Drug Carrier For Cancer Chemotherapy Research Articles

Structure, Self-Assembly, and Phase Behavior of Neuroactive N-Acyl GABAs: Doxorubicin Encapsulation in NPGABA/DPPC Liposomes and Release Studies.

N-Acylated amino acids and neurotransmitters in mammals exert significant biological effects on the nervous system, immune responses, and vasculature. N-Acyl derivatives of γ-aminobutyric acid (N-acyl GABA), which belong to both classes mentioned above, are prominent among them. In this work, a homologous series of N-acyl GABAs bearing saturated N-acyl chains (C8-C18) have been synthesized and characterized with respect to self-assembly, thermotropic phase behavior, and supramolecular organization. Differential scanning calorimetric studies revealed that the transition enthalpies and entropies of N-acyl GABAs are linearly dependent on the acyl chain length. The crystal structure of N-tridecanoyl GABA showed that the molecules are packed in bilayers with the acyl chains aligned parallel to the bilayer normal and that the carboxyl groups from opposite layers associate to form dimeric structures involving strong O-H···O hydrogen bonds. In addition, N-H···O and C-H···O hydrogen bonds between amide moieties of adjacent molecules within each layer stabilize the molecular packing. Powder X-ray diffraction studies showed odd-even alternation in the d spacings, suggesting that the odd chain and even chain compounds pack differently. Equimolar mixtures of N-palmitoyl GABA and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) were found to form stable unilamellar vesicles with diameters of ∼300-340 nm, which could encapsulate doxorubicin, an anticancer drug, with higher efficiency and better release characteristics than DPPC liposomes at physiologically relevant pH. These liposomes exhibit faster release of doxorubicin at acidic pH (<7.0), indicating their potential utility as drug carriers in cancer chemotherapy.

Potential applications of Folate-conjugated Chitosan Nanoparticles for Targeted delivery of Anticancer drugs

Folate-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles represent a promising nanoplatform for targeted delivery of anticancer drugs. The nanoparticle carrier can protect the therapeutic agents from degradation and offer the ability to target cancer cells overexpressing folate receptors. This review summarizes recent research progress in synthesizing folate-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles as well as evaluating their potential as targeted drug delivery systems. The chemical conjugation of folic acid to chitosan is first discussed followed by an overview of different techniques for preparation of stable folate-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles less than 200 nm in size. Recent studies loading various anticancer drugs into these nanoparticles and investigating their in vitro cytotoxicity against multiple cancer cell lines are then summarized. The results indicate that folate-conjugated nanoparticles exhibit higher cytotoxicity and targeting efficiency compared to non-conjugated nanoparticles due to receptor-mediated endocytosis. Lastly, future challenges and opportunities are outlined including in vivo investigations to determine the effectiveness, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics of folate-conjugated chitosan nanoparticle systems as well as their potential clinical translation as targeted drug carriers for cancer chemotherapy.

Stimuli‐responsive zein‐based nanoparticles as a potential carrier for ellipticine: Synthesis, release, and in vitro delivery

In the present research, we have investigated a drug delivery system based on the pH‐responsive behaviors of zein colloidal nanoparticles coated with sodium caseinate (SC) and poly ethylene imine (PEI). These systematically designed nanoparticles were used as nanocarriers for encapsulation of ellipticine (EPT), as an anticancer drug. SC and PEI coatings were applied through electrostatic adsorption, leading to the increased size and improved polydispersity index of nanoparticles as well as sustained release of drug. Physicochemical characteristics such as hydrodynamic diameter, size distribution, zeta potential and morphology of nanoparticles prepared using different formulations and conditions were also determined. Based on the results, EPT was encapsulated into the prepared nanoparticles with a high drug loading capacity (5.06%) and encapsulation efficiency (94.8%) under optimal conditions. in vitro experiments demonstrated that the release of EPT from zein‐based nanoparticles was pH sensitive. When the pH level decreased from 7.4 to 5.5, the rate of drug release was considerably enhanced. The mechanism of pH‐responsive complexation in the drug encapsulation and release processes was extensively investigated. The pH‐dependent electrostatic interactions and drug state were hypothesized to affect the release profiles. Compared to the EPT‐loaded zein/PEI nanoparticles, the EPT‐loaded zein/SC nanoparticles exhibited a better drug sustained‐release profile, with a smaller initial burst release and longer release period. According to the results of in vitro cytotoxicity experiments, drug‐free nanoparticles were associated with a negligible cytotoxicity, whereas the EPT‐loaded nanoparticles displayed a high toxicity for the cancer cell line, A549. Our findings indicate that these pH‐sensitive protein‐based nanoparticles can be used as novel nanotherapeutic tools and potential antineoplastic drug carriers for cancer chemotherapy with controlled release.

PH-responsive nanomicelles of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(L-histidine) for targeted drug delivery

Here, a novel pH-responsive block copolymer, poly (ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(L-histidine) (PEG-PCL-PHis), was synthesized and designed for anti-cancer drug delivery with excellent biocompatible, biodegradable, and strong drug loading efficiency. 1H-NMR, IF-IR, and GPC were used to characterize the structure of the PEG-PCL-PHis copolymer. In addition, the morphology, particle size, Zeta potential, and critical micelle concentration (CMC) of different degree of polymerization were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering granulometer (DLS), and fluorescence spectrometer, respectively. The strong affinity between the core of micelles and hydrophobic drug was manifested with 15.09% drug loading content and 84.65% entrapment efficiency. In vitro release of DOX from the block copolymer micelle demonstrated, the PEG-PCL-PHis copolymer micelle has stable and durable drug releasing ability accompanied with pH-sensitivity. From the mechanism of cellular uptake the micelles, the pathway of drug release was captured by confocal laser scanning microscope. These experiments demonstrated the safe delivery for anticancer medicine through this novel copolymer. In conclusion, the PEG-PCL-PHis copolymer micelle has great potential to become a safe drug carrier for cancer chemotherapy.

Abstract 3633: Evauation of doxorubicin-thanine co-loaded nanoparticles for cancer chemotherapy

Abstract [Purpose] Novel nanoparticles have the potential to increase the efficacy of cancer chemotherapy. Recently, the use of two chemotherapeutic drugs load to liposomes has been studied. In particular, cytarabine-daunorubicin (1:5) co-loaded liposome (CPX-351) has high therapeutic efficacy against acute myelocytic leukemia. We previously reported that a combination of theanine (a specific amino acid of green tea) with doxorubicin (DOX) had a stronger antitumor effect than DOX alone. The effect is caused by the competitive inhibition of glutamate transport by theanine as a glutamate derivative via glutamate transporters in tumor cells. Subsequently, decreased glutamate levels in tumor cells result in lower glutathione, which makes efflux of DOX from cells difficult. Thus, it was speculated that specific accumulation of DOX, caused by theanine, increases the therapeutic index. In the present study, we examined the availability of a DOX-theanine co-loaded liposome as drug carrier for cancer chemotherapy. [Methods] DOX-theanine co-loaded liposome (DT-lip) was prepared using the thin-lipid method. DOX and theanine were loaded at the lipid membrane layer and internal water layer, respectively. P388 leukemia cells were used to study the influence of DT-lip on DOX influx and efflux. The cell suspension was incubated with DT-lip at 37°C, and the DOX concentration in tumor cells was determined. In the antitumor effect study in vivo, tumor-bearing mice were intravenously administered DT-lip (DOX 2.5 mg/kg) at 17th, 20th, and 23rd days after tumor cell implant. Tumors and normal tissue were removed 48 h after last administration. Tumor weight and DOX concentration in tissue were measured. [Results and Discussion] DT-lip was prepared with three ratios of DOX to theanine (1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:4, w/w). In the influx study, the DOX concentration in tumor cells was the same for the different ratios. DOX influx into tumor cells in the DT-lip group was enhanced compared to liposomes loaded with DOX only (D-lip). At 30 min, the intracellular DOX concentration in the DT-lip was 1.4 fold higher than that in the D-lip group. Conversely, there was no practical difference in DOX efflux from tumor cells between the D-lip and DT-lip group. In other words, DT-lip had an influence on influx system, and this phenomenon differed from the previous results for theanine′s role in the DOX efflux system. This findings suggest that liposomalization of theanine + DOX changed the theanine connected integrated mechanism in tumor cells. In vivo, the antitumor effect of DT-lip was superior to combined administration of both solutions. The adverse effects of DT-lip treatment on normal tissue did not increase because DOX concentration in tissue was comparable across group. In conclusion, the DT-lip, a liposome co-loaded DOX and theanine, is a novel antitumor formulation for cancer chemotherapy. Citation Format: Ikumi Sugiyama, Yasuyuki Sadzuka. Evauation of doxorubicin-thanine co-loaded nanoparticles for cancer chemotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3633.

PH-responsive polymeric micelles self-assembled from amphiphilic copolymer modified with lipid used as doxorubicin delivery carriers.

In the present study, a novel pH-responsive amphiphilic copolymer, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)] conjugated poly(β-amino esters) (DSPE-b-PEG-b-PAE-b-PEG-b-DSPE), was designed and successfully synthesized via Michael-type step polymerization. The chemical structure of the pentablock copolymer was confirmed with proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The copolymer was able to self-assemble into core/shell polymeric micelles in aqueous solution at low concentrations, and its critical micelle concentration (CMC) value was 4.5 mg l−1 determined by fluorescence spectrophotometry. The pKb value of the copolymer was about 6.5, confirmed by acid–base titration, indicating the pH-sensitivity of the polymeric micelle. The hydrodynamic diameter, distribution and zeta potential of the polymeric micelles at different pH conditions were monitored by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Doxorubicin (DOX) was encapsulated into the core of the micelles with a high drug loading content (15.9%) and entrapment efficacy (60.4%). In vitro experiments demonstrated that the release behaviour of DOX from the DOX-loaded polymeric micelles (DOX-PMs) was pH-triggered. When the pH decreased from 7.4 to 5.0, the drug release rate was markedly accelerated. MTT assay showed that the copolymer had negligible cytotoxicity whereas the DOX-PMs displayed high toxicity for tumour cells such as B16F10, HepG2 and HeLa cell lines. The results demonstrated that these pH-sensitive polymeric micelles could be used as potential anti-cancer drug carriers for cancer chemotherapy with controlled release.

Disulfide bond based polymeric drug carriers for cancer chemotherapy and relevant redox environments in mammals.

Increasing numbers of disulfide linkage-employing polymeric drug carriers that utilize the reversible peculiarity of this unique covalent bond have been reported. The reduction-sensitive disulfide bond is usually employed as a linkage between hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers, polymers and drugs, or as cross-linkers in polymeric drug carriers. These polymeric drug carriers are designed to exploit the significant redox potential difference between the reducing intracellular environments and relatively oxidizing extracellular spaces. In addition, these drug carriers can release a considerable amount of anticancer drug in response to the reducing environment when they reach tumor tissues, effectively improving antitumor efficacy. This review focuses on various disulfide linkage-employing polymeric drug carriers. Important redox thiol pools, including GSH/GSSG, Cys/CySS, and Trx1, as well as redox environments in mammals, will be introduced.

Preclinical Evaluation and Monitoring of the Therapeutic Response of a Dual Targeted Hyaluronic Acid Nanodrug

Chemotherapy is a powerful cancer treatment but suffers from poor biocompatibility and a lack of tumor targeting. Here, we developed a CD44-targeted polymeric nanocomplex by encapsulating 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) into hyaluronic acid nanoparticles (HANP) for targeted cancer therapy. In vitro, the HANP/HCPT showed improved cytotoxicity to five cancer cell lines including HT29, A549, MDA-MB-231, HepG2, and MDA-MB-435 versus free HCPT. After systemic administration into MDA-MB-231 breast cancer xenograft, tumor growth was significantly inhibited 5.25 ± 0.21 times in the HANP/HCPT treated group relative to the nontreated group. In addition, the treatment response was also accessed and confirmed by 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F] FDG) positron emission tomography (PET). The MDA-MB-231 tumors responded to HANP/HCPT 7 days after the first treatment, which benefits treatment strategy adjustment and personalization. No apparent systemic toxic effects were seen in mice treated with HANP/HCPT. In summary, the HANPs have great promise as a targeted drug carrier for cancer chemotherapy. Our HANP platform can also deliver other hydrophobic chemotherapy agents.

Multifunctional Mixed Micelles for Efficient Docetaxol Delivery for Cancer Therapy

The objective of this study was to build mixed micelles based on two functional co-polymers, including the redox-sensitive polymer-drug conjugate methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(γ-benzyl l-glutamate)-disulfide-docetaxel (PEG-PBLG-SS-DTX) and the actively targeting methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-folic acid (PEG-FA), for enhanced target specificity and improved anticancer efficiency of docetaxel (DTX). The spherical PEG-PBLG-SS-DTX/PEG-FA mixed micelles prepared by the dialysis method revealed a narrowly distributed size at 129.7±2.1 nm with low polydispersity of 0.10±0.02. Furthermore, the critical micelle concentration of the mixed micelles was 5.08 μg mL-1 , indicating excellent self-assembly ability in water and stability against dilution in blood circulation. The in vitro release study revealed that the conjugated DTX was rapidly released in response to dl-dithiothreitol (DTT), a reducing agent. Only 12.3 % of DTX was released from the mixed micelles after 120 h in the absence of DTT. However, the accumulative release of DTX dramatically accelerated and reached more than 40 % in 120 h after addition of DTT. The in vitro cytotoxicity, cellular uptake and cell apoptosis experiments on the mixed micelles were performed using MTT assay, fluorescence inverted microscopy and flow cytometric analysis, and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, respectively, on folate receptor (FR)-negative A549 and FR-positive MCF-7 cells. The mixed micelles could be taken up efficiently by MCF-7 cells by FR-mediated endocytosis compared with PEG-PBLG-SS-DTX micelles. Furthermore, remarkable cytotoxicity and cell apoptosis were identified for the mixed micelles against MCF-7 cells, which was consistent with the results of the cellular uptake study. On the basis of these results, the redox-sensitive PEG-PBLG-SS-DTX/PEG-FA mixed micelles using FA as a targeting ligand revealed prominent antitumor efficiency and might be a latent drug carrier for cancer chemotherapy.

Synthesis and evaluation of cholesterol-grafted PEGylated peptides with pH-triggered property as novel drug carriers for cancer chemotherapy

Multifunctional core/shell micelles were self-assembled from triblock copolymers poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether-b-peptide-g-cholesterol (mPEG-b-P-g-Chol) and used as the doxorubicin delivery carriers for cancer chemotherapy. The copolymers were designed and synthesized successfully based on peptides containing histidine residues (pH-trigger) with different topological structures. The peptides were modified by mPEG (hydrophilic) and cholesterol motifs (hydrophobic) on the terminus, resulting in pH-sensitive amphiphilic copolymers. The critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) of the micelles were determined as 4.79, 2.50 and 1.86mg/L for the linear, Y-shape and fork-shape copolymers, respectively, demonstrating the formation of micelle even at low concentration. The pKb values of three copolymers were found to be around 6.1–6.3 by potentiometric titration test, showing the satisfied pH-sensitivity. The average diameter and zeta potential of blank micelles were 170nm and +20mV at pH 7.4, and increased to 250nm and +35mV at pH 5.0. DOX was loaded into the core of polymeric micelles by dialysis method, and the drug loading capacity slightly increased when the copolymer topological structure changed from linear to Y- and fork-shape. The drug release rate from the system was obviously influencing by the pH values according to the results of in vitro DOX release experiment. Moreover, to investigate the structure-property relationship, the drug release mechanism was preliminarily explored by the semi-empirical equations. Toxicity test showed that three copolymers had bare toxicity whereas the DOX-loaded micelles remained high cytotoxicity for tumor cells. The results indicate the synthesized copolymers might be a potential hydrophobic drug delivery carrier for cancer targeting therapy with controlled drug release.

Polyelectrolyte complex micelles by self-assembly of polypeptide-based triblock copolymer for doxorubicin delivery

Polyelectrolyte complex micelles were prepared by self-assembly of polypeptide-based triblock copolymer as a new drug carrier for cancer chemotherapy. The triblock copolymer, poly(l-aspartic acid)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(l-aspartic acid) (PLD-b-PEG-b-PLD), spontaneously self-assembled with doxorubicin (DOX) via electrostatic interactions to form spherical micelles with a particle size of 60–80 nm (triblock ionomer complexes micelles, TBIC micelles). These micelles exhibited a high loading capacity of 70% (w/w) at a drug/polymer ratio of 0.5 at pH 7.0. They showed pH-responsive release patterns, with higher release at acidic pH than at physiological pH. Furthermore, DOX-loaded TBIC micelles exerted less cytotoxicity than free DOX in the A-549 human lung cancer cell line. Confocal microscopy in A-549 cells indicated that DOX-loaded TBIC micelles were transported into lysosomes via endocytosis. These micelles possessed favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics and showed sustained DOX release in rats. Overall, these findings indicate that PLD-b-PEG-b-PLD polypeptide micelles are a promising approach for anti-cancer drug delivery.

Highly hemocompatible zwitterionic micelles stabilized by reversible cross-linkage for anti-cancer drug delivery

Both blood stability and intelligent-responsiveness after reaching the drug-targeting site are very important features to make desirable nano-drug vehicles (NDVs). Here, a highly nonfouling cross-linked micelle based on a copolymer composed of carboxybetaine methacrylate (CBMA) as hydrophilic segment and 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl lipoate (MAEL) as hydrophobic and cross-linked segment is reported. Furthermore, a simple method to evaluate the hemocompatibility of NDVs through examining the activation of a blood-clotting protein (fibrinogen) was introduced. The micelles can encapsulate anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) conveniently and release DOX quickly in response to an intracellular reductive environment. With the advantages of excellent stability in fibrinogen (1mg/mL) PBS solution and 50% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and accelerated intracellular drug release, the biocompatible zwitterionic micelles stabilized by reversible cross-linkage might be a promising drug carrier for cancer chemotherapy.

Template synthesis of PMAA@chitosan hollow nanorods for docetaxel delivery

Nanorods are capable of enhanced intracellular delivery and prolonged blood circulation over their spherical counterparts, and thus can be used as unmatched drug carriers for cancer chemotherapy. An innovative method was developed to synthesize size-tunable, PMAA@chitosan-based, hollow polymeric nanorods for intracellular delivery, by using mesoporous silica nanorod templates. The morphology of the polymeric hollow nanorods was examined by TEM and FT-IR spectra, which indicated a homogeneous three-dimensional structure. An uptake study using human lung carcinoma A-549 cell lines revealed highly efficient cell internalization of the FITC-labeled nanorods, suggesting the potential of utilizing these nanorods as carriers in achieving effective intracellular drug delivery. Cell viability studies of the docetaxel-loaded nanorods yielded consistent results, as the drug-loaded nanorods produced a significantly higher inhibition of the growth of A-549 tumor cells when compared with treatment by free docetaxel. Overall, this preliminary in vitro investigation sheds light on the use of prepared hollow polymeric nanorods for drug delivery applications.

Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: A potential drug carrier for cancer chemotherapy

Nanotechnology having developed exponentially, the aim has been on therapeutic undertaking, particularly for cancerous disease chemotherapy. Nanostructured lipid carriers have attracted expanding scientific and commercial vigilance in the last couple of years as alternate carriers for the pharmaceutical consignment, particularly anticancer pharmaceuticals. Shortcomings often came across with anticancer mixtures, such as poor solubility, normal tissue toxicity, poor specificity and steadiness, as well as the high incidence rate of pharmaceutical resistance and the rapid degradation, need of large-scale output procedures, a fast release of the pharmaceutical from its carrier scheme, steadiness troubles, the residues of the organic solvents utilized in the output method and the toxicity from the polymer with esteem to the carrier scheme are anticipated to be overcome through use of the Nanostructured Lipid Carrier. In this review the benefits, types, drug release modulations, steadiness and output techniques of NLCs are discussed. In supplement, the function of NLC in cancer chemotherapy is presented and hotspots in research are emphasized. It is foreseen that, in the beside future, nanostructured lipid carriers will be further advanced to consign cytotoxic anticancer compounds in a more efficient, exact and protected manner.

Flower‐Like Hierarchically Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite Hollow Spheres: Facile Preparation and Application in Anticancer Drug Cellular Delivery

Flower-like nanostructured hydroxyapatite hollow spheres (NHHS) assembled with nanosheets with a hierarchical morphology are fabricated by a rapid microwave-assisted hydrothermal route. The presence and concentration of block copolymer poly(lactide)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLA-PEG) are important parameters for the formation of the hollow structure. The possible formation mechanism of NHHS is proposed. The NHHS are explored as anticancer drug carriers for cellular delivery of mitoxantrone (MIT). The MIT-loaded NHHS exhibit sustained-drug-release behavior in vitro and the intracellular drug-distribution tests indicate that the MIT loaded in NHHS carriers can enter the cells efficiently. The experiments also show that the NHHS have a good biocompatibility, and therefore, they are promising anticancer drug carriers in cancer chemotherapy.

Emerging Role of Liposomal Drug Carrier Systems in Cancer Chemotherapy

Liposomes have raised considerable interest as drug carriers in cancer chemotherapy [1] given their ability to alter the biodistribution and control the release rate of encapsulated drugs. Their ve...

A novel macromolecular prodrug concept exploiting endogenous serum albumin as a drug carrier for cancer chemotherapy.

A novel macromolecular prodrug concept exploiting endogenous serum albumin as a drug carrier for cancer chemotherapy.

Oily drug carriers in cancer chemotherapy. II. Preparation of viscous ethyl oleate for intraarterial infusion therapy and its disposition in rats and hamsters.

Viscous ethyl oleate (VEO) was prepared as an oil drug carrier by the addition of aluminum stearate or ethyl cellulose. Since the rate of shear of VEO containing aluminum stearate was greatly and nonlinearly changed against the shearing stress compared to that containing ethyl cellulose, the latter was used for subsequent microvascular and organ distribution experiments in rats and hamsters. For infusion into the carotid artery in hamsters, neat ethyl oleate (EO, 4cP) or VEOs of various apparent viscosities (40, 80, 120 cP-VEOs) embolized the vascular system in the cheek pouch, although arrival time to the site where the embolization was observed and the embolization period differed depending on the type of oily drug carrier. For infusion into the hepatic artery in rats, however, only 120 cP-VEO embolized the vascular system in the liver. After infusion of the oily drug carrier containing 3H-oleic acid into the artery of hamster cheek pouch and rat liver, 30-50% of the radioactivity was gradually eliminated within 48 h, whereas about 80% of the dose was rapidly eliminated after infusion to rat stomach and kidney. In addition, the amount of 120 cP-VEO remaining in each organ 48 h after infusion was higher than those of EO and 40 and 80 cP-VEOs. Histological observation after infusion in rat liver revealed that 120 cP-VEO slowly migrated from the artery or arteriole to the sinusoidal capillary region. These results suggest that 120 cP-VEO can be used as a drug carrier because of its function of vascular embolization and high retention in a targeted tissue.

Therapeutic effects of liposomal adriamycin in combination with tumor necrosis factor‐α

Liposomes as drug carriers in cancer chemotherapy have attracted considerable interest. To enhance the therapeutic effect of Adriamycin entrapped in liposomes (Lip-ADM) on human solid tumors, we investigated the therapeutic effects of Lip-ADM in combination with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (rTNF-alpha), which is known to have specific effects on tumor vasculature. rTNF-alpha or saline solution was injected intravenously into nude mice bearing a human colon cancer strain, HC-1, at 1 hour before intravenous administration of Lip-ADM. The significant therapeutic effect of Lip-ADM in combination with rTNF-alpha was demonstrated by the evaluation with tumor growth curve and the actual tumor weights, in comparison with groups of mice treated with saline solution, rTNF-alpha alone, or with a Lip-ADM after saline. Levels of Adriamycin in tumor tissue in the Lip-ADM in combination with rTNF-alpha-treated group were higher than those in Lip-ADM with saline solution-treated group.

Liposomes as drug carriers in cancer chemotherapy

Liposomes as drug carriers in cancer chemotherapy