Invention Of Drugs Research Articles

Perspectives, politics and prospects to combat the Coronavirus

The Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) pandemic emerged in Wuhan, China during December 2019 and has spread all over the world. It has brought about huge threats to health and lives. The virus is highly contagious and it continuously evolves in the human population. The article is aimed to analyse the perspective, politics and probable prospects of Covid-19. It is further focused on possible challenges during the pandemic situation. Intensive research required in the field of virology to identify the probable potential drug invention for developing treatment strategies. This pandemic causes emotional, economic and social problems. Although the pandemic has some positive effects also. The article emphasizes the political and sociological aspects of the pandemic situation. Under the crisis, people have realised the value of caring, sharing, loving and helping the distressed ones instead of luxurious lifestyle. The pandemic has surely led to a new normal in our lives.

The road to radiation safety and ALARA: A review

The rapid progress of medical and dental science with the invention of various drugs have benefited the mankind. The proper and correct diagnosis of diseases is the primary necessity before the treatment. The different imaging modality plays an important role in clinical diagnosis, teaching and in the field of research. With advent of modern technology in imaging medical imaging has also greatly influenced. A diagnostic radiograph has become a hotspot in diagnosis and the clinical applications. The technology advancement has greatly influenced the medical imaging in many ways even in the aspect of storage of images. Oral and maxillofacial radiography is the art of recording images of a patient’s oral and associated structures. Radiographic examinations play an essential part of dental practice.

COVID-19 drugs invention using deep neural network models: an artificial intelligence approach

The Covid-19 disease caused by the novel Corona Virus (SARS-2) spread like a wildfire and scientists across the whole world have been trying to find a cure for the disease and as such resorted to all methods available. The tool of artificial intelligence (AI) and data science has proven very useful in this regard for rapid drug invention and development. In this paper, tending along the same line, four different deep neural networks (DNNs) based models (bi-directional long short-term memory (LSTM) with attention, constrained graph variational autoencoders (CGVAE), edge memory neural network (EENN) and connectivity map (CMAP) based DNN have been proposed for usage in drug Invention of highly effective lead molecules for the disease COVID-19. The models have been evaluated and performed well with the highest performance given by the bi-directional LSTM model with validity of 98.7%, uniqueness of 99.8% and originality of 97.4%.

ASSESSING THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE DESIGN OF DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

Over ten years, increasing the interest has been fascinated towards the appeal of intelligent retrieval (IR) technology for data interpretation and illuminate the biological or transmitted information, speed up drug invention, and pinpointing of the selective small-molecule modulator control or rare particle and projection of their behavior. To make use of biomaterials, synthetic resin, fats, along IR is upcoming for the manufacture of drug deliverables. The request of the computerized workflows and databases for quick calculation of the vast amounts of data and artificial neural networks (ANNs) for growth of the narrative proposition and treatment schemes, forecast of disease development, and judgment of the pharmacological description of drug candidates may consequently improve treatment outcomes. Target fishing (TG) by quick projection or identification of the biological quarry might be of great help for linking quarry to the new substance.AI and TF methods in union with human knowledge may indeed transform the present-day diagnostic strategies, meanwhile verifying approaches are necessary to overcome the possible challenges and make certain higher perfection. In this review, the importance of AI and TF in the growth of drugs and transport systems and the possible challenging topics have been spotlighted.
 Keywords: Artificial intelligence; biomaterials, polymers, lipids, Drug Delivery.

Sir James Whyte Black OM. 14 June 1924—22 March 2010

James Whyte Black was a Scottish pharmacologist who trained in medicine at St Andrews University and had a career in drug invention and academic pharmacology, moving several times between universities and the pharmaceutical industry. He was awarded the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his drug invention method, which was to build molecules around the structure of a natural chemical activator of a pathway involved in the aetiology of a disease. This produced two extremely useful drug categories, beta-blockers and histamine H 2 -antagonists, with huge impact on the previously intractable diseases of angina, hypertension and stomach ulcers. In 2000 he was awarded the UK's highest honour, the Order of Merit (OM). His ideas on analytical pharmacology had a significant effect on the development of the discipline in the late twentieth century.

Review on Efficacy of Herbal Antiviral Drugs against COVID-19

Coronavirus disease (CoViD-19) is an infection of the respiratory system caused due to various viruses affects the respiratory pathway, and it can spread from one person to another by coughing, sneezing or physical contact. Commonly include cough, cold, fever are the symptoms. Viral diseases increase worldwide concern, including emerging and chronic viruses. The invention of new anti-viral drugs from plants has implicit in the past. The Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) caused due to severe acute respiratory syndrome, which is a transmittable and pathogenic viral infection. Several traditional medicines of plant origin having antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties some have been studied for their anti-viral properties and immune-modulating effects. Herbal drugs are now in massive requirement in the developing countries for primary health care not because of their economical but also for better civilising adequacy, improved compatibility with the human body and significantly fewer side effects. This review gives an overview of some critical traditionally used medicinal herbs with anti-viral properties—the literature regarding the drugs of this group, collected from Ayurveda classics. Research articles are collected from published material and discussed per therapeutic actions. Most of the Herbs are with Katu Rasa (pungent) and Ushna Virya (hot potency). They are indicated in diseases, viz. Kasa (cough), Shwas (asthma), Krumi (worm/ infection). Krumihara property drugs which are correlated with anti-viral action helps to prevent against Novel coronavirus infection.

An appraisal of anti-mycobacterial activity with structure-activity relationship of piperazine and its analogues: A review.

Piperazine, is privileged six membered nitrogen containing heterocyclic ring also known as 1,4-Diazacyclohexane. Consequently, piperazine is a versatile medicinally important scaffold and is an essential core in numerous marketed drugs with diverse pharmacological activities. In recent years several potent molecules containing piperazine as an essential subunit of the structural frame have been reported, especially against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Remarkably, a good number of these reported molecules also displayed potential activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR), and extremely drug-resistant (XDR) strains of MTB. In this review, we have made a concerted effort to retrace anti-mycobacterial compounds for the past five decades (1971-2019) specifically where piperazine has been used as a vital building block. This review will benefit medicinal chemists as it elaborates on the design, rationale and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the reported potent piperazine based anti-TB molecules, which in turn will assist them in addressing the gaps, exploiting the reported strategies and developing safer, selective, and cost-effective anti-mycobacterial agents.

Current Strategies in Development of New Chromone Derivatives with Diversified Pharmacological Activities: A Review.

Chromone derivatives possess a spectrum of biological activities. Chromone has been recognized as a privileged structure for new drug invention and development. Substitution pattern of chromone scaffold determines different type of biological activities. The type, number and position of substituents connected to the chromone core play a vital role in determining pharmacological activities. In the present review, we have discussed new chromone derivatives as anticancer, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and as anti-Alzheimer agents. This review deals with the chromone derivatives prepared by combining chromone molecule with various natural and synthetic pharmacophores and pharmacological activities presented by them. The main aim is to highlight the diversified pharmacological activities exhibited by chromone hybrid molecules during the last eight to ten years.

Metabonomic Profile and Signaling Pathway Prediction of Depression-Associated Suicidal Behavior.

Suicide is the most severe consequence of depression which has become a leading cause of disability and a global disease burden. Recent evidence indicates a central role of small molecules in the pathogenesis of depression and associated suicidal behaviors. However, there lacks a systemic exploration of small molecules in the development of depression-associated suicide, and it remains unclear how they affect an individual’s behavior. In order to compare the metabonomic profiles between drug-naïve patients with depression-associated suicidal behaviors and healthy individuals, we conducted a systemic database search for studies of metabolic characteristics in depression-associated suicidal behavior. Manual data curation and statistical analysis and integration were performed in Excel. We further performed an enrichment analysis of signaling pathway prediction using the Reactome Pathway Analysis tool. We have identified 17 metabolites that expressed differently between drug-naïve patients with depression-associated suicidal behaviors and healthy controls. We have integrated these metabolites into biological signaling pathways and provided a visualized signaling network in depressed suicidal patients. We have revealed that “transport of small molecules”, “disease”, “metabolism” and “metabolism of proteins” were the most relevant signaling sections, among which “transport of inorganic cations/anions and amino acids/oligopeptides”, “SLC-mediated transmembrane transport”, and “metabolism of amino acids and derivatives” should be further studied to elucidate their potential pathogenic mechanism in the development of depression and associated suicidal behavior. In conclusion, our findings of these 17 metabolites and associated signaling pathways could provide an insight into the molecular pathogenesis of depression-associated suicidal behavior and potential targets for new drug inventions.

A review of obstructive sleep apnea among coronary artery disease patients

Lifestyle has seen a tremendous change in the past few decades. Globalization and urbanization has made the world smaller. With advancement in science and technology, human mortality has decreased tremendously due to invention of new treatment modalities, vaccines, newer and effective drugs. But the lifestyle changes and sedentary pattern has also paved way for development of new lifestyle related disorders especially obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia and hypertension which impose a major threat not only to human life but also to economic burden of the world. Traditional era had less incidence of these disorders compared to the industrial era today. Though increase in blood pressure and cholesterol level are considered age related changes in western countries, there exists a steep curve in the incidence of these disorders as age advances. Further, evidences are adequate to indicate hypertension and dyslipidemia are prevalent even in middle aged adults. Increased susceptibility of a few individuals to lifestyle related changes can also be attributed to their genetic variability. It has been estimated that more than 70% of cardiovascular morbidity, over 80% of coronary artery disease and about 90% of diabetes can be attributed to few of the lifestyle related factors. Even a slight alteration in lifestyle has a great impact on individual health and economic burden. Smoking is identified as one of the major lifestyle factor which has its adverse effects not only on those who smoke but also to other members in the proximity by way of passive smoking. Though the hazards of smoking and its impact on health have been emphasized to a greater extent, eradication of smoking has become next to impossible. Decline in smoking substantially reduces cardiovascular risk but the practice of smoking has seen only an upward slope. Likewise, alcoholism is another social factor which has multitude of effects on health particularly cardiovascular disorders.

Continuing Professional Development for Doctors in Pakistan is need of the hour

In Pakistan, health professionals get their professional undergraduate and postgraduate qualifications after thorough training and assessment criteria as defined by their respective national regulatory bodies. These qualifications help them get registered and get a license for clinical practice in their respective domains. Any registrations and licenses are renewed by paying the prescribed fee without any requirements for reassessment or recertifications. Over the last few decades, health sciences have shown rapid advancements with the invention of new drugs and technologies. Due to this exponential increase in knowledge, no practitioner can hope to remain competent for more than a few years after graduation without a program of active learning. As such, a well-structured and regulated program of lifelong learning must be followed by all health professionals. To keep health professionals abreast with these changes and to ensure the maintenance of certain minimum competencies, there is a need for Continuing Professional Development (CPD) to be implemented at the national level with strict regulatory compliance. According to World Federation for Medical Education (World Federation for Medical Education, 2015), Continuing Professional Development (CPD) is a process of education and training commencing after completion of basic and postgraduate medical education, thereafter, continuing as long as the health professional is engaged in professional activities. CPD mainly implies self-directed and practice-based learning activities in addition to supervised education, and rarely involves supervised training for an extended period of time. The terms ‘Continuing Medical Education (CME)’ and ‘Continuing Professional Development (CPD)’ are often used synonymously.

A Novel Prediction Method for ATP-Binding Sites From Protein Primary Sequences Based on Fusion of Deep Convolutional Neural Network and Ensemble Learning

Accurately identifying protein-ATP (Adenosine-5’-triphosphate) binding sites is significant for protein function annotation and new drug invention. Previous studies often utilize classical machine learning classification algorithms to predict protein-ATP binding sites based on protein primary sequence. However, deep learning as a newly developed technique has shown outstanding performance in various fields. In this work, we introduce the deep convolutional neural network for protein-ATP binding sites prediction based on sequence information. Two classification networks are developed including a residual-inception-based predictor and a multi-inception-based predictor, then the ensemble learning is applied by giving optimized weights to each network architecture to combine them for more superior performance. We examine the performance of our proposed method on two groups of independent testing sets including a classic ATP-binding benchmark dataset and a newly proposed ATP-binding dataset. As a result, our proposed method outperforms other state-of-art sequence-based predictors with the AUC of 0.922 and 0.896 respectively which illustrates the efficacy of deep learning technique in protein-ATP binding sites prediction. The source code and benchmark datasets can be downloaded at https://github.com/tlsjz/ATPbinding .

ROLE OF COMMUNITY PHARMACIST IN PHARMACOVIGILENCE

World Health Organization (WHO) defines pharmacovigilance as the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse drug reactions or any other possible drug related problems.1 Pharamcovigilance is important for the safe and efficient usage of drugs. Pharmacovigilance is just not an indicator it’s a discipline for detecting and reporting ADRs.2,3 In 1968 after thalidomide tragedy (phocomelia in babies, whose mothers have taken thalidomide during pregnancy) WHO established adverse drug reactions (ADRs) reporting system. WHO defines ADR as any response to a drug which is harmful and accidental and occurs at doses that are normally used in human for prophylaxis, diagnosis, treatment or the mitigation of disease.1The Uppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC) is the WHO cooperating center for global pharmacovigilance. The aim of UMC is to support and publicize patient protection through efficacious and worldwide pharmacovigilance practice. It provides autonomous and high excellent medical reference sources universally. It encourages indigenous pharmacovigilance initiatives by giving approach to passable resources and providing appropriate assistance.1Pre marketing clinical trials do not give the sufficient knowledge about adverse drug reactions because the minimum number of population is included in these clinical trials and exposure time of targeted drug is also short so clinical trials are unable to detect those ADRs who are race specific or occur in 1/1000 or 1/10,000 ratio. Post marketing surveillance and pharmacovigilance are the essential steps to ensure the safety and efficacy of drug.4,5 Pakistan FrameworkThe government of Pakistan in collaboration with drug regulatory authority of Pakistan (DRAP) has started the online pharmacovigilance (PVRSD) system in 2017. This program collects information from medicals professionals, pharmaceutical companies and patients on ADRs.6 Role of PharmacistThe professional responsibility of community pharmacist is far more than just preparing and dispensing medicines. Pharmacist can play a patient centric role by ensuring the safety of medicines through pharmacovigilance. Community pharmacists can ensure the safe and efficacious use of medicines by identifying and commentating ADRs.4Community pharmacists can play there part in safe usage of medication and prevention of ADRs.1 The data composed by community pharmacists on pharmacovigilance is worthwhile.7The role of pharmacist in pharmacovigilance differs from state to state but the professional concern remains similar irrespective of territories.6 Community pharmacists can report ADRs based on their clinical experience and interacting and counseling with the patients at community pharmacy. The pharmacovigilance program of government can only be successful if the community pharmacists play their role actively in reporting ADRs. The most important step for the pharmacovigilane is to inform the all healthcare practitioners.1Community pharmacists can act as a bridge between physicians and patients to ensure drug safety and efficacy. Community pharmacists can prevent ADRs by counseling with patients and providing them communication materials newsletters and other drug information resources utilized by other healthcare professionals for drug safety information.8Community pharmacists can educate and counsel patients in order to reduce medication errors and to improve the patient’s quality of life.8In our community pharmacy setting most of the pharmacists do no report ADRs because they are not acquainted with the ADR reporting process.9Apart from reporting ADRs community pharmacists can play their role by keeping the record of identified ADRs at their workplace. Community pharmacists can also contribute in drug safety by updating their knowledge regarding new drug inventions and aspects of drugs. For pharmacovigilance pharmacist should have a sound regarding the usage of over the counter medications.6Pharmaovigilance knowledge can strengthen the role of community pharmacist in a productive way. Educational trainings and workshops can improve the understanding of community pharmacists regarding ADR identification and reporting. This can assist the community pharmacists to perform a better part in pharmacovigilance and safe usage of medications.

Profiling of various elements in Haloxylon griffithiiand Convolvulus leiocalycinus using atomic absorption spectroscopy and flame photometry

The concentration of nine different elements including heavy metals were analyzed in selected medicinal plants i.e. Haloxylon griffithii and Convolvulus leiocalycinus. The mineralization of plant samples was done using wet digestion method in which three strong acids were used i.e. nitric acid (HNO3), sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and perchloric acid (HClO4) followed by filtration and analyzed through flame atomic absorption. For sodium and potassium, flame photometer was used and samples were diluted to 100 folds for obtaining results within the range of the instrument. The decreasing order of concentration of elements in H. griffithii was K>Na>Fe>Ni>Mn>Cu>Co>Pb>Cd whereas, in C. leiocalycinus was K>Na>Fe>Cu>Mn>Ni>Co>Pb>Cd. The study revealed that heavy metals accumulate in the plants with different concentrations and their concentrations were within the permissible ranges established by international organizations. This will provide knowledge in the invention of many new drugs and the research helps the legislators to provide protection to the public regarding adverse effects of heavy metals. Keywords: Flame atomic absorption; Flame photometer; Flame emission http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80094

Synthesis, characterization and unravelling the molecular interaction of new bioactive 4-hydroxycoumarin derivative with biopolymer: Insights from spectroscopic and theoretical aspect

In the progress of small molecule as drug candidates, 4-hydroxycoumarin based compounds bearing a crucial place as potent antibiotic agents with appreciable safety in drug invention. Being synthetically and easily obtainable, 4-hydroxycoumarin related compounds with planar structure have been promoted predominantly as DNA targeting agent. Nevertheless, here we elucidate the synthesis, characterization and theoretical study of bio-active small molecule 4-hydroxy-3,4′-bichromenyl-2,2′-dione (4HBD). Then we have illuminated the binding interactions of 4HBD with calf thymus DNA (ctDNA), which is particularly designed for biological application. Extensive investigations of the binding of 4HBD with ctDNA are provided by utilizing multi-spectroscopic and molecular docking approaches, including UV–vis absorbance, steady-state, time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism study. The calculated binding and quenching constant value from quantitative data analysis of absorption and emission spectroscopy shows that 4HBD binds to the ctDNA groove. Further confirmation of the same is found by comparative displacement and iodide quenching studies. Negative enthalpy, negative free energy and positive entropy change imply a hydrophobic force monitors the association of 4HBD with the biomacromolecule. Interestingly the small molecule (4HBD) shows potential anti-bacterial activity against the model pathogenic gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. The noncytotoxic nature of the 4HBD is demonstrated in vitro with the help of MTT assay by normal kidney epithelial (NKE), breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and human prostate cancer cell (PC3) lines. Hemolytic assay exhibits insignificant hemolysis of human erythrocyte cells at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these tested bacteria. In this regard the present invention of 4-hydroxycoumarin based antimicrobial and noncytotoxic 4HBD molecule holds future promise in the development of new antibiotics.

A Review on Biomedical Applications of Polymeric Nanoparticles

Splendid achievements have been made in management of disease through invention of drugs over past decade. The present conventional drug delivery systems often have side-effects and complications due to their wide distribution throughout the body fluids. The localization of drug action in injured tissue is a promising way to solve this problem. The objective of drug targeting is to achieve a desired pharmacological response at a selected site without undesirable interaction at other sites. This is especially important in cancer chemotherapy and rheumatoid arthritis treatment. Recently invention of drugs has been generated by various drug delivery systems like microspheres, liposomes, noisomes, nanocapsules and nanoparticles. Among all colloidal drug carriers’ nanoparticles are gaining more popularity because of their stability, easy preparation, for achieving reduced toxicity, for increased drug efficacy & site targeted action. Nanoparticulation is a very useful strategy towards targeted drug delivery and also for enhancement of bioavailability of low soluble drugs. In this article nanoparticles preparation methods and their biomedical applications were discussed in detail.

Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Thanjavur and its surrounding (Tamil Nadu - India)

The present study aims to document data about the traditional uses of plants in health-care trainers among the local peoples of areas which may lead to natural drug invention development. There is urgency in recording such data for ethnobotanical studies using many statistical calculations were applied. Totally, 137 informants were selected from 8 villages by their traditional knowledge about medicinal plants. The collected specimens were statistically analyzed by Frequency citation (FC), Relative frequency citation (RFC), Use values (UV), Relative importance (RI), Cultural index (CI), Frequency index (FI) and Pearson correlation Co-efficient. Totally, 85 medicinal plants belonging to 73 families were documented through traditional people of Thanjavur for the treatment of 17 different ailments in which paste based herbal medicine is highly used (30%). Among the families, Acanthaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Malvaceae are dominant species with each five, Solanaceae with four species, Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Convulcacaeae, Aizoaceae, Apocynaceae, Lamiaceae and Rubiaceae with each three species and Capparaceae, Lythraceae, Anacardiaceae are recorded each two species and remaining families were one species respectively. In this quantitative ethnobotanical analysis, the high use values were recorded as Solanum trilobatum (1.31), Thespesia populnea (1.30), Cissus quadrangularis (1.26), Trianthema portulacastrum (1.76), and Hygrophila auriculata. Phyllanthus niruri showed high RI values than other plants. Pearson correlation coefficient between RFC and UV was 0.802 with P-value <1%. From this study, we can recommend that statistically proved medicinal plants like Solanum trilobatum, Thespesia populnea, Cissus quadrangularis, Trianthema portulacastrum, Hygrophila auriculata, Phyllanthus niruri and Achyranthes aspera were also needed for further investigation on pharmacologically which leads to natural drug invention development.

Entangled Conditional Adversarial Autoencoder for de Novo Drug Discovery.

Modern computational approaches and machine learning techniques accelerate the invention of new drugs. Generative models can discover novel molecular structures within hours, while conventional drug discovery pipelines require months of work. In this article, we propose a new generative architecture, entangled conditional adversarial autoencoder, that generates molecular structures based on various properties, such as activity against a specific protein, solubility, or ease of synthesis. We apply the proposed model to generate a novel inhibitor of Janus kinase 3, implicated in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and vitiligo. The discovered molecule was tested in vitro and showed good activity and selectivity.

Effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn. seeds methanol extract on learning and memory.

Prevention and delay in the onset of memory disorders will have a great impact on society by reducing the disease burden and finances. Drugs available for the treatment of learning and memory disorders are few. There is need to develop a better drug, several studies have shown the therapeutic effectiveness of herbal extracts for the learning and memory disorders because of their neuroprotective effects, hence herbs should be evaluated scientifically to form a basis for the future discovery of newer drugs. In this study, effect of Trigonella-foenum graecum L. seeds methanol extract (TFGS-ME) was evaluated in mice on learning and memory process by both exteroceptive and interoceptive behavioral models at three different doses. Elevated plus maze test was employed to assess the effect on learning and memory as an exteroceptive behavioral test. Scopolamine-induced amnesia was performed to assess effect on learning and memory as interoceptive behavior test. In both tests, it was found that animals received extract at 200mg/kg exhibited a highly noteworthy decline in transfer latency on both acquisition and retention days in contrast to control animals, suggestive of improved learning and memory process. Results were equivalent to the standard drug piracetam at similar dose indicating that TFGS-ME improves learning and memory process and has significant potential as an antiamnesic agent. Hence there is need to separate the dietary components which may play a vibrant role in the future invention of novel drugs.

Ru(II) Compounds: Next-Generation Anticancer Metallotherapeutics?

Metal based therapeutics are a precious class of drugs in oncology research that include examples of theranostic drugs, which are active in both diagnostic, specifically imaging, and therapeutics applications. Ruthenium compounds have shown selective bioactivity and the ability to overcome the resistance that platinum-based therapeutics face, making them effective oncotherapeutic competitors in rational drug invention approaches. The development of antineoplastic ruthenium therapeutics is of particular interest because ruthenium containing complexes NAMI-A, KP1019, and KP1339 entered clinical trials and DW1/2 is in preclinical levels. The very robust, conformationally rigid organometallic Ru(II) compound DW1/2 is a protein kinase inhibitor and presents new Ru(II) compound designs as anticancer agents. Over the recent years, numerous strategies have been used to encapsulate Ru(II) derived compounds in a nanomaterial system, improving their targeting and delivery into neoplastic cells. A new photodynamic therapy based Ru(II) therapeutic, TLD-1433, has also entered clinical trials. Ru(II)-based compounds can also be photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy, which has proven to be an effective new, alternative, and noninvasive oncotherapy modality.