Drug Abuse Research Center Research Articles

Bayesian analysis of hidden Markov structural equation models with an unknown number of hidden states

Hidden Markov models (HMMs) are widely used to analyze heterogeneous longitudinal data owing to their capability to model dynamic heterogeneity. Early advancements in HMMs have mainly assumed that the number of hidden states is fixed and predetermined based on the knowledge of the subjects or a certain criterion. However, as a limitation, this approach determines the number of hidden states on a pairwise basis, which becomes increasingly tedious when the state space is enlarged. Moreover, criterion-based statistics tend to select complex models with overestimated numbers of components in mixture modeling. A full Bayesian approach is developed to analyze hidden Markov structural equation models with an unknown number of hidden states. An efficient and hybrid algorithm that combines the reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (RJMCMC) algorithm, the forward filtering and backward sampling scheme, and the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm is proposed to simultaneously select the number of hidden states and perform parameter estimation. The simulation study shows the satisfactory performance of the proposed method. Two real datasets collected from the UCLA Drug Abuse Research Center and National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are analyzed.

Up the Ladder of Concern: Youth and Young Adult Cannabis Use

This paper aims to review patterns of cannabis (i.e., marijuana and hashish) use among high-risk Israeli youth and young adults based on research conducted by the Ben-Gurion University, Regional Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center. A total of 1074 Israeli youth (67.0% male, 33.0% female) were studied from 2004 to 2016. The youth and young adults included those placed in residential programs for learning and/or behavior problems (youth villages) and were school dropouts referred to a 90-day treatment facility for drug abuse. Country of origin, determined by mother’s birthplace, revealed 42.4% of the youth was of Israeli origin and 57.6% from other countries—mostly the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia. About “village” youth, no gender or religious status (secular/non-secular) differences were found for lifetime and last month cannabis use. Immigrant origin youth, than those with Israeli status, reported more lifetime and last month use as well as cannabis availability. Youth from families with low socio-economics status reported a higher rate of last month cannabis use than those with better economic conditions. Among school dropouts, no gender or religious status differences were found for lifetime and last month cannabis use and availability. For all study youth, binary logistic regression results indicated six factors significantly predicted last month cannabis use: male gender, age, last month binge drinking, illicit drug selling, reduced relations with friends, and cannabis availability. In terms of policy and service provision, high-risk youth (e.g., those in residential programs, whether for learning and/or behavior problems) should be priority for drug prevention efforts.

Tobacco Use and Smoking in Israel: Youth and Young Adults

Tobacco smoking is a major cause of death and disease. In Israel, it has been reported that 22.7% of the population aged 18 and over smoke, mostly using cigarettes. Another smoking method is through a water pipe called hookah or nargila. This paper reviews recent studies of tobacco use among Israeli youth and young adults as well as research conducted by the Ben Gurion University, Regional Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center. Study findings evidence high rates of smoking linked to being male, secular, non-Israeli origin, and school dropout. Hookah use may be a “gateway” to cigarette smoking. Youth and young adults reported they believe smoking prevention programs are not effective and do not have a noticeable effect on smoking-related attitudes and behavior. Motivation, peer-supported activities in school and the community, and family factors have been found to be important for possible smoking cessation. This article suggests multiple factors be considered, organized, and sustained to promote smoking cessation.

Nancy Kishlar Mello.

Nancy Kishlar Mello.

William L Woolverton.

Dr William L Woolverton, Billy S Guyton Distinguished Professor and Vice Chair for Research in the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior at the University of Mississippi Medical Center died after a brief illness at the age of 62 on 13 June 2013. Professor Woolverton, a member of ACNP, was a leading scientist and educator in the behavioral pharmacology of drugs of abuse. An Alabama native, Bill attended the University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee, graduating Phi Beta Kappa in 1972. He did graduate work at the University of Chicago, studying pharmacology under the mentorship of Dr Charles R Schuster, graduating with a PhD in 1977. Although Bill received his formal training as a pharmacologist, he was strongly influenced by the behavioral sciences, conducting his doctoral research in the Psychiatry Department with a psychologist. Thus, many of Bill's major scientific contributions were on the behavioral determinants of the abuse-related effects of drugs. He did most of his research using nonhuman primates. From 1977 to 1980 Bill did postdoctoral work at Virginia Commonwealth University primarily in the laboratories of Dr Robert Balster in the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Bill wanted to understand better how the reinforcing effects of drugs were altered by the context of their availability. This led him to a series of complex choice studies in which rhesus monkeys were given opportunities to select cocaine or food reinforcement and how various manipulations, such as concurrent drug treatment, altered this choice behavior. The results of this line of work convinced Bill that drug-taking behavior was not “impulsive” and “out of control” as has often been proposed, but rather is directly determined by the context of its availability, providing a nuanced understanding of drug–behavior interactions. In 1980, Bill returned to the University of Chicago as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychiatry in the research group headed by Charles R Schuster. When Bob Schuster left to become NIDA Director in 1986, Bill replaced him as the Director of the Drug Abuse Research Center. While in Chicago, Bill showed that activation of both D1-like and D2-like dopamine receptors were involved in the reinforcing effects of cocaine. He also continued his studies with drug choice and drug–food choice paradigms with the purpose of studying the reinforcing efficacy of stimulant drug administration. He utilized these models for studying potential pharmacotherapies that might reduce the strength of cocaine reward, but of equal importance, he found that he could reduce cocaine-reinforced behavior just as easily by manipulating environmental variables, such as the value of alternative reinforcers. This work is consistent with the view that combined pharmacotherapies and behavioral therapies may offer the best hope for stimulant abuse treatment. In 1993, Bill was recruited to the University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMMC) at the rank of Professor and served as Vice Chair for Research in the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior. In 2010, he was awarded the Billy S Guyton Distinguished Professorship, the highest honor that is bestowed upon researchers at UMMC. While at UMMC, Bill's long-standing interest in how environmental circumstances shape the choice to take drugs gave rise to some of his most innovative work, including a foray into behavioral economics. He investigated the effects of delay of reinforcement on the choice to self-administer cocaine when non-drug alternatives were available. In 2007, Bill and his colleagues demonstrated hyperbolic discounting of delayed drug injections. He followed this study with others examining delay discounting of non-drug reinforcers in monkeys and found that monkeys discounted delayed drug injections less steeply than non-drug reinforcers providing further insight into how drugs can come to control behavior. Bill Woolverton was much admired by his colleagues and students. He had a very inquisitive mind and liked to challenge accepted scientific beliefs. He had a gentle way of guiding the development of his trainees and in engaging his research peers in the field. He loved to play and sing in the ever-shifting band of friends and colleagues that he cultivated primarily during his Mississippi years. He will be greatly missed. He is survived by his loving wife Candy Woolverton, and his son Chris and daughter Lucy.

Pair housing of juvenile male rhesus macaques: A pilot study

s / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 140 (2014) e2–e85 e13 Alcohol demand indices predict outcomes among heavy-drinking young adults receiving a brief intervention Michael Bernstein2,1, J. Murphy3, J. MacKillop4, S. Colby1 1 Brown University, Providence, RI, United States 2 University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States 3 University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States 4 University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States Aims: This study looked at the impact of baseline alcohol demand indices on alcohol consumption following a brief alcohol intervention. Methods: Participants (N=150, 43% female, 65% White, ages 17–20)were non-college-attending heavy episodic drinkers proactively enrolled in an intervention study that compared the efficacy of a motivational interview (MI) and relaxation training control (REL) on reducing alcohol use. Using self-reported data, we calculated participants’ average number of drinks per week and frequency of heavy drinking (HD, 5+ drinks) at baseline, a 6 week follow up (W6), and a three month (M3) follow up. At baseline, participants also completed a hypothetical alcohol purchase task, by indicating howmany alcoholic drinks they would purchase and consume across a range of prices ($0 to $20). From this task, five demand indices were calculated: Breakpoint (first price that completely suppresses consumption), Omax (maximum expenditure), Pmax (price atwhichdemandbecomeelastic), Intensity (consumption when drinks are free), and elasticity (slope of the demand curve, or sensitivity to price). Results: Hierarchical regressions controlling for gender and baselinedrinking showed that several demand indiceswerepredictive of drinking outcomes. Specifically, greater baseline Omax and intensity, and less elasticity predictedmoreW6 drinks/week in the MI condition. At M3, greater baseline breakpoint, Omax, intensity, and less elasticity predicted more drinks/week in the REL condition. Demand indices were predictive of W6 HD frequency in the MI condition and M3 HD frequency in the REL condition. Conclusions: The results suggest that elevated demand indices (except elasticity, which negatively predicted consumption) may be a risk factor of poor intervention response. However, there were differences according to condition, assessment period, and alcohol use measures. Financial support: The first author plans to complete the early career travel award application. Otherwise, there is currently no support. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.056 Pair housing of juvenile male rhesus macaques: A pilot study Megan L. Bertholomey, Stephen Kohut, P. Fivel, Nancy K. Mello Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA,

Alcohol demand indices predict outcomes among heavy-drinking young adults receiving a brief intervention

s / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 140 (2014) e2–e85 e13 Alcohol demand indices predict outcomes among heavy-drinking young adults receiving a brief intervention Michael Bernstein2,1, J. Murphy3, J. MacKillop4, S. Colby1 1 Brown University, Providence, RI, United States 2 University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States 3 University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States 4 University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States Aims: This study looked at the impact of baseline alcohol demand indices on alcohol consumption following a brief alcohol intervention. Methods: Participants (N=150, 43% female, 65% White, ages 17–20)were non-college-attending heavy episodic drinkers proactively enrolled in an intervention study that compared the efficacy of a motivational interview (MI) and relaxation training control (REL) on reducing alcohol use. Using self-reported data, we calculated participants’ average number of drinks per week and frequency of heavy drinking (HD, 5+ drinks) at baseline, a 6 week follow up (W6), and a three month (M3) follow up. At baseline, participants also completed a hypothetical alcohol purchase task, by indicating howmany alcoholic drinks they would purchase and consume across a range of prices ($0 to $20). From this task, five demand indices were calculated: Breakpoint (first price that completely suppresses consumption), Omax (maximum expenditure), Pmax (price atwhichdemandbecomeelastic), Intensity (consumption when drinks are free), and elasticity (slope of the demand curve, or sensitivity to price). Results: Hierarchical regressions controlling for gender and baselinedrinking showed that several demand indiceswerepredictive of drinking outcomes. Specifically, greater baseline Omax and intensity, and less elasticity predictedmoreW6 drinks/week in the MI condition. At M3, greater baseline breakpoint, Omax, intensity, and less elasticity predicted more drinks/week in the REL condition. Demand indices were predictive of W6 HD frequency in the MI condition and M3 HD frequency in the REL condition. Conclusions: The results suggest that elevated demand indices (except elasticity, which negatively predicted consumption) may be a risk factor of poor intervention response. However, there were differences according to condition, assessment period, and alcohol use measures. Financial support: The first author plans to complete the early career travel award application. Otherwise, there is currently no support. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.056 Pair housing of juvenile male rhesus macaques: A pilot study Megan L. Bertholomey, Stephen Kohut, P. Fivel, Nancy K. Mello Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA,

Charles Roberts Schuster

Charles Roberts (Bob) Schuster was born and grew up in New Jersey across the Delaware from Philadelphia. His father was a grocer-butcher, his gracious and delightful mom sang in the choir, and there was never a doubt that Bob revered his older sister. He learned the trumpet early and had great affection for jazz throughout his life. Nothing would portend the dedicated public health administrator that he would become. He stayed close to home early, starting his college years at Gettysburg College, and then ventured further with early graduate study at the University of New Mexico. He was employed briefly at Smith, Kline, and French in Philadelphia not long after chlorpromazine was introduced to medicine. He then returned to graduate study at the University of Maryland under the supervision of Joseph Brady. During Bob's tenure, Brady and he formed a company using trained animals to advertise products in live public demonstrations. Concurrently, he was becoming a behavioral pharmacologist with a strong interest in primates. At Maryland, he partnered with Travis Thompson on a seminal set of observations in morphine-dependent rhesus monkeys that self-administered morphine intravenously. It was a very ambitious project that was to land him his first academic position. Following his doctoral thesis, he took a position in the Department of Pharmacology at the University of Michigan, a mecca of preclinical academic opioid research, where Maurice Seevers was Chair. Seevers was at the pinnacle of his career, and Bob had considerable respect and interest in his science-statesmanship. Soon thereafter, having established a very productive laboratory in Pharmacology, he left for a promotion at the University of Chicago, working under Daniel X Freedman and with Jerome Jaffe; they offered him an opportunity to work with addict patients. Bob developed a strong research group embracing pharmacology, psychology, and psychiatry with collaborative relations with a number of colleagues in these disciplines. His world grew in complexity and richness in Chicago. He married Chris Ellyn Johanson, and they started a family, and they became a fully cooperative and very effective research team. The labs developed and increased their scope. Bob rose through the ranks to chair the Department of Psychiatry briefly before being appointed as Director of the National Institute for Drug Abuse at the NIH for six expansive years. He was a good shepherd, and he loved it. He appreciated the complexities of the problems and how effective administration could help make the problems easier to grasp and deal with; the staff of the Institute could sense his enjoyment. He avoided many pitfalls, and never came to think that he would solve the public's problem. Throughout the rest of his career, he often remarked on the perspective and excitement that the Directorship afforded him. Following his resignation and a short stay at the NIDA Addiction Research Center in Baltimore, Bob and Chris Ellyn left positions there to take responsibility for forming a drug abuse research center at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. It would have been easy for him to enjoy his laurels, but he started anew and was, of course, very successful in establishing a unit that specialized in human drug abuse research along with excellent clinical care. They then returned to Chicago, the city for which they had developed enormous affection, to take positions at Loyola at its Institute for Neuroscience, where Bob was Head until their retirements last year. Even afterward, Bob continued an active role in professional societies; he was always ready to contribute his time and effort to support his devotion to the activities of the sciences he loved. He and Chris Ellyn were vacationing in San Miguel, Mexico when he had a stroke; they returned to Houston for medical care from their family. He did not recover and died on 21 February 2011. Bob is survived by four children, Rebecca, Liz, Rob, and Alyson, and a batch of loving grandchildren.

Opioids, dopamine, stress, and the addictions

The articulated goals of Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience are to serve as "an interface between clinical neuropsychiatry and the neurosciences by providing state-of-the-art information and original insights into relevant clinical, biological, and therapeutic aspects." My laboratory the Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases at The Rockefeller University, has for years been focused on "bidirectional translational research," that is, learning by careful observations and study in patient populations with the disorders under study, in this case primarily specific addictive diseases, and then using that knowledge to create improved animal models or other laboratory-based research paradigms, while, at the same time, taking research findings made at the bench into the clinic as promptly as that is appropriate and feasible. In this invited review, therefore, the focus will be on perspectives of our Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases and related National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Drug Abuse research Center, including laboratory-based molecular neurobiological research, research using several animal models designed to mimic human patterns of drug abuse and addiction, as well as basic clinical research, intertwined with treatment-related research.

Advances in Development of Dopaminergic Aporphinoids

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPerspectiveNEXTAdvances in Development of Dopaminergic AporphinoidsAo Zhang, Yi Zhang, Alan R. Branfman, Ross J. Baldessarini, and John L. NeumeyerView Author Information Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China, The Branfman Family Foundation, 418 Queen Anne Road, Cherry Hill, New Jersey 08003, Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Neuropharmacology Laboratory Mailman Research Center, McLean Division of Massachusetts General Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478-9106, and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Alcohol & Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Division of Massachusetts General Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478-9106. Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 2007, 50, 2, 171–181Publication Date (Web):December 16, 2006Publication History Received8 August 2006Published online16 December 2006Published inissue 1 January 2007https://doi.org/10.1021/jm060959iCopyright © 2007 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1448Altmetric-Citations90LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (213 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Agonists,Antagonists,Receptors,Rodent models,Selectivity Get e-Alerts

Conversation with Charles R. Schuster.

Conversation with Charles R. Schuster.

Rapid Monitoring Method of Active and Passive Smoker with Saliva Continine by Gas Chromatrography-Mass Spectrometry

Drug Abuse Research Center, Kongju National University, Kongju 314-701, KoreaReceived July 4, 2002Key Words : ETS monitoring, Cotinine, Saliva, GC-MSEnvironmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is the materialreleased into the ambient atmosphere by smoking tobaccoproducts, which consist of a heterogeneous mixture of gases,uncondensed vapors, tar and particle. ETS is a group Ahuman carcinogen as defined by the US EnvironmentalProtection Agency. Exposure to ETS is a cause of heartdisease and respiratory tract illness. Nicotine is the principalalkaloid in tobacco and is present as a major component oftobacco smoke. Nicotine is absorbed by both active andpassive smokers exposed to ETS, however, its short half-life(t

Conducting Trials in Community Setting: The Provider Perspective

Providers and their treatment programs are the focus of efforts to translate research into practice. In the best of partnerships, they are more than the recipients of research efforts, because they are actively involved in developing and evaluating healthy links between practice and research. This article reports on experiences in a multisite methamphetamine treatment trial funded in October of 1998 by the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. The goal of the trial is to generate knowledge about how a comprehensive treatment protocol developed by the Matrix Center in Los Angeles can be effectively transferred to the community drug treatment system. The Matrix model provides a three-times-per-week outpatient treatment experience that combines behavioral, educational, and 12-Step counsseling techniques. When complete, the study will compare outcomes of the 16-week Matrix program with the usual treatment offered by the programs at the eight participating sites. The UCLA Drug Abuse Research Center and the Matrix Institute on Addictions coordinate the trial. This article describes factors that have fostered or hindered the development of this partnership. These factors can be divided into three temporal phases. although the circumstances presented may occur at any time during the research process. The first set of factors affecting the development of a healthy research-to-practice relationship exists prior to the establishment of that relationship. Asecond set of circumstances occurs at the initiation of the collaborative enterprise, and the third set of factors is more involved in the development and maintenance of ongoing productive collaboration between researchers and providers.

Alcohol & Drug Abuse: The Impact of Terminating Disability Benefits for Substance Abusers on Substance Use and Treatment Participation

In March 1996 Congress terminated SSI and SSDI benefits to individuals disabled primarily by drug addiction and alcoholism.

THE ROLE OF D3 RECEPTORS IN THE EFFECTS OF ABUSED DRUGS

Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02178, USA

Drug use and Crime: A Historical Review of Research Conducted by the UCLA Drug Abuse Research Center

The UCLA Drug Abuse Research Center (DARC) has become one of the nation's most respected research organizations involved in the study of drug abuse by providing reliable, comprehensive findings. This article provides an encapsulation of the crime-related research conducted at DARC during the past quarter century. Research has focused on the correlates of drug use and criminal behavior and the effects of treatment and criminal justice interventions on subsequent drug use and criminal offending. The relationships have been examined, both directly and by statistical modeling, to assess the degree to which criminal behavior covaries with levels of drug use. The article discusses implications from the findings and makes recommendations regarding future directions for policy and research. [Translations are provided in the International s Section of this issue.]

The acquisition and maintenance of safer sexual behaviors among injection drug users.

The current research tests stage-sequential models of safer sexual behavior using a new method for data analysis called Latent Transition Analysis (LTA). Results are presented from data collected on 359 injection drug users participating in a seroconversion study conducted by the UCLA Drug Abuse Research Center. We identified a six-stage model that adequately represented the data. Results indicate that respondents moved back and forth among high, medium, and low risk stages. This finding highlights the need for continual, sustained interventions to help maintain safer sex and drug-using behaviors in high-risk groups.

Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital: activities during 1986.

Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital: activities during 1986.

NEUROLOGICAL BASES OF REVITALIZATION MOVEMENTS

Zygon®Volume 13, Issue 4 p. 276-312 NEUROLOGICAL BASES OF REVITALIZATION MOVEMENTS Barbara W. Lex, Barbara W. Lex Barbara W. Lex, associate in psychiatry (anthropology), Harvard Medical School, and research fellow, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02178, presented this paper at the Twenty-fourth Summer Conference (“Aesthetics, Symbols, and Truth in Science and Religion”) of the Institute on Religion in an Age of Science, Star Island, New Hampshire, July 30-August 6, 1977. She notes: “My inability to answer students' probing questions about biological processes manifested in revitalization prophets' seemingly bizarre behaviors stimulated me to seek answers beyond the traditional boundaries of anthropology. A Western Michigan University faculty research fellowship permitted my investigation of psychophysiological research at the Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute in 1973. In 1975 and 1976 my study of the human brain was assisted by National Institute on Drug Abuse Postdoctoral Fellowship Award No. 1 F22 DA 02555. Comments on this paper were provided by Eliot D. Chapple, Bryan T. Woods, Charles D. Laughlin, Jr., and Eugene G. d'Aquili. I am grateful for their suggestions and encouragement.”Search for more papers by this author Barbara W. Lex, Barbara W. Lex Barbara W. Lex, associate in psychiatry (anthropology), Harvard Medical School, and research fellow, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02178, presented this paper at the Twenty-fourth Summer Conference (“Aesthetics, Symbols, and Truth in Science and Religion”) of the Institute on Religion in an Age of Science, Star Island, New Hampshire, July 30-August 6, 1977. She notes: “My inability to answer students' probing questions about biological processes manifested in revitalization prophets' seemingly bizarre behaviors stimulated me to seek answers beyond the traditional boundaries of anthropology. A Western Michigan University faculty research fellowship permitted my investigation of psychophysiological research at the Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute in 1973. In 1975 and 1976 my study of the human brain was assisted by National Institute on Drug Abuse Postdoctoral Fellowship Award No. 1 F22 DA 02555. Comments on this paper were provided by Eliot D. Chapple, Bryan T. Woods, Charles D. Laughlin, Jr., and Eugene G. d'Aquili. I am grateful for their suggestions and encouragement.”Search for more papers by this author First published: December 1978 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.1978.tb00339.xCitations: 10Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume13, Issue4December 1978Pages 276-312 RelatedInformation

Behavioral and biologic aspects of marijuana use.

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 282, Issue 1 p. 186-210 BEHAVIORAL AND BIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF MARIJUANA USE * Jack H. Mendelson, Jack H. Mendelson Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts 02178Search for more papers by this authorThomas F. Babor, Thomas F. Babor Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts 02178Search for more papers by this authorJohn C. Kuehnle, John C. Kuehnle Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts 02178Search for more papers by this authorA. Michael Rossi, A. Michael Rossi Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts 02178Search for more papers by this authorJerrold G. Bernstein, Jerrold G. Bernstein Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts 02178Search for more papers by this authorNancy K. Mello, Nancy K. Mello Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts 02178Search for more papers by this authorIssac Greenberg, Issac Greenberg Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts 02178Search for more papers by this author Jack H. Mendelson, Jack H. Mendelson Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts 02178Search for more papers by this authorThomas F. Babor, Thomas F. Babor Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts 02178Search for more papers by this authorJohn C. Kuehnle, John C. Kuehnle Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts 02178Search for more papers by this authorA. Michael Rossi, A. Michael Rossi Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts 02178Search for more papers by this authorJerrold G. Bernstein, Jerrold G. Bernstein Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts 02178Search for more papers by this authorNancy K. Mello, Nancy K. Mello Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts 02178Search for more papers by this authorIssac Greenberg, Issac Greenberg Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts 02178Search for more papers by this author First published: December 1976 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb49899.xCitations: 29 * Supported in part by Grant DA 4RG010 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume282, Issue1Chronic Cannabis UseDecember 1976Pages 186-210 RelatedInformation