Drug Dosage Forms Research Articles

Immediate Release Drug Dosage Form

Among all drug forms tablet is the most popular dose form being moment because of its convenience of tone administration, conciseness and easy manufacturing; occasionally immediate onset of action is needed than conventional remedy in numerous cases. So that to overcome these downsides, immediate release lozenge form has surfaced as indispensable oral dose forms. Immediate medicine release lozenge forms disintegrate fleetly after administration with enhanced rate of dissolution .The introductory approach used in development of tablets is the use of superdis integrants like Cross linked Polyvinylpyrrolidone or Sodium bounce glycolate (Primogel, Explotab), carboxymethylcellulose (Croscarmellose) etc. These superdisintegrants give immediate disinteragation of tablet after administration in stomach. In this field immediate release liquid medicinal forms and parenteral medicinal form have also been introduced for treating disease . In liquid medicinal form can be dormancies with typical dissipation agents like hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, AOT (dioctylsulfosuccinate) etc.

An Alternative Excipient from Vegetable Source for Oral Drug Dosage Forms to Regulate Drug Delivery

Abstract: Introduction: Tablet is the preferred drug dosage form. Cellulose fiber (Micro Crystalline Cellulose) is the major excipient used. For chronic diseases, frequent dosage is required resulting in cumulative excipient load and tachyphylaxis due to drug. We intent to invent excipients from vegetable sources to mitigate above challenges and reduce dosage as chronic sufferers (Diabetes mellitus) requires lifelong treatment. Aims and Objectives: To develop an excipient from Brassica oleracea and Vigna radiata sprouting which can regulate drug delivery, avoid excipient led toxicity and tachyphylaxis. Materials and Methods: Alkali and acid based depolymerization method was followed and cellulose fibers were studied for safety, physical, chemical and molecular parameters. With the developed cellulose fibers two drugs were formulated using Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient- Metformin and Miglitol. Efficacy was assayed using cell lines-Neuroblastoma, Kidney HK-2, L6 Myoblasts, 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes, INS-1 and HEPG 2 hepatocytes and compared with conventional micro crystalline cellulose- based formulations. Results: Characterization of developed excipients was done in comparison with conventional cellulose, invented excipients had long fibers, higher bulk density, flow, even particle size compared to conventional cellulose. Dissolution and disintegration of Metformin from Brassica oleracea fiber was slow and Miglitol showed quick release from Vigna radiata compared to conventional excipient. Therapeutic effect of both drugs from developed excipients was higher compared to conventional excipient-based drug by cell culture assay. Both developed excipients did not show mutagenic effect. Conclusion: Brassica oleracea fiber slows release of metformin; may reduce drug dosage, tachyphylaxis, release of Miglitol from Vigna radiata was rapid, may compliment metformin therapy. Keywords: Herbal excipients, Cellulose fibers, Microcrystalline cellulose, Tachyphylaxis, Vegetable source excipient, Brassica oleracea, Vigna radiata, Metformin, Miglitol.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY, ALONE AND IN CONJUNCTION WITH CEFUROXIME

Introduction: Occurrence of multidrug resistant microorganism is the result of irrational use of antibiotics. Recently essential oil, an important constituent of therapeutic and scented plant has been explored for their antimicrobial activity. Objectives: In this study, antibacterial activities of rosemary essential oil (REO) alone and also in conjunction with beta lactam antibiotic cefuroxime (CXM) were assessed. The purity of REO was checked by gas chromatography / mass spectrophotometry method (GC-MS). Methodology: By agar well diffusion method for REO and its diluents with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and tween 80, the zone of inhibition (ZOI) against four Gram positive bacterial strains of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis and three Gram negative bacterial strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1:2,1:10, 1:20, 1:40 and 1:50). E. coli as bacterial and DMSO as solvent were used as a control. Results: Antimicrobial activity was found to be highest against Staphylococcus aureus with ZOI 17.56mm and the lowest against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with ZOI 5.53 mm. The combination of REO and CXM indicated synergistic effects against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia and Proteus mirabilis and antagonistic effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and indifferent effects against Bacillus subtilis and bacillus epidermidis based on fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) values. The t test was applied to FIC values that showed significant p value (< 0.5). Conclusion: In conclusion, the antibacterial activity of the REO and CXM was enhanced when administered in combination, with the exception of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In future this study may lead the way to the development of new drug combinations and dosage forms for increased antimicrobial and a reduced resistance against common pathogens.

Drug Utilization Pattern of Antibiotics in Delhi NCR

The need of antibiotics is high in the developing countries where infective disease burden is high. India really has the high incidence of infectious diseases in the entire globe, making the improper use of antibiotics a frequent occurrence. The aim of this study is to determine the drug utilization of antibiotics prescribed by doctor in Delhi NCR area. The present study needs to carry out, taking a deeper dive into the antibiotics and its positive as well as negative impacts on society’s health and welfare. The study involve the determination of various factors like type of therapy, drug most extensively used by patients, sex distribution of people using antibiotics, route of administration of drug and most use dosage form of drugs.

Spectrofluorimetric methods for the determination of mirabegron by quenching tyrosine and L-tryptophan fluorophores: Recognition of quenching mechanism by stern volmer relationship, evaluation of binding constants and binding sites

Green spectrofluorimetric methods have been adopted for the determination of Mirabegron (MG) in pure drug and pharmaceutical dosage form. The developed methods based on fluorescence quenching of tyrosine and L-tryptophan amino acids fluorophores by the effect of Mirabegron as a quencher. Experimental conditions of the reaction were studied and optimized. The Fluorescence quenching (ΔF) values were proportional to the concentration range of MG 2–20 μg/ml for the tyrosine-MG system in buffered media pH 2 and 1–30 μg/ml for L-tryptophan-MG system pH 6. Good correlation coefficients with low detection limits of 0.163 and 0.234 μg/ml for the two systems respectively. Method validation was applied according to ICH guidelines. The cited methods were successively applied for MG determination in tablet formulation. No statistically significant difference between the results of the cited and the reference methods regarding t and F tests. The proposed spectrofluorimetric methods are simple, rapid, eco-friendly and can contribute to MG’s methodologies in quality control labs. Stern-Volmer relationship, the effect of temperature, quenching constant (Kq), and UV spectra were studied to identify the mechanism by which the quenching might occur. The results demonstrated that fluorescence quenching of tyrosine was a dynamic quenching process and L-tryptophan was static. The double log plots were constructed to determine the binding constants and binding sites. The greenness profile of the developed methods has been assessed by Green Analytical procedure index (GAPI) and Analytical Greenness Metric Approach (AGREE).

Implantable sustained-release drug delivery systems: a revolution for ocular therapeutics.

Due to the inimitable anatomical structure of the eyeball and various physiological barriers, conventional ocular local administration is often complicated by apparent shortcomings, such as limited bioavailability and short drug retention. Thus, developing methods for sustainable, safe and efficient drug delivery to ocular target sites has long been an urgent need. This study briefly summarizes the barriers to ocular drug administration and various ocular drug delivery routes and highlights recent progress in ocular implantable sustained-release drug delivery systems (DDSs) to provide literature evidence for developing novel ocular implants for sustained drug delivery. We conducted a comprehensive search of studies on ocular implantable sustained-release DDSs in PubMed and Web of Science using the following keywords: ocular, implantable and drug delivery system. More than 400 papers were extracted. Publications focused on sustained and controlled drug release were primarily considered. Experimental articles involving DDSs that cannot be implanted into the eye through surgeries and cannot be inserted into ocular tissues in solid form were excluded. Approximately 143 publications were reviewed to summarize the most current information on the subject. In recent years, numerous ocular sustained-release DDSs using lipids, nanoparticles and hydrogels as carriers have emerged. With unique properties and systematic design, ocular implantable sustained-release DDSs are able to continuously maintain drug release, effectively sustain the therapeutic concentration in target tissues, and substantially enhance the therapeutic efficacy. Nevertheless, few ocular implantable sustained-release DDSs have been available in clinical use. Ocular implantable sustained-release DDSs have become a new focus in the field of ocular drug development through unique designs and improvements in the materials of drug carriers, administration methods and dosage forms. With more ocular implantable sustained-release DDSs being commercialized, ocular therapeutics may be revolutionized.

Investigations into the use of machine learning to predict drug dosage form design to obtain desired release profiles for 3D printed oral medicines

Three-dimensional (3D) printing, digitalization, and artificial intelligence (AI) are gaining increasing interest in modern medicine. All three aspects are combined in personalized medicine where 3D-printed dosage forms are advantageous because of their variable geometry design. The geometry design can be used to determine the surface area to volume (SA/V) ratio, which affects drug release from the dosage forms. This study investigated artificial neural networks (ANN) to predict suitable geometries for the desired dose and release profile. Filaments with 5% API load and polyvinyl alcohol were 3D printed using Fused Deposition Modeling to provide a wide variety of geometries with different dosages and SA/V ratios. These were dissolved in vitro, and the API release profiles were described mathematically. Using these data, ANN architectures were designed with the goal of predicting a suitable dosage form geometry. Poor accuracies of 68.5% in the training and 44.4% in the test settings were achieved with a classification architecture. However, the SA/V ratio could be predicted accurately with a mean squared error loss of only 0.05. This study shows that the prediction of the SA/V ratio using AI works, but not of the exact geometry. For this purpose, a global database could be built with a range of geometries to simplify the prescription process.

Pendampingan Penanaman dan Pemanfaatan Tanaman Obat Keluarga (TOGA) Dalam Program Peningkatan Peranan Wanita menuju Keluarga Sehat Sejahtera (P2WKSS) di Desa Sakerta Timur Kabupaten Kuningan

In order to improve the degree of public health, one thing that can be done is planting and utilizing TOGA (family medicinal plants). TOGA development can also be used as a flagship program for residents in East Sakerta Village (Saktim) Darma District, Kuningan Regency, in addition to improving health as well as being a superior product to increase the economic value of the community through post-harvest processing. This community service aims to increase the knowledge and abilities of community members, especially members of the tourism awareness group (Pokdarwis) in Saktim Village in the utilization and processing of medicinal plants into more economical drug dosage forms. Community service activities in the Increasing the Role of Women towards a Healthy and Prosperous Family (P2WKSS) program are carried out by providing counseling about the properties of medicinal plants, and training in making TOGA gardens and the process of making traditional medicines.

PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF ONCE-DAILY FLOATING GMO-ALGINATE MICROSPHERES CONTAINING FAMOTIDINE

Objective: In this work, a gastro-retentive floating microsphere delivery system composed of Drug/Glyceryl mono-oleate (GMO) embedded in a Ca-alginate gas-generated matrix was designed to improve the bioavailability of a slightly-soluble model drug Famotidine. Methods: The water/Oil emulsion method was used to prepare Famotidine floatable microspheres, and formulation variables such as Alginate: GMO ratio, gas-generated bicarbonates concentration, and loading drug concentration were investigated. Conventional techniques, including DSC, XRD and FTIR were performed to confirm Famotidine compatibility with GMO and Alginate polymers. Real-Time X-ray Radiography was used for in vivo imaging of Famotidine floatable microspheres using rabbits as an animal model. HPLC spectroscopic technique was used to determine Famotidine plasma concentration after oral administration of Alginate-GMO loaded microspheres. Results: Floating Famotidine Alginate-GMO microspheres (0.75:1:0.25) w/w/w showed a remarkable entrapment efficiency (>98%), good buoyancy (>84) and prolonged in vitro drug release properties (>24 hours). DSC, XRD, and FTIR techniques showed no evidence of interaction between Famotidine and Alginate or GMO. In vivo Imaging of Famotidine floatable microspheres showed that capsules containing Famotidine-Alginate microspheres were not detected after 3 h of administration, while capsules containing Famotidine-GMO-Alginate microspheres can be detected for more than 12 h, indicating superior gastric retention properties. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for Famotidine: GMO-Alginate, and Famotidine: alginate and compared with the plain drug over 24 h period. Famotidine: GMO-Alginate microspheres exhibited controlled and prolonged absorption Tmax of 6.0 vs. 3.0 and 2.0 h; Cmax of 124.9±0.9 vs. 323.7±0.4and 458.6±0.5 ng/ml; AUC0-24 of 2153.025±6.7 vs. 1650.4±1.9 and 1110.725±2.1 ng/ml for Famotidine: alginate and plain drug, respectively, reflecting the increase in the bioavailability of the drug in the floating formulations compared to the free drug. Conclusion: Prolonged gastric retention time and sustained release properties of floating GMO-alginate microsphere suggest that it could provide a valuable sustained release dosage form of slightly-soluble drugs.

Assessment of the Medication Administration Errors in the Tertiary Hospital in Saudi Arabia: A prospective Observational Study

Medication errors can occur at any of the three steps of the medication use process: prescribing, dispensing and administration. Drug administration errors were the second most frequent type of medication error, after prescribing errors, but the latter were often intercepted; hence, administration errors were more probably to reach the patients. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the frequency and types of drug administration errors in a Taif hospital ward. Prospective study based on a disguised observation technique in nine wards in a general hospital in Taif, Saudi Arabia (800 beds). A pharmacist accompanied nurses and witnessed the preparation and administration of drugs to all patients during the three drug rounds on each of six days per ward. The main outcomes were the number, type and clinical importance of errors and associated risk factors. The drug administration error rate was calculated. Relationships between the drug dose frequency, dosage form and types of medication administration error were measured. A total of 7105 medications administered by 250 nursing staff members to 700 patients were observed. Observers intervened in seven administrations. There are 1769 medication administration errors confirmed. The most common medication administration errors were drug preparation error (40.56%, n =727) then, improper dose error (18.58%, n=333); the most common drug class error was Antibiotic (38.9%, n =399) then Analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs (17%, n =176). The most drug dose frequency had Drug preparation error was seen in a drug used three times a day by 484. MAEs were more likely to occur in the evening shift compared to the morning and afternoon shifts. The study indicates that the frequency of drug administration errors in developing countries such as Malaysia is similar to that in developed countries.

The efficacy of combined micronized Niclosamideand Albendazole-based dosage forms against bothriocephalosis of cyprinids

The purpose of the research is to develop and test new combined dosage forms against bothriocephalosis of cyprinids in the cage culture fishery.Materials and methods. Combined micronized Niclosamide- and Albendazole-based dosage forms were developed; labscale batches of dosage forms of drugs and medicated feeds were developed with these drug forms; Bothriocephalus sp. infection rate in fish was determined during the growing period; and preliminary test effectiveness was confirmed for combined micronized niclosamide- and albendazole-based dosage forms against bothriocephalosis in cyprinids in the incubation shop of a cage culture fishery according to standard practices. The efficacy was assessed for combined micronized niclosamide- and albendazole-based dosage forms.Results and discussion. The preliminary tests of combined micronized Albendazole- and Niclosamide-based dosage forms as part of medicated feeds showed 100% extense-effectiveness with 100% intense-effectiveness, and 60% extenseeffectiveness with 77.8% intense-effectiveness when administered once at a dose of 5% of the fish weight (doses for the active substance of 50 and 40 mg/kg, respectively).

Amphotericin B Nano-Assemblies Circumvent Intrinsic Toxicity and Ensure Superior Protection in Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis with Feeble Toxic Manifestation.

In spite of its high effectiveness in the treatment of both leishmaniasis as well as a range of fungal infections, the free form of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B (AmB) does not entertain the status of the most preferred drug of choice in clinical settings. The high intrinsic toxicity of the principal drug could be considered the main impedance in the frequent medicinal use of this otherwise very effective antimicrobial agent. Taking into consideration this fact, the pharma industry has introduced many novel dosage forms of AmB to alleviate its toxicity issues. However, the limited production, high cost, requirement for a strict cold chain, and need for parenteral administration are some of the limitations that explicitly compel professionals to look for the development of an alternate dosage form of this important drug. Considering the fact that the nano-size dimensions of drug formulation play an important role in increasing the efficacy of the core drug, we employed a green method for the development of nano-assemblies of AmB (AmB-NA). The as-synthesized AmB-NA manifests desirable pharmacokinetics in the treated animals. The possible mechanistic insight suggested that as-synthesized AmB-NA induces necrosis-mediated cell death and severe mitochondrial dysfunction in L. donovani promastigotes by triggering depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential. In vivo studies demonstrate a noticeable decline in parasite burden in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow of the experimental BALB/c mice host. In addition to successfully suppressing the Leishmania donovani, the as-formed AmB-NA formulation also modulates the host immune system with predominant Th1 polarization, a key immune defender that facilitates the killing of the intracellular parasite.

Doprinos triboloških testova sveobuhvatnoj karakterizaciji medicinskih i kozmetičkih proizvoda

Tribology investigates the events that happen on the surfaces of two substances/objects that are in direct or indirect contact through assessing friction, lubrication and/or wear. In particular, friction measurements could provide the information on the textural characteristics of (per)oral pharmaceutical preparations and contribute to the understanding of palatability. On the other hand, tribological tests have been more intensively used to characterize topical preparations (pharmaceutical, cosmetic), giving a thorough insight into the tactile and texture properties of these preparations. However, these tests are often combined with rheological, textural, and certain biophysical approaches. Additionally, the materials used for constructing artificial joints and articular cartilages are true tribological systems, developed and optimized in order to have properties that resemble the natural ones. Since tribological studies can be used to assess a wide range of drug dosage forms and products in general, the equipment used may be quite diverse. Accordingly, a special section of this work is committed to the description of the testing equipment's specifications and the applied protocols. The investigation of recently regulatory discovered phenomena, such as transformation/metamorphosis of the vehicle/base of topical preparations, have brought tribology back into focus as a potential assessment method.

A Validated RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation for The Simultaneous Estimation of Nebivolol and Valsartan in Bulk Drug and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form

A novel, simple, accurate and rapid Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and validated for the determination of Nebivolol and Valsartan in bulk and tablet dosage form. Gradient elution chromatography has been developed on C18 column (5µm, 4.6mm* 250mm) with a mobile phase consist of pH 4 acetonitrile,water and Methanol (25:35:40) with a flow rate of 1ml/min at detection of 270 nm wavelength. The retention time for Nebivolol and Valsartan was found to be 4.59 and 10.2 respectively. Chromatography parameters were validated as per ICH guidelines and the method can be applicable for routine quantitative analysis of drugs in combined dosage form.

Engineering Advanced Drug Delivery Systems for Dry Eye: A Review.

Dry eye disease (DED) is a widespread and frequently reported multifactorial ocular disease that not only causes ocular discomfort but also damages the cornea and conjunctiva. At present, topical administration is the most common treatment modality for DED. Due to the existence of multiple biological barriers, instilled drugs generally exhibit short action times and poor penetration on the ocular surface. To resolve these issues, several advanced drug delivery systems have been proposed. This review discusses new dosage forms of drugs for the treatment of DED in terms of their characteristics and advantages. Innovative formulations that are currently available in the market and under clinical investigation are elaborated. Meanwhile, their deficiencies are discussed. It is envisioned that the flourishing of advanced drug delivery systems will lead to improved management of DED in the near future.

Optimization and Evaluation of Modified Dosage form of Antihypertensive Drug

Optimization and Evaluation of Modified Dosage form of Antihypertensive Drug

Development and validation of RPLC method for the simultaneous analysis of ACE inhibitors in tablet formulations

Hypertension is a disease that can progress for many years without symptoms or complications. This disease can cause death and permanent damage to vital organs such as the kidney, heart, and brain. However, when hypertension is treated effectively, these risk factors may decrease significantly. Although many antihypertensive drugs are used in the treatment of hypertension, ACE inhibitors are a new class among these drugs, and their separation and quantitative determinations are important for the success of preclinical, biopharmaceutical, and clinical studies. For this reason, in this study, the simultaneous determination of cilazapril, benazepril, and quinapril from ACE inhibitors, the validation of the developed method, and the quantitative determination of commercial drug dosage forms are aimed. To obtain the optimum liquid chromatographic separation condition, a systematic approach based on the relationship between mobile phase pH and retention time was used. The mobile phase organic modified concentration and column temperature parameters, which are known to affect the retention times of the compounds, were kept constant. When deciding on these parameters, few experiments were carried out.

Turn-off fluorescence of S,N-doped carbon dots for determination of two nitro-containing drugs in dosage forms and human plasma

This study describes the development of an environmentally-friend optical nanosensor for the rapid spectrofluorimetric assessment of two nitro-compounds, namely nitrofurantoin and dantrolene in their dosage forms and plasma samples. A one-step synthetic technique successfully created very bright water-soluble carbon quantum dots doped with sulfur and nitrogen (S,N-CQDs). Carbon was derived from citric acid, while nitrogen and sulfur were obtained from thiosemicarbazide. The dimensions of the synthesized dots were measured using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to determine which functional groups were located on their surfaces. The nanosensor's fluorescence emission peaked intensely at 415 nm after excitation at 345 nm with a quantum yield of about 0.52. The inherent fluorescence of the nanosensors gradually decreased upon addition of the studied analytes in increasing concentrations. The fluorescence reduction of nanosensor with the concentrations of the investigated drugs demonstrated linear correlation within the ranges of 0.5–8.0 μg/mL and 1.0–10.0 μg/mL with limits of detection of 0.14 μg/mL (0.59 μM) and 0.23 μg/mL (0.73 μM) for nitrofurantoin and dantrolene, respectively. The recommended method was used to determine the concentrations of the investigated drugs in their commercial capsules, with recoveries ranging from 97.90 % to 101.57 % and low percent RSD values less than 2 %. Moreover, the method was adapted for the in-vitro analysis of the two analytes in spiked human plasma samples with % recoveries from 95.20 % to 102.20 %. The mechanism of interaction between each analyte and the dots was also investigated. The selectivity of the approach for measuring analytes concentration in the presence of excipients, co-formulated medications, or co-administered pharmaceuticals was further evaluated through an interference study. The suggested method's validity was evaluated in accordance with ICH criteria.

Development and Validation of Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine in Bulk and Injection Dosage Form

A simple, sensitive, specific, accurate, and stability-indicating reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of cabotegravir and rilpivirine in injection dosage form, using a Waters Model No.2695 series compact system fitted with Agilent - C18 column (BDS) (150 X 4.6 mm, 5μm) and a mobile phase composed of 0.01N KH2PO4 buffer (pH: 4.8): acetonitrile (70:30v/v). The 260 nm wavelength was chosen. The retention times of cabotegravir and rilpivirine were found to be 2.30 and 3.187 minutes, respectively. Linearity was established for cabotegravir and rilpivirine in the range of 25-150 µg/mL and 37.5-225µg/mL respectively: with correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.9999 for both the drugs. Cabotegravir and rilpivirine were found to have %RSDs of 0.4 and 0.3 respectively, for system precision. The proposed methods intra- and inter-day precision assessments showed a relative standard deviation (%RSD) below the maximum permitted level of 2.0. Accuracy was carried out in triplicate, and the percentage recovery was 100.25% for cabotegravir and 99.79% for rilpivirine, respectively. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for cabotegravir were found to be 0.24 and 0.74 μg/mL, respectively and 1.10 and 3.34 μg/mL, for rilpivirine respectively. Both medications were put to a range of stress conditions, including thermal, acidic, basic, oxidative, and photolytic stress. The findings demonstrated that, with the exception of heat, UV, and neutral environments, considerable degradation was found in acidic, basic, and oxidative conditions where a good separation of drug peaks was seen in the presence of the degradation products. As a result, this technique can be used to quantitatively to analyze cabotegravir and rilpivirine in bulk drug and injection dosage forms. Keywords: Cabotegravir, RP HPLC, Rilpivirine, ICH guidelines

Utilization of cloud point extraction for enhancement the efficiency of spectrophotometric estimation of milnacipran HCl as anti-depression drug in dosage forms and application to its tablets uniformity testing

Two spectrophotometric techniques that are straightforward, sensitive, accurate, and precise have been created and validated for the detection of a particular antidepressant drug, milnacipran HCl (MCN), in both pure and dosage forms. The method A was based on the reaction of MCN with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (p-DMAB) in an acidic medium, to give a yellow colored Schiff’s base product that can be measured at a maximum wavelength of 400 nm. The concentration range of 60–300 μg/mL, with an excellent correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.9991) and with a relative standard deviation (RSD% = 2.0), complies with Beer’s law under ideal circumstances. The method B approach uses a cloud point extraction (CPE) methodology to measure the amount of the yellow color product utilizing Triton X-114 and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as surfactants at a maximum wavelength of 410 nm. Beer’s law was obey in the concentration range of 0.2–4.0 μg mL−1, a correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.9995) and a relative standard deviation of (RSD% = 1.70). The best optimized reaction circumstances, including the type of solvent, reagent concentration, reaction time, and molar ratio. Calculations were made about the detection and quantification limits. No interference was seen with the frequently used excipients and additives. The proposed methods for determining MCN in its pharmaceutical formulations were effectively used, and the results for pure MCN and commercial tablets were in good agreement with those from the reported approach.