularity as a substitute for antibiotics in poultry production, which have been found to promote the development of anti-resistant strains of bacteria and incorporation of drug residues in animal products. BP belongs to the genus - Piper, species – nigrum, and family - Piperaceae. The leaves, fruits, and seeds of BP are moderate in essential nutrients such as minerals and vitamins, but low in anti-nutritional factors. It is also high in important bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and flavonoids. These bioactive compounds play important roles in regulating the normal physiological functions of animals such as growth, egg production, and immune responses. Therefore, the aim of this review is to pool evidence on the chemical composition of BP that acts as feed additives and their mode of action in enhancing performance and product quality, as well as the reasons for the inconsistent results among authors on the feed additive value of BP in chicken nutrition.

Prioritizing veterinary drug residues in animal products for risk-based monitoring

The EU Official Controls Regulation (EU) 2017/625 (OCR) requires a risk-based monitoring program for veterinary drug residues in animal products. The aim of this research was to rank various substances in animal products as input for such a Multi-Annual National Control Plan (MANCP). Previously derived decision trees were used to prioritize a total of 438 substances and 5228 substance-product combinations. The prioritization incorporated information on non-compliances, use of veterinary drugs and potential human health effects. Overall, the majority of the unauthorised substances (63%) were classified as high priority, although there are distinct differences between substance groups. For the authorised substances, around 27% were classified as low priority, 17% as medium priority and 12% as high priority. For the remaining substances, there was a lack of data resulting in the recommendation to start a survey. The evaluation revealed that not all relevant substance-product combinations are currently included in the MANCP and data or information on (potential) use is often difficult to retrieve. Overall, the decision trees provided a successful tool to classify substances in low, medium and high priority to include in the MANCP and the approach could be applied by other EU MS as input to their risk-based monitoring programs.

Integrating high-throughput exposure assessment and in vitro screening data to prioritize endocrine-active potential and dietary risks of pesticides and veterinary drug residues in animal products.

New approach methodologies in toxicology, such as in vitro high-throughput screening (HTS), can minimize the use of experimental animals and allow mechanism-based predictions of in vivo toxicity. HTS data has been increasingly used in the regulatory context; however, only a few studies integrated dietary exposure and HTS data to foster chemical prioritization in food. Additionally, the endocrine-associated risk of veterinary drug residues in food is yet to be fully characterized. This study aims to systematically compare the translated HTS data with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) values and prioritize the pesticides and veterinary drug residues (n=294) in food using the exposure-activity ratio (EAR) and Toxicological Prioritization index (ToxPi). The dietary exposure assessment was accomplished using a stochastic human exposure and dose simulation high-throughput model (SHEDS-HT). We selected 76 HTS assays from 12 nuclear receptors to represent the molecular initiating event (MIE) of endocrine-disrupting phenotypes. Chemical prioritization was achieved using 4 methods (i.e., EAR-OED, EAR-ADI, ToxPi-exposure+ADI, and ToxPi-exposure+endocrine score), where the consensus prioritized chemicals were fipronil, furazolidone, oxolinic acid, and oxytetracycline for the Taiwanese population. This case study demonstrates the utility of HTS data in fostering regulatory decisions on chemicals, especially for those lacking comprehensive toxicity data.

English

Fasciolosis is a major problem to livestock production and is considered an emerging health hazard to humans and other animals. An increase in the prevalence of anthelmintic-resistant helminth strains, drug residues in animal products poses a challenge in the control of the disease necessitating research for alternatives. Here, we investigated the presence of anthelmintic phytochemicals in the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Leonotis nepetifolia dry leaves and their activity on Fasciola gigantica flukes. The flukes were isolated from the infected liver collected from the abattoir maintained in normal saline solution at 37°C. Cold maceration and infusion methods were used for ethanolic and aqueous extractions, respectively. Phytochemical screening and quantification of target phytochemicals were done following standard methods. The percentage mortality caused by each treatment at varying concentrations (2, 6 and 10 mg/ml) was determined and observations were made at three 2 h intervals, and compared with negative control. The lethal concentrations and lethal time for 50% (LC50 and LT50) and 90% (LC90 and LT90) of the flukes were estimated for each treatment. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the plant contained anthelmintic phytochemicals. Tannins had a higher concentration in the aqueous extract (0.2362(0.002) mg/ml; p < 0.01) than in the ethanolic extract (0.005(0.001) mg/ml). LC50 and LC90 decreased time of exposure, the aqueous extract showing the lowest LC50 of 0.698 mg/ml and LC90 of 4.435 mg/ml compared to the ethanolic extract with LC50 of 2.521 mg/ml and LC90 of 10.264 mg/ml after 6 h of exposure. LT50 and LT90 decreased with the dosage of the treatments, the aqueous extract had lower LT50 of 2.474 h and LT90 of 5.025 h than that of the ethanolic extract at LT50 of 2.673 h and LT90 of 7.282 h at 10 mg/ml dosage. The anthelmintic activity of L. nepetifolia extracts is concentration and time of exposure dependent. The aqueous extract of L. nepetifolia has higher activity against F. gigantica than the ethanolic extract. Key words: Anthelmintic, Fasciola gigantica, fascioliasis, Leonotis nepetifolia.

The Simultaneous Detection of Multiple Antibiotics in Milk and Pork Based on an Antibody Chip Biosensor.

In the modern farming industry, the irrational or illegal use of veterinary drugs leads to residues in animal-derived food, which can seriously threaten human health. Efficient detection of low concentrations of drug residues in animal products in a short time is a key challenge for analytical methods. This study proposes to use an antibody chip biosensor for rapid and automated analysis of cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and sulfonamide antibiotics in pork and milk. 3D polymer slides were applied for the preparation of antibody chips. Ovalbumin (OVA) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugates of the haptens were immobilized as spots on disposable chips. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against cefalexin, ceftiofur, gentamicin, neomycin, and sulfonamides allowed the simultaneous detection of the respective analytes. Antibody binding was detected by a second antibody labeled with Cy3-generating fluorescence, which was scanned a with chip scanner. The limits of detection (LOD) for all the analytes were far below the respective maximum residue limits (MRLs) and ranged from 0.51 to 4.3 µg/kg. The average recoveries of all the analytes in each sample were in the range of 81.6–113.6%. The intra- and inter-assay CV was less than 12.9% and showed good accuracy and precision for all the antibiotics at the MRL level. The sample pretreatment method is simple, and the results are confirmed to be accurate by LC–MS/MS; therefore, this method is valuable for the quality control of animal-derived food.

Current perspective on veterinary drug and chemical residues in food of animal origin.

The marked increase in the demand for animal protein of high quality necessitates protecting animals from infectious diseases. This requires increasing the use of veterinary therapeutics. The overuse and misuse of veterinary products can cause a risk to human health either as short-term or long-term health problems. However, the biggest problem is the emergence of resistant strains of bacteria or parasites. This is in addition to economic losses due to the discarding of polluted milk or condemnation of affected carcasses. This paper discusses three key points: possible sources of drug and chemical residues, human health problems, and the possible method of control and prevention of veterinary drug residues in animal products.

Recent Developments in the Electrochemical Determination of Sulfonamides

Background:Sulfonamides are the anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs synthesized, which are widely used as medical and veterinary antibiotics. However, the excess dosage of sulfonamides can harm human health. Drug residues in animal products also can harm human health through the food chain. The long-term consumption of animal food containing drug residues will cause some toxicity and side effects on human body functions, which will seriously threaten human health.Methods:Electroanalytical methods are attracting much attention because of their advantage over conventional methods, as they are quick, low-cost, high sensitivity, and portable. This review examines the progress made in the selective electrochemical determination of sulfonamides in the last 20 years.Results:In this review, we describe the development of electrochemical methods for sulfonamides determination. Then, we pay special attention to the detection of sulfonamides using molecular imprinting technology. The linear detection range with the limit of detection has been listed for comparison.Conclusion:Electrochemical determination of sulfonamides is a fast, simple, sensitive, and cost-effective approach. The surface modification of commercial electrodes can significantly improve the sensing performance.

Therapeutic study of Tephrosia purpurea (linn.) root extract on goat tapeworm with special reference to histopathological parameters

Goat farming forms the backbone of the Indian livestock sector. The prevalence of helminth infection is one of the major problems which affects the milk and meat production of small ruminants. It causes diarrhea, anaemia, oedema, bottle jaw and reduce reproductive performance of animals. Anthelmintic resistance and drug residues in animal products like milk and meat are the results of indiscriminate use of anthelminthics by goat owners for helminth control. Herbal anthelminthics are effective alternatives without any harmful effects. The paper presents the anthelminthic potential of the root extract of Tephrosia purpurea (linn.) plant on common tapeworm of goat, Moniezia. The in vitro study showed that the anticestodal activity of T. purpurea (linn.) at 125mg/ml dilution was comparable to that of albendazole. The histopathological study revealed very prominent shrinkage of scolex and suckers, tegument showed puff formation and was ruptured at the marginal position with irregular folds and crumbling of the segments. Longitudinal section of segment showed more marginal serrations indicating crumbling of the body segment as compared to albendazole, leading to the death of the worm.

Large-Scale Data Mining of Rapid Residue Detection Assay Data From HTML and PDF Documents: Improving Data Access and Visualization for Veterinarians.

Extra-label drug use in food animal medicine is authorized by the US Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA), and estimated withdrawal intervals are based on published scientific pharmacokinetic data. Occasionally there is a paucity of scientific data on which to base a withdrawal interval or a large number of animals being treated, driving the need to test for drug residues. Rapid assay commercial farm-side tests are essential for monitoring drug residues in animal products to protect human health. Active ingredients, sensitivity, matrices, and species that have been evaluated for commercial rapid assay tests are typically reported on manufacturers' websites or in PDF documents that are available to consumers but may require a special access request. Additionally, this information is not always correlated with FDA-approved tolerances. Furthermore, parameter changes for these tests can be very challenging to regularly identify, especially those listed on websites or in documents that are not publicly available. Therefore, artificial intelligence plays a critical role in efficiently extracting the data and ensure current information. Extracting tables from PDF and HTML documents has been investigated both by academia and commercial tool builders. Research in text mining of such documents has become a widespread yet challenging arena in implementing natural language programming. However, techniques of extracting tables are still in their infancy and being investigated and improved by researchers. In this study, we developed and evaluated a data-mining method for automatically extracting rapid assay data from electronic documents. Our automatic electronic data extraction method includes a software package module, a developed pattern recognition tool, and a data mining engine. Assay details were provided by several commercial entities that produce these rapid drug residue assay tests. During this study, we developed a real-time conversion system and method for reflowing contents in these files for accessibility practice and research data mining. Embedded information was extracted using an AI technology for text extraction and text mining to convert to structured formats. These data were then made available to veterinarians and producers via an online interface, allowing interactive searching and also presenting the commercial test assay parameters in reference to FDA-approved tolerances.

Assessment of various veterinary drug residues in animal originated food products.

The veterinary drugs are broad-spectrum antibacterial antibiotics; it uses to cure the animal disease. Many countries have banned veterinary drug residues like nitrofurans metabolites, chloramphenicol. However, the people were administrated veterinary drugs to animals as illegal to increase the milk production in animals for economic benefit. The results of illegally use of veterinary drugs remain as a residue in animal product like milk and it is very harmful to whom consume it cause cancer and allergic for human being which has entered the concern among milk consumers. To control illegal use of veterinary drugs, the government of India has restricted its use in animals. For the identification and confirmation of veterinary drug residues in animal products, analytical techniques such as liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry are available. These are very sophisticated equipments which are available nowadays and their methodologies for the analytical method validation are described by European commission 2002/657/EC. The use of veterinary drugs is a big challenge to effectively identify and authorization of their use. There are so many analytical techniques are using very effectively and taking very less time to protect the consumers from their adverse effects. These techniques take very less time to identify more groups of compounds such as tetracycline, sulfonamides, anthelmintic, and macrolides in single multi-residue method. These methods having validation parameters include system precision, calibration curve, accuracy, limit of detection, and quantification. Therefore, improvement in the existing technologies and accessibility of new screening methodologies will give opportunities for automation that helps in obtaining the results in very less time and improved sensitivity and specificity which contribute to better safety assurance, standard, and quality of various food products of animal origin.

Monitoring of pesticide and antibacterial drug residues in animal products from two states in India by modified multi-residue analytical methods using GC–ECD and HPLC–DAD

Monitoring of pesticide and antibacterial drug residues in animal products from two states in India by modified multi-residue analytical methods using GC–ECD and HPLC–DAD

Review Article. Effects of Antibiotic residues in animal products on human health and environments

Veterinary pharmaceutical products are among the most important components of animal feed production, especially antibiotics. the main use of antibiotics in animals is to treat and prevent diseases, and to promote growth. Antibiotic use in animals can cause residues of antibiotics in foods such as meat., eggs , and milk. These residues can cause numerous side effects such as human transmission of antibiotic resistant bacteria, pathological immunological effects, allergies, parasitic mutations, nephropathy (gentamicin), hepatotoxicity, reproductive disorders, toxicity to the bone marrow (chloramphenicol), and even carcinogenic , sulfametazine and oxytetracycline.
 This analysis offers information important to veterinarians, livestock produces and public safety on the regulation of drug residues in animal products.

Reducing Veterinary Drug Residues in Animal Products: A Review.

A survey we conducted suggests that the ingestion of veterinary drug residues in edible animal parts constitutes a potential health hazard for its consumers, including, specifically, the possibility of developing multidrug resistance, carcinogenicity, and disruption of intestinal normal microflora. The survey results indicated that antibiotics, parasitic drugs, anticoccidial, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are broadly used, and this use in livestock is associated with the appearance of residues in various animal products such as milk, meat, and eggs. We observed that different cooking procedures, heating temperatures, storage times, fermentation, and pH have the potential to decrease drug residues in animal products. Several studies have reported the use of thermal treatments and sterilization to decrease the quantity of antibiotics such as tetracycline, oxytetracycline, macrolides, and sulfonamides, in animal products. Fermentation treatments also decreased levels of penicillin and pesticides such as dimethoate, malathion, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, and lindane. pH, known to influence decreases in cloxacillin and oxacillin levels, reportedly enhanced the dissolution of antimicrobial drug residues. Pressure cooking also reduced aldrin, dieldrin, and endosulfan in animal products. Therefore, this review provides updated information on the control of drug residues in animal products, which is of significance to veterinarians, livestock producers, and consumer health.

A Pipetting Sample Preparation with Water Eluent followed by Water Mobile Phase HPLC-DAD Analysis for Residual Monitoring of Sulfadimidine in Milk

<p>While it is certain that various veterinary drugs used for the prevention and treatment of livestock animal diseases contribute to the stable production of animal products in recent years, on the other hand, the overuse or misuse of these drugs is of great concern because it can result in their presence in animal-derived foods for human consumption.To assure the safety of animal-derived foods for the consumer, Codex Aliamentarius sets maximum residue limits (MRLs) for veterinary drugs. Because determinations for veterinary drugs in the animal-derived foods are therefore an important specific activity to guarantee food safety, the validated analytical method for the determining target drugs are presently required.</p><p>In answer to the present expansion and diversification in the international animal product trade, the development of international harmonized analytical methods (= universal standard methods) to determine veterinary drug residues in animal products is essential to guarantee equitable international trade in these foods and ensure food safety for consumers. Without regard for industrial nations and developing countries, the optimal harmonized analytical method for residue monitoring in foods must be quick, easy, reliable, inexpensive, and capable of quantifying residues at concentrations less than the target drug’s MRL in animal products and must cause no harm to the environment and analyst.</p><p>Although several methods have been described in the literature for quantifying veterinary drugs in foods, these methods have three crucial drawbacks as follows: 1) the sample preparation operations are complicated and labor intensive, which are time-and cost-consuming, do not permit the determination of large number of samples, and can give low reproducibility; 2) organic solvents are used as extraction solvents, purification eluent, and/or as LC mobile phases without fail -Risk associated with these solvents extend beyond direct implications for the health of humans and wildlife to affect our environment and the ecosystem in which we all reside. Eliminating the use of organic solvents is an important goal in terms of environmental conservation, human health and the economy; 3)the detections/identifications are based on LC-MS or -MS/MS - The facilities that LC-MS/MS system is available are limited to part of industrial nations because these are hugely expensive, and the methodologies use complex and specific. These are unavailable in a lot of laboratories for routine analysis, particularly in developing countries. No optimal method that satisfies the aforementioned requirements has yet been identified.</p>As an optimal technique that can be recommended as an international harmonized analytical method for the routine residue monitoring in animal-derived foods, this paper describes a quick, easy, and small-scale sample preparation followed by an isocratic water mobile phase HPLC method for determining sulfadimidine (SDD) in cow’s milk under no-use organic solvent conditions. The SDD selected here is one of the most frequently used veterinary drugs worldwide, and has only the Codex’s MRL (0.0025 μg/mL for SDD in milk) set for several kinds of sulfonamides.Cow’s milk contains a good balance of protein, fat, and carbohydrate, is an indispensable food because it is inexpensive and readily available.