Design Of Drug Delivery Systems Research Articles

A PERSPECTIVE REVIEW ON APPLICATIONS OF NANOPARTICLE MEDIATED DRUG DELIVERY TO THE CNS

Delivery of drugs into the brain is one of the most interesting and challenging areas of research. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable membrane that separates blood from the brain in the central nervous system. It acts as a barrier to protect the brain from microbes, neurotoxins and other chemical substances and also blocks the entry of many drugs into the brain. An estimated 6.8 billion people die every year from CNS diseases like Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, sclerosis, brain stroke, dementia and others. According to WHO, one billion people are affected worldwide, about 50 million suffer from epilepsy and 24 million suffer from Alzheimer and other dementias. This indicates the importance of the delivery of drugs into the brain for treating various neurological diseases and psychological disorders. In drug targeting, a concept was introduced by Dr. Paul Ehrlich as a ‘magic bullet’ that gave tremendous hope for the researches to deliver drugs into the brain. This review discuses about various drug targeting strategies and applications of nanotechnology in designing drug delivery systems with the ability to cross through the BBB for treating neurological diseases.

Design of new protein drug delivery system (PDDS) with photoactive compounds as a potential application in the treatment of glioblastoma brain cancer.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an extremely aggressive malignant brain tumor. Despite advances in treatment modalities, it remains largely incurable. This unfavorable prognosis for GBM is at least partly due to the lack of a successful drug delivery system across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The delivery of drugs through nanomedicines combined with less invasive alternative therapies represents an important hope for the future of these incurable brain tumors. Whey protein nanocarriers represent promising strategy for targeted drug delivery to tumor cells by enhancing the drug's bioavailability and distribution, and reducing the body's response towards drug resistance. They have been extensively studied to find new alternatives for capacity to encapsulate different drugs and no need for cross-linkers. In this study, we report for the first time the incorporation and administration of Aluminum phthalocyanine chloride (AlClPc)-loaded whey protein drug delivery system (AlClPc-PDDS) for the treatment of glioblastoma brain cancer. This system was designed and optimized (with the use of the spray drying technique) to obtain the required particle size (in the range of 100 to 300nm), zeta potential and drug loading. Our results suggest that we have developed a drug delivery system from a low-cost raw material and preparation method that is capable of incorporating hydrophobic drugs which, in combination with irradiation, cause photodamage to neoplasic cells, working as an effective adjuvant treatment for malignant glioma.

Immunoscore Guided Cold Tumors to Acquire “Temperature” Through Integrating Physicochemical and Biological Methods

Abstract Immunotherapy for the treatment of tumors has become the most compelling strategy after targeted treatment, especially for lung cancer and melanoma, as well as some blood cancers. For most remaining types of tumors (e.g., pancreatic, colorectal, and breast cancers), abundant immunotherapeutic strategies in the forms of immune checkpoint blockade, cancer vaccines, and CAR-T therapies produce little effect. Furthermore, the immunoreactions induced by various types of cancer and even in individual patients, differ among the single therapeutic immune checkpoint inhibitors, whose pre-existing immunoreaction remains to be optimized for cancer immunotherapy. According to the density of the infiltrating lymphocyte subsets at the invasive margin or core of primary solid tumors, the tumors were classified into four grades using the immunoscore, which is complementary to the tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging system in providing a better prognosis of cancer patients in addition to the classification of immunogenic hot tumors and non-immunogenic cold tumors. This review aimed to outline the features of the most difficult-to-treat and challenging cold tumors and potential approaches to transform “cold” tumors into “hot” tumors, because hot tumors are associated with a higher response rate to immunotherapy. We also summarized the current popular strategies for enhancing T cell trafficking, which may be helpful to provide an etiological basement for a more rational design of drug delivery systems and conquer drug-resistance during cancer therapy.

A quantitative ex vivo study of the interactions between reconstituted high-density lipoproteins and human leukocytes.

Knowledge of the interactions between nanoparticles and immune cells is required for optimal design of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems, either when aiming to avoid phagocytic clearance of the nanoparticles or promote an immune response by delivering therapeutic agents to specific immune cells. Several studies have suggested that reconstituted high-density lipoproteins (rHDL) are attractive drug delivery vehicles. However, detailed studies of rHDL interactions with circulating leukocytes are limited. Here, we evaluated the association of discoidal rHDL with leukocytes in human whole blood (HWB) using quantitative approaches. We found that while the rHDL of various lipid compositions associated preferentially with monocytes, the degree of association depended on the lipid composition. However, consistent with the long circulation half-life of rHDL, we show that only a minor fraction of the rHDL associated with the leukocytes. Furthermore, we used three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy and imaging flow cytometry to evaluate the possible internalization of rHDL cargo into the cells, and we show increased internalization of rHDL cargo in monocytes relative to granulocytes. The preferential rHDL association with monocytes and the internalization of rHDL cargo could possibly be mediated by the scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-BI), which we show is expressed to a higher extent on monocytes than on the other major leukocyte populations. Our work implies that drug-loaded rHDL can deliver its cargo to monocytes in circulation, which could lead to some off-target effects when using rHDL for systemic drug delivery, or it could pave the way for novel immunotherapeutic treatments aiming to target the monocytes.

A Combined Computational and Experimental Study on Nanoparticle Transport and Partitioning in the Human Trachea and Upper Bronchial Airways

In the past few decades, the transport and deposition of aerosol in the human respiratory tract has been a crucial area of research, resulting in the identification of the toxicity pathways of inhaled pollutants and facilitating the design of efficient drug delivery systems for targeted treatment. Owing to the complexity of the tracheobronchial tree, experimental studies in vivo/in vitro have been extremely limited; hence, detailed data on the airflow and particle dynamics have been obtained predominantly through computational investigations. With rapid advances in medical imaging and computational capacities, sophisticated human tracheobronchial trees that include the 6th, 7th or 15th generation have been increasingly described in the literature. However, continued progress in anatomical reconstruction and mathematical idealized modeling, the two most frequently employed approaches to airway modeling, requires a detailed fundamental analysis on the morphology-induced sensitivity of particle-flow partitioning, and particle deposition in the airways. This study combined numerical and experimental investigations on the transport, deposition and partitioning of nanoparticles in the upper tracheobronchial airways. An anatomically realistic airway was reconstructed via CT scans, and a simplified numerical model was developed that incorporated physical irregularities in the trachea and assessed new boundary conditions to simulate air partitioning in the lobar bronchi, and flow and particle dynamics. An experiment measuring the penetration and deposition of sodium chloride (NaCl) nanoparticles in the anatomical and idealized airway models was conducted in parallel, and the results were compared with the computational predictions.

Bioengineered elastin- and silk-biomaterials for drug and gene delivery.

Advances in medical science have led to diverse new therapeutic modalities, as well as enhanced understanding of the progression of various disease states. These findings facilitate the design and development of more customized and exquisite drug delivery systems that aim to improve therapeutic indices of drugs to treat a variety of conditions. Synthetic polymer-based drug carriers have often been the focus of such research. However, these structures suffer from challenges with heterogeneity of the starting material, limited chemical features, complex functionalization methods, and in some cases a lack of biocompatibility. Consequently, protein-based polymers have garnered much attention in recent years due to their monodisperse features, ease of production and functionalization, and biocompatibility. Genetic engineering techniques enable the advancement of protein-based drug delivery systems with finely tuned physicochemical properties, and thus an expanded level of customization unavailable with synthetic polymers. Of these genetically engineered proteins, elastin-like proteins (ELP), silk-like proteins (SLP), and silk-elastin-like proteins (SELP) provide a unique set of alternatives for designing drug delivery systems due to their inherent chemical and physical properties and ease of engineering afforded by recombinant DNA technologies. In this review we examine the advantages of genetically engineered drug delivery systems with emphasis on ELP and SLP constructions. Methods for fabrication and relevant biomedical applications will also be discussed.

Structure-based design of charge-conversional drug self-delivery systems for better targeted cancer therapy

Various design and fabrication strategies of carrier-based drug delivery systems have been quickly established and applied for cancer therapy in recent years. These systems contribute greatly to current cancer treatments but further development needs to be made to eliminate obstacles such as low drug loading capacity and severe side effects. To achieve better drug delivery, we propose an innovative strategy for the construction of easy manufactured drug self-delivery systems based on molecular structures, which can be used for the co-delivery of curcuminoids and all the nitrogen-containing derivatives of camptothecin for better targeted cancer therapy with minimized side effects. The formation mechanism investigation demonstrates that the rigid planar structures of camptothecin derivatives and curcuminoids with relevant leaving hydrogens make it possible for them to be assembled into nanoparticles under suitable conditions. These nanoparticles show stabilized particle sizes (100 nm) under various conditions and tunable surface charges which increase from around −10 mV in a normal physiological condition (pH 7.4) to +40 mV under acidic tumor environments. In addition, in vivo mice experiments have demonstrated that, compared to irinotecan (a derivative of camptothecin) itself, the co-delivered irinotecan curcumin nanoparticles exhibited significantly enhanced lung and gallbladder targeting, improved macrophage-clearance escape and ameliorated colorectal cancer treatment with an eradication of life-threatening diarrhea, bringing hope for better targeted chemotherapy and clinical translation. Lastly, the strategy of structure based design of drug self-delivery systems may inspire more research and discoveries of similar self-delivered nano systems for wider pharmaceutical applications.

Perspectives of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer Therapy.

Despite the considerable effort made in the past decades, multiple aspects of cancer management remain a challenge for the scientific community. The severe toxicity and poor bioavailability of conventional chemotherapeutics, and the multidrug resistance have turned the attention of researchers towards the quest of drug carriers engineered to offer an efficient, localized, temporized, and doze-controlled delivery of antitumor agents of proven clinical value. Molecular imprinting of chemotherapeutics is very appealing in the design of drug delivery systems since the specific and selective binding sites created within the polymeric matrix turn these complex structures into value-added carriers with tunable features, notably high loading capacity, and a good control of payload release. Our work aims to summarize the present state-of-the art of molecularly imprinted polymer-based drug delivery systems developed for anticancer therapy, with emphasis on the particularities of the chemotherapeutics’ release and with a critical assessment of the current challenges and future perspectives of these unique drug carriers.

Impact of amorphization and GI physiology on supersaturation and precipitation of poorly soluble weakly basic drugs using a small-scale in vitro transfer model.

Formulation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) is one possibility to improve poor aqueous drug solubility by creating supersaturation. In case of weakly basic drugs like ketoconazole (KTZ), supersaturation can also be generated during the gastrointestinal (GI) transfer from the stomach to the intestine due to pH-dependent solubility. In both cases, the supersaturation during dissolution can be stabilized by polymeric precipitation inhibitors. A small-scale GI transfer model was used to compare the dissolution performance of ASD versus crystalline KTZ with the polymeric precipitation inhibitor HPMCAS. Similar in vitro AUCs were found for the transfer from SGF pH2 into FaSSIF. Moreover, the impact of variability in gastric pH on drug dissolution was assessed. Here, the ASD performed significantly better at a simulated hypochlorhydric gastric pHof 4. Last, the importance of drug-polymer interactions for precipitation inhibition was evaluated. HPMCAS HF and LF grades with and without the basic polymer Eudragit EPO were used. However, EPO caused a faster precipitation probably due to competition for the interaction sites between KTZ and HPMCAS. Thus, the results are suited to assess the benefits of amorphous formulations vs. precipitation inhibitors under different gastrointestinal conditions to optimize the design of such drug delivery systems.

Recent Trends in Chronopharmaceutics, Pulsatile Drug Delivery System

Pulsatile Drug Delivery Systems (PDDS) are getting considerable interest in delivering a drug at the correct position, at the correct time, and in the correct quantity, thus offering temporal, spatial, and intelligent delivery with improving patient compliance. These systems are
 
 intended to meet body's biological rhythm. Here, the delivery of drugs is assisted by the rhythm of disease. The main reason for the using pulsatile drug release is when the continuous drug release is not required. A PDDS must be designed in such a way that after the lag time a complete and fast release of drugs is achieved. The article deals with various systems such as osmotic system, capsular system, single and multi-unit system based on the utilization of erodible or soluble polymer coating and using of rupturable membrane. These systems are favorable to drugs with chronopharmacological behaviors such as drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and osteoarthritis. The current review paper focus on the causes for pulsatile drug delivery system design, types of illness requiring pulsatile release, classification, benefits, and restriction of this drug delivery system.

A new type of heteroborospherene as a versatile carrier for drug delivery: A theoretical study

Abstract Presently, many researches are directed toward the design of new drug delivery systems with high performances. Inspired by a fascinating finding of a new category of heteroborospherenes (Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 21 (2019) 15541) which were modeled by doping four carbon atoms in the B364− nanocluster (C4B32), we suggest the pristine and Li-doped C4B32 (Li@C4B32) nanoclusters in the drug delivery applications. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the interaction of pristine C4B32 and Li@C4B32 nanoclusters with an anti-cancer drug (5-fluorouracil) by means of the density functional theory . Results showed that the C4B32 nanocluster with Li atom could remarkably increase the tendency of nanocluster for adsorption of 5-fluorouracil drug. Also, our ultraviolet–visible results show that the electronic spectra of the drug/nanocluster complexes exhibit a red shift toward higher wavelengths (lower energies). It was found that the 5-fluorouracil/Li@C4B32 had high chemical reactivity, which was important for binding of the drug onto the target site. In order to go further and gain insight into the binding features of considered systems with 5-fluorouracil drug, the Atoms in Molecules analysis was performed. Our results determine the electrostatic features of the 5-fluorouracil/Li@C4B32 bonding. Consequently, the results demonstrated that the Li@C4B32 could be used as potential carriers for delivery of FU drug.

Carbon Nanotubes Having Haeckelite Defects as Potential Drug Carriers. Molecular Dynamics Simulation.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are valuable drug carriers since when properly functionalized they transport drugs and anchor directly to cancerous tumors whose more acidic pH causes the drug release. Herein, we study the so-called zigzag and armchair CNTs with haeckelite defects to rank their ability to adsorb doxorubicin (DOX) by determining the DOX-CNT binding free energies using the MM/PBSA and MM/GBSA methods implemented in AMBER. Our results reveal stronger DOX-CNT interactions for encapsulation of the drug inside the nanotube compared to its adsorption onto the defective nanotube external surface. Armchair CNTs with one and two defects exhibit better results compared with those with four and fifteen defects. Each haeckelite defect consists of a pair of square and octagonal rings. DOX-CNT binding free energies are predicted to be dependent on: (i) nanotube chirality and diameter, (ii) the number of defects, (iii) nitrogen doping and (iv) the position of the encapsulated DOX inside the nanotube. Armchair (10,10) nanotubes with two haeckelite defects, doped with nitrogen, exhibit the best drug-nanotube binding free energies compared with zigzag and fully hydrogenated nanotubes and, also previously reported ones with bumpy defects. These results contribute to further understanding drug-nanotube interactions and their potential application to the design of new drug delivery systems.

Fabrication and Antitumor Mechanism of a Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System: Graphene Oxide/Chitosan Oligosaccharide/γ‐Polyglutamic Acid Composites for Anticancer Drug Delivery

AbstractThis study focused on the design of a novel pH responsive nanoparticle drug delivery system (NDDS) with high biocompatibility and water solubility. The designed system was used for doxorubicin (DOX) delivery at tumor sites in a controlled manner. These innovative nanoparticles are soluble in physiological solutions besides water. In this study, pretreated γ‐polyglutamic acid (γ‐PGA) aqueous solutions were loaded into composites of graphene oxide (GO) covalently linked with chitosan oligosaccharide (CO) to fabricate GO‐CO‐γ‐PGA via amidation. The characterizations of the synthesized samples were carried out by using fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), ultraviolet– visible spectrophotometer (UV‐Vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscope (AFM) and zeta potential. Furthermore, drug loading and release behaviors from GO‐CO‐γ‐PGA were studied. The DOX loading in the constructed nanocarriers (GO‐CO‐γ‐PGA‐DOX) resulted in controlled and sustained release. The results of cell experiments revealed that the synthesized composites, which were easily transferred into cells, showed low toxicity and exhibited excellent antitumor effect due to its good connection with DOX. In addition, the composite nanoparticles caused the cell cycle arrest of Hela cells at the G2/M phase. Western blot results indicated that GO‐CO‐γ‐PGA‐DOX downregulated the expression of Bcl‐2 protein but upregulated Bax protein expression, which triggered the release of cytochrome C (Cytc). This condition further activated caspase‐3, cleaved the substrate of poly ADP‐ribose polymerase (PARP), and caused cell apoptosis. These results demonstrated that GO‐CO‐γ‐PGA‐DOX induces apoptosis via the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Hence GO‐CO‐γ‐PGA composites have promising application in the field of biomedicine.

γ-graphyne and its boron nitride analogue as nanocarriers for anti-cancer drug delivery

Presently, many studies are directed toward the design of new drug delivery systems. Inspired by a fascinating finding of a new carbon allotrope, namely graphyne (GY), we suggest the pristine and BN analogue of GY (BNY) nanosheets in the drug delivery applications. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the interaction of an anti-cancer drug (hydroxyurea (HU)) with GY and BNY nanosheets by means of the density functional theory (DFT). Results show that the GY nanosheet with B and N atoms could remarkably increase the tendency of nanosheet for adsorption of HU drug. Also, our ultraviolet-visible results show that the electronic spectra of the drug/nanosheet complexes exhibit a red shift toward higher wavelengths (lower energies). It was found that the HU/BNY had high chemical reactivity, which was important for binding of the drug onto the target site. In order to go further and gain insight into the binding features of considered systems with HU drug, the Atoms in Molecules (AIM) analysis was performed. Our results determine the strong interaction features of the HU/BNY bonding. Consequently, the present study demonstrated that the BNY could be used as potential carrier for delivery of HU drug.

Design, Development and Evaluation of Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System of Garlic Oil using Capryol PGMC

Design, Development and Evaluation of Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System of Garlic Oil using Capryol PGMC

The design and synthesis of dextran-doxorubicin prodrug-based pH-sensitive drug delivery system for improving chemotherapy efficacy

Tumor cells show acidic conditions compared with normal cells, which further inspires scientist to build nanocarrier responsive to tumor microenvironment (TME) for enhancing tumor therapeutic efficacy. Here, we report a pH-sensitive and biocompatible polyprodrug based on dextran-doxorubicin (DOX) prodrug (DOXDT) for enhanced chemotherapy. High-density DOX component was covalently decorated on the nanocarrier and the drug molecules could be effectively released in the acidic tumor tissue/cells, improving chemotherapy efficacy. Specifically, a dextran-based copolymer was preliminarily prepared by one-step atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP); then DOX was conjugated on the copolymer component via pH-responsive hydrazone bond. The structure of DOXDT can be well-controlled. The resulting DOXDT was able to further self-assemble into nanoscale micelles with a hydration diameter of about 32.4 nm, which presented excellent micellar stability. Compared to lipid-based drug delivery system, the DOXDT prodrug showed higher drug load capacity up to 23.6%. In addition, excellent stability and smaller size of the nanocarrier contributed to better tissue permeability and tumor suppressive effects in vivo. Hence, this amphipathic DOXDT prodrug is promising in the development of translational DOX formulations, which would be widely applied in cancer therapy.

Synthesis and Design of Norfloxacin drug delivery system based on PLA/TiO2 nanocomposites: Antibacterial and antitumor activities.

Biodegradable, biocompatible and non-toxic polymer-based nanoparticles are the novel nanotherapeutic tool which is used for adsorption and encapsulation drugs. Extended release formulation of Norfloxacin antibiotic, chemotherapeutic agent model, drug in the form of encapsulated and loaded poly (lactic acid) nanocomposites-based Titanium dioxide (PLA/TiO2) was developed. Nanocomposites were prepared using different contents (1, 3, 5 wt %) and morphologies of TiO2 (spheres (S), rods (R). The dispersion of TiO2 was aided by ultrasonic technique followed by solution casting method. The morphology, particle size, crystallite size and composition of the nanocomposites were examined by SEM, TEM, XRD and FTIR. The crystallinity and thermal behavior of the nanocomposites were characterized by DSC and TGA. NOR was loaded onto TiO2 nanospheres (NOR@TiO2 (S)) and the optimum conditions for loading was investigated. Pseudo-second order model was the more adequate to represent the kinetic data. The equilibrium data followed Freundlich adsorption isotherm and the adsorption process was exothermic. NOR@TiO2 (S) was encapsulated into PLA and in vitro release behavior of drug was compared with NOR adsorbed into PLA (NOR@PLA) and nanocomposites (NOR@PLA/TiO2) using different pH (6.7, 7.4) media. To study the mechanism of NOR release, first order, Higuchi, Hixon Crowell and Korsmeyer-Peppas models were applied on the experimental results. The cytotoxicity of the loaded nanocomposites using MTT assay was studied against HepG 2, MCF-7, HCT 116, PC-3, Hela, WI-38 and WISH cells. The encapsulated (NOR@ 5S/En PLA) showed the highest cytotoxic efficacy with moderate effect on normal cells. Moreover, the nanocomposites have great potential against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Klebsiella pneumonia. NOR@ PLA/TiO2 nanocomposites showed better antibacterial efficacy than NOR encapsulated nanocomposites. The nanocomposites could be effective vehicles for the sustained delivery of toxic anticancer drug.

Design and Development of Pneumatic Drug Delivery System

Pneumatic delivery system is a popular system during 19th & 20th century where there was internet to send emails. These systems were used to send files from one department to other department in the office environment. Later these were slowly replaced by fax and email. Now-a-days these are being widely used in hospitals to deliver blood samples or drugs through capsule from one block to other block of the hospital to save time since blood samples and drugs weigh very less. Above being the case, a system was developed where a capsule containing blood samples or drugs of minimum 5kg of weight can be carried using less number of air compressors by creating a smart path. Till now there were systems which were designed for apartments and industries for transportation of products from one location to another location, but the developed system can be implemented in hospitals for drug delivery from one place to other place. The capsules can be built using suction pipes to reduce the cost of the system. Cost of the system can be further greatly reduced by using PVC or acrylic sheets. The system can be made more effective by using smart path which is specially designed to reduce traffic and time delay. The developed system allows the reuse and storage of compressed air in the pipes, so that less number of compressors are being used. The system also allows a unique method of finding the location of the drug in the whole system by Radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags. Finally, the developed system is very useful in hospitals for transporting drug by reducing the traffic and time delay. Further, the system can be developed such a way that it can be used to deliver the couriers in a faster rate to save time and the cost to deliver product can also be greatly reduced.

Diffusive Mobile MC With Absorbing Receivers: Stochastic Analysis and Applications

This paper presents a stochastic analysis of the time-variant channel impulse response (CIR) of a three dimensional diffusive mobile molecular communication (MC) system where the transmitter, the absorbing receiver, and the molecules can freely diffuse. In our analysis, we derive the mean, variance, probability density function (PDF), and cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the CIR. We also derive the PDF and CDF of the probability ${p}$ that a released molecule is absorbed at the receiver during a given time period. The obtained analytical results are employed for the design of drug delivery and MC systems with imperfect channel state information. For the first application, we exploit the mean and variance of the CIR to optimize a controlled-release drug delivery system employing a mobile drug carrier. We evaluate the performance of the proposed release design based on the PDF and CDF of the CIR. We demonstrate significant savings in the amount of released drugs compared to a constant-release scheme and reveal the necessity of accounting for the drug-carrier’s mobility to ensure reliable drug delivery. For the second application, we exploit the PDF of the distance between the mobile transceivers and the CDF of ${p}$ to optimize three design parameters of an MC system employing on-off keying modulation and threshold detection. Specifically, we optimize the detection threshold at the receiver, the release profile at the transmitter, and the time duration of a bit frame. We show that the proposed optimal designs can significantly improve the system performance in terms of the bit error rate and the efficiency of molecule usage.

Recent Trends in Chronopharmaceutics, Pulsatile Drug Delivery System

Pulsatile Drug Delivery Systems (PDDS) are getting considerable interest in delivering a drug at the correct position, at the correct time, and in the correct quantity, thus offering temporal, spatial, and intelligent delivery with improving patient compliance. These systems are intended to meet body's biological rhythm. Here, the delivery of drugs is assisted by the rhythm of disease. The main reason for the using pulsatile drug release is when the continuous drug release is not required. A PDDS must be designed in such a way that after the lag time a complete and fast release of drugs is achieved. The article deals with various systems such as osmotic system, capsular system, single and multi-unit system based on the utilization of erodible or soluble polymer coating and using of rupturable membrane. These systems are favorable to drugs with chronopharmacological behaviors such as drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and osteoarthritis. The current review paper focus on the causes for pulsatile drug delivery system design, types of illness requiring pulsatile release, classification, benefits, and restriction of this drug delivery system