Droplet Particle Research Articles

Experimental analysis of spray droplet deposition behaviour for centrifugal assisted spinning disc sprayer

The biological effectiveness of insecticides is influenced both by the amount of sprayed material that is left behind on the canopies and by the physicochemical characteristics of the spray solutions. The type of sprayer and its settings, the type of canopy and its density, the stage of tree development, and the variables in the surrounding environment all have an impact on where and how much spray is deposited within canopies. PIV is used in this study to investigate the behaviour of droplet deposition on a three-dimensional prototype of a centrifugally assisted spinning disc sprayer. A variety of rotational velocities are represented here by the aerosol distribution from the exit of the nozzle to −1.5 m and 4 m, respectively. If the mass flow rate is slowed down, the droplet diameter can be increased while maintaining the same rotational speed. This is accomplished by reducing the amount of friction that exists between the spinning disc and the liquid that is being sprayed. This impact is caused by not only an increase in the droplet deposition rate in the direction of downward movement, but also an increase in the mass flow rate. Some droplet particles actually travel upward for certain mass flow rates because they are unable to overcome resistance and have a low density.

Modelling of water droplet dynamics on hydrophobic soils: a review

The hydrophobicity of soils (or soil water repellency) can be naturally promoted by wildfires or synthetically induced by hydrophobic compounds (polydimethylsiloxane, tong oil, etc.). Soil phenomena can be related to hydrophobicity, such as soil erosion (splash erosion and rill erosion) and post-wildfire debris flows. The hydrophobicity of soils is characterized by the contact angle, and the interactions between water droplet and solid particles including spreading, oscillation, and infiltration. Early studies on soil water repellency mainly focus on the experimental aspects, while with the development of advanced numerical tools, numerical methods have been widely applied to study the hydraulic properties of hydrophobic granular materials in recent years. This paper comprehensively investigates the different numerical methods for modelling the interaction between water droplets and hydrophobic soils, i.e., smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), material point method (MPM), and volume of fluid (VOF). The features of different method are summarized, and the future work are discussed.

POST PROCESSING METHOD FOR SIMULATED LAGRANGIAN SPRAY FIELD BASED ON MIE SCATTERING THEORY

Numerical simulation and experiment are the two main methods in the investigation of spray and atomization. Some crucial parameters of simulation models are supposed to be calibrated using corresponding experimental data. However, direct comparisons between simulation data and experimental results might be confusing when focusing on spray boundaries or penetration, as the light scattering physics during imaging is always likely to be ignored in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) post-processing. In many cases, CFD provides invisible droplets, resulting in variance in the boundary confirming process. Previous studies discussed backlit conditions in Euler-based simulations to identify spray boundaries, but for most commonly used Lagrangian-based simulations, which are often coupled with Mie scattering experiments, this topic remains undiscussed. In Lagrangian-based methods, droplets are treated as discrete particles, where scattering plays a more crucial role. In this study, light intensity analysis based on Mie scattering theory and intensity integration focusing on Lagrangian field has been presented, aiming to adjust simulation data of spray coincides with Mie scattering image as much as possible on the theoretical base. It is found that particle size and in-parcel numbers are related to the scattering intensity of droplet particles. the correlated CFD data using Mie scattering theory are tested to be theoretically similar with Mie scattering imaging results compared with raw simulation data, making the comparison between datasets reasonable, which makes adequate preparations for the calibration of spray models.

Atomized droplet size prediction for supersonic atomized water drainage and natural gas extraction

In the later stage of natural gas reservoir exploration, the wellbore pressure is reduced and the liquid accumulation is serious, in order to solve the problem of liquid accumulation and low production in low-pressure and low-yield gas wells, the supersonic atomization drainage gas recovery technology is used to improve the recovery rate. By studying the influence of working condition parameters of downhole nozzle atomization drainage gas recovery on atomization effect and liquid carrying rate, a new physical model of atomization nozzle is established, the back propagation (BP) neural network atomization model and BP neural network atomization model optimized by genetic algorithm (GA) is established, and the Matlab is used to train the 45 groups of data sets before the experiment. After the model training, the normalized atomization parameters are trained for sensitivity analysis. The relationship between the strength and weakness of the factors affecting Sotel's average droplet particle size (SMD) is as follows: gas flow (Qg) > liquid inlet diameter (d) > liquid phase flow (Ql). The last 15 sets of data sets outside the training samples were tested by BP model and BP neural model optimized by genetic algorithm (GA-BP), and the size of SMD was predicted. The experimental results show that the determination coefficient R2 of the established GA-BP network model to the experimental parameters is 0.979 and the goodness of fit is high; the mean square error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the predicted value of GA-BP atomization model and the experimental value are 4.471, 1.811 and 0.031 respectively, the error is small, the prediction accuracy is high, and the establishment of the model is accurate. The GA-BP model can efficiently predict SMD under different operating conditions, at present, the new supersonic atomizing nozzle has been successfully applied to the Xushen gas field block of Daqing Oilfield, which can improve the recovery rate of natural gas by 4.5–8.6%, alleviate the problem of effusion near the end of oil exploration, and has certain guiding significance for solving the problem of wellbore effusion and improving production efficiency.

Application of a biomimetic wellbore stabilizer with strong adhesion performance for hydrate reservoir exploitation

Natural gas hydrate (NGH) in marine is usually reserved in the pores or cracks of weakly cemented argillaceous siltstones. Moreover, the hydrates are susceptible to variations in temperature and pressure conditions when water-based drilling fluids (WBDFs) are drilled into hydrate reservoirs, leading to the hydrate in-situ decomposition and severe sand production. In this work, an inexpensive and facilely prepared biomimetic wellbore stabilizer with strong adsorption of multiple hydrogen bonds was prepared by fusing catechol-rich tannic acid (TA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with polyol hydroxyl adsorption function, referred to as TA-PVA complex (TA-PVA). TA-PVA was added to WBDFs to strengthen the NGH reservoir wellbore for ensuring the safety of drilling process in a wide temperature range (2-60℃). The microscopic characterization of TA-PVA and its cohesion mechanism with argillaceous siltstone was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The mechanical properties of skeleton of the artificial hydrate cores were evaluated by compressive strength test, with maximum compressive strength reaching 0.45 MPa. And the adhesion force of TA-PVA to the probe modified by silica microsphere (PSM) was further studied by AFM. Meanwhile, the adhesion forces between TA-PVA and cyclopentane hydrate particles were measured at 1.5℃. Adhesion test results demonstrate that TA-PVA can bond clay particles, quartz sand and hydrate particles together. In detail, the adhesion force between TA-PVA and PSM reaches more than 164.46 mN/m, the adhesion force between TA-PVA droplet and cyclopentane hydrate particle reaches 43.19 mN/m. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)curves demonstrate that TA-PVA releases no heat between 0 and 60 °C, indicating that TA-PVA has no impact on the decomposition of NGH, showing the potential to maintain the integrity of NGH reservoir.

Contrast Icing Wind Tunnel Tests between Normal Droplets and Supercooled Large Droplets

In order to compare and analyze the similarities and differences between normal droplet icing shapes and supercooled large droplet icing shapes, SADRI carried out normal droplet and supercooled large droplet icing wind tunnel tests in the NRC−AIWT icing wind tunnel. Taking the typical glaze ice in normal droplet icing conditions as the reference, the freezing drizzle and freezing rain icing tests under the supercooled large droplet conditions were carried out. The test results show that compared with normal droplets, the ice horn height of supercooled large droplets decreases with the increase in droplet particle size, and even the ice horn characteristics are not obvious when the icing condition is freezing rain. At the same time, the range and height of rough element ice shape after the main ice horn of supercooled large droplets are significantly larger and higher than those of the normal droplets, while the difference in the rough element in different supercooled large droplet icing conditions is small.

Investigation of the Transfer Rate of Radioactive Materials in a Hydrogen Explosion Accident at a Reprocessing Plant

As an explosion of radiolitically generated hydrogen is listed as a type of severe accident in the new regulation for nuclear fuel cycle facilities, it is important to evaluate the realistic source term of this type of accident. The airborne release fraction (ARF) is a key parameter in evaluating the source term of a hydrogen explosion. Therefore, a pressurization experiment and a hydrogen explosion experiment that induced a hydrogen explosion have been performed. As a result, the ARFs obtained from the pressurization experiment and hydrogen explosion experiment were approximately 1 × 10−5 and 1 × 10−6, respectively. There was no marked difference in the pressure dependency and liquid droplet particle size between the pressurization and hydrogen explosion experiments.

Dynamic response of turbine blade considering a droplet-wall interaction in wet steam region

The high-speed impact of liquid droplets on blades in wet steam region seriously affects the safe operation of steam turbine. For blade stability and response characteristics, most studies utilized ideal gas as working medium and few studies focused on the role of droplets in the flow field. In this study, both the distribution information of droplet particles in the flow field and the impact of droplet particles on blades were comprehensively considered. First, the droplet distribution at the last stage inlet was calculated, and then the droplet-wall interaction model was determined and loaded into calculation process. The pressure distribution on blade surface, blade force variation, mechanical properties, and further dynamic response characteristics of blade were analyzed with ideal gas and wet steam models, respectively, by using one-/two-way fluid-structure interaction. Results show that the blade displacement of leading and trailing edges under wet steam model reaches the maximum at near 80% blade height, and there is a low frequency amplitude corresponding to 460 Hz–470 Hz with the peak value in the range of 22Pa–26Pa. The variations of the maximum displacement and maximum equivalent stress of the blade with time are more intense under wet steam model compared with those under ideal gas model.

Effects of rotation on collection characteristics of fine particles by droplets

Removing particles dispersed in fluid through drops is widely presented in various fields, and the critical factor is particles captured by droplets. Drop rotation effects play a dominant role in the capture process. However, their influences on collection characteristics remain unclear. Thus, a particle collection model was developed to simultaneously consider rotation and translation effects on fine particles captured by an individual droplet. The finite volume method was used to solve for flow field and collection efficiency, and the proposed model was verified by comparison with experimental and published results. The Liutex method was used to identify the vortex structure, on which dimensionless droplet rotation rates ranged from 0 to 0.1. Velocity, drag coefficient, radial position, and captured particle velocity distribution and collection efficiency were also investigated in relation to the rotation effect. The results show that the established model is reasonable. Vortex strength increases with increased rotation speed where the increment can be up to 480, and fluid rotation strength depends on the competitive relation between the increase in the rotation rate and the vortex movement. Radial velocity increases in regions where the angle between the positive x axis and the normal vector of drop surface ranges from 115° to 180° but decreases in regions where the angle ranges from −180° to −120°, and corresponding regions produce a comparative relation for improving particle capture. Increasing the rotation rate can increase the drag force coefficient by about 0.025, hindering droplet–particle collision. Average radial velocity of particles with higher than 3.7 mm/s is necessary at high rotation rates, while collection efficiency decreases at increased droplet rotation rates.

Simulation Study of the Swirl Spray Atomization of a Bipropellant Thruster under Low Temperature Conditions

The spray atomization of an injector significantly influences the performance and working life span of a bipropellant thruster of a spacecraft. Deep space exploration requires the thruster to be able to operate reliably at a low temperature range from −40 °C to 0 °C, so the effect of low temperature conditions on the atomization characteristics of injector spray is motivated to be comprehensively investigated. To study the swirl atomization characteristics of MMH (methylhydrazine), which is more difficult to atomize than NTO (nitrogen tetroxide), numerical simulations were conducted, employing the methods of VOF (volume of fluid) and LES (large eddy simulation) under low temperature conditions. The physical model with a nozzle size of 0.5 mm and boundary conditions with a velocity inlet of 3.89 m/s both follow the actual operation of thrusters. The development of spray atomization at low temperatures was observed through parametric comparisons, such as spray velocity, liquid total surface area, droplet particle size distribution, spray cone angle and breakup distance. When the temperature decreased from 20 °C to −40 °C at the same condition of flowrate inlet, those atomization characteristics of MMH propellant vary following these rules: the spray ejection velocity of MMH is significantly reduced by 7.7%, and gas-liquid disturbance sequentially decreases; the liquid film development is more stable, with a negative influence on atomization quality, causing difficulties for primary and secondary breakup, so the total surface area of droplets also decreases by 6.4%; the spatial distribution characteristics, spray cone angle and breakup distance vary less than 5%. Therefore, the low temperature condition can directly lower the combustion efficiency of thrusters with obvious performance degradation, but there are no significant changes in the propellant mixing and liquid film cooling. It is concluded that the bipropellant thruster can reliably work at low temperatures around −40 °C for deep space probe operation.

Composition and mixing state of Arctic aerosol and cloud residual particles from long-term single-particle observations at Zeppelin Observatory, Svalbard

Abstract. The Arctic region is sensitive to climate change and is warming faster than the global average. Aerosol particles change cloud properties by acting as cloud condensation nuclei and ice-nucleating particles, thus influencing the Arctic climate system. Therefore, understanding the aerosol particle properties in the Arctic is needed to interpret and simulate their influences on climate. In this study, we collected ambient aerosol particles using whole-air and PM10 inlets and residual particles of cloud droplets and ice crystals from Arctic low-level clouds (typically, all-liquid or mixed-phase clouds) using a counterflow virtual impactor inlet at the Zeppelin Observatory near Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, within a time frame of 4 years. We measured the composition and mixing state of individual fine-mode particles in 239 samples using transmission electron microscopy. On the basis of their composition, the aerosol and cloud residual particles were classified as mineral dust, sea salt, K-bearing, sulfate, and carbonaceous particles. The number fraction of aerosol particles showed seasonal changes, with sulfate dominating in summer and sea salt increasing in winter. There was no measurable difference in the fractions between ambient aerosol and cloud residual particles collected at ambient temperatures above 0 ∘C. On the other hand, cloud residual samples collected at ambient temperatures below 0 ∘C had several times more sea salt and mineral dust particles and fewer sulfates than ambient aerosol samples, suggesting that sea spray and mineral dust particles may influence the formation of cloud particles in Arctic mixed-phase clouds. We also found that 43 % of mineral dust particles from cloud residual samples were mixed with sea salt, whereas only 18 % of mineral dust particles in ambient aerosol samples were mixed with sea salt. This study highlights the variety in aerosol compositions and mixing states that influence or are influenced by aerosol–cloud interactions in Arctic low-level clouds.

Interaction between Droplets and Particles as Oil–Water Slurry Components

The characteristics of the collisions of droplets with the surfaces of particles and substrates of promising oil–water slurry components (oil, water and coal) were experimentally studied. Particles of coals of different ranks with significantly varying surface wettability were used. The following regimes of droplet–particle collisions were identified: agglomeration, stretching separation and stretching separation with child droplets. The main characteristics of resulting child droplets were calculated. Droplet–particle interaction regime maps in the B = f(We) coordinates were constructed. Equations to describe the boundaries of transitions between the droplet–particle interaction regimes (B = nWek) were obtained. The calculated approximation coefficients make it possible to predict threshold shifts in transition boundaries between the collision regimes for different fuel mixture components. Differences in the characteristics of secondary atomization of droplets interacting with particles were established. Guidelines were provided on applying the research findings to the development of technologies of composite liquid fuel droplet generation in combustion chambers with the separate injection of liquid and solid components, as well as technologies of secondary atomization of fuel droplets producing fine aerosol.

Numerical simulation of jet atomization process of swirl nozzle

As the initial conditions of evaporative combustion, the jet atomization formed by the swirl nozzle has the characteristics of large distribution space and small atomization particle size, which is very important for the study of the jet atomization of the swirl nozzle. In this paper, the cross-scale VTD model is used to comprehensively consider the actual situation of multi-scale and multi-phase flow coupling in the atomization process. The evolution process and the breaking shape of the rotating cone liquid film during the atomization and crushing process are studied. The results show that the complete broken shape formed by the rotating cone liquid film can be divided into three areas along the axial direction: continuous liquid film, primary crushing, and secondary crushing. Among them, the appearance of irregularly distributed small holes is a significant feature of primary crushing. The sign of secondary crushing is that the liquid filaments are broken into small-scale droplet particles; after the primary and secondary crushing, the fully developed cone-shaped liquid film will appear to move up the position of the primary crushing cavity and reduce the scope. At the same time, the initial position of the secondary crushing will move up.

Study of a new method for the instant preparation of ice particles in ice abrasive air jet

The ice abrasive air jet is a clean surface treatment technology, which currently has limitations such as high energy consumption, uncontrollable particle size and hardness. Realizing the instant preparation and utilization of ice particles are crucial for solving the energy consumption problem. This paper based on the icing principle of heterogeneous nucleation, proposed a new method of ice making, the heat transfer mechanism of low temperature droplets was studied, and the method was proved to be feasible. Using the FLUENT solidification and melting model combined with the VOF model to calculate the freezing process of droplets, the effects of droplet particle size, initial temperature, and wall temperature on the freezing time were analyzed, and the calculation equation of the freezing time was determined, which was corrected by the icing test results. The results showed that the outside of the droplet freezes first, the liquid–solid boundary is parabolic, and the parabolic concavity increases with time and droplet size. In the freezing process, the larger the droplet size, the longer the droplet phase transition time; the higher the droplet initial temperature, the longer it took to reach the phase transition; the higher the wall temperature, the longer the ice formation time.

Image-based real-time feedback control of magnetic digital microfluidics by artificial intelligence-empowered rapid object detector for automated in vitro diagnostics.

In vitro diagnostics (IVD) plays a critical role in healthcare and public health management. Magnetic digital microfluidics (MDM) perform IVD assays by manipulating droplets on an open substrate with magnetic particles. Automated IVD based on MDM could reduce the risk of accidental exposure to contagious pathogens among healthcare workers. However, it remains challenging to create a fully automated IVD platform based on the MDM technology because of a lack of effective feedback control system to ensure the successful execution of various droplet operations required for IVD. In this work, an artificial intelligence (AI)-empowered MDM platform with image-based real-time feedback control is presented. The AI is trained to recognize droplets and magnetic particles, measure their size, and determine their location and relationship in real time; it shows the ability to rectify failed droplet operations based on the feedback information, a function that is unattainable by conventional MDM platforms, thereby ensuring that the entire IVD process is not interrupted due to the failure of liquid handling. We demonstrate fundamental droplet operations, which include droplet transport, particle extraction, droplet merging and droplet mixing, on the MDM platform and show how the AI rectify failed droplet operations by acting upon the feedback information. Protein quantification and antibiotic resistance detection are performed on this AI-empowered MDM platform, and the results obtained agree well with the benchmarks. We envision that this AI-based feedback approach will be widely adopted not only by MDM but also by other types of digital microfluidic platforms to offer precise and error-free droplet operations for a wide range of automated IVD applications.

An Orthogonal Experimental Study on the Preparation of Cr Coatings on Long-Size Zr Alloy Tubes by Arc Ion Plating.

Cr-coated Zr alloys are widely considered the most promising accident-tolerant fuel (ATF) cladding materials for engineering applications in the near term. In this work, Cr coatings were prepared on the surfaces of 1400 mm long N36 cladding tubes using an industrial multiple arc source system. Orthogonal analyses were conducted to demonstrate the significance level of various process parameters influencing the characteristics of coatings (surface roughness, defects, crystal orientation, grain structure, etc.). The results show that the arc current mainly affects the coating deposition rate and the droplet particles on the surface or inside the coatings; however, the crystal preferred orientation and grain structure are more significantly influenced by the gas pressure and negative bias voltage, respectively. Then, the underlying mechanisms are carefully discussed. At last, a set of systemic methods to control the quality and microstructures of Cr coatings are summarized.

How the presence of particles at the interface influences the droplet deformation in a simple shear flow?

A lattice Boltzmann method is presented to simulate a particle-laden droplet subject to a simple shear flow, where the effect of particle concentration, viscosity ratio of droplet to ambient fluid and particle inertia on droplet deformation and particle movement is explored. With the increase of particle concentration, droplet deformation increases because of reduced interfacial free energy caused by reduced fluid-fluid interface length. When a sufficient number of particles are added to interface, droplet deformation monotonically decreases with viscosity ratio, but first rises and then declines for clean interface. This difference is attributed to an increased apparent viscosity of the ambient fluid by added particles. The particle inertia enhances droplet deformation remarkably only when the Reynolds number is relatively high. In addition, particles are found to revolve around the deformed droplet along the interface with a period, which is determined solely by deformation parameter at the viscosity ratio of unity. • A LBM is developed to simulate the fluid-fluid-solid three-phase flows. • The particle's revolution period can be determined by the droplet deformation. • The deposition of particles at the interface can enhance the droplet deformation.

Estimation of spray flow characteristics using ensemble Kalman filter

Spray flows are widely used in several industrial applications, such as combustion engines. Accurate measurement of spray flow characteristics requires sophisticated equipment and techniques. In recent years, the discrete droplet method (DDM), which analyses droplet scattering, has become a mature technique and has been applied to various analyses. We propose an estimation system based on particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements and an ensemble Kalman filter, together with DDM, to efficiently investigate spray flow characteristics. The proposed method performs data assimilation on the velocity distribution in a two-dimensional cross-section obtained by PIV to estimate the characteristics of the spray flow in three dimensions. In this study, the system was constructed so that droplet particle is ensembled during data assimilation to estimate the droplet diameter distribution indirectly. The proposed method can be used to estimate the spray velocity and droplet size distribution. The numerical solution obtained using DDM was used as a criterion for assimilation and validated by conducting twin experiments. The results showed that, in terms of spray velocity, the estimation error for the velocity component parallel to the main flow was 2% and that for the velocity component perpendicular to the main flow was around 10%. Finally, the velocity and particle size distributions of the spray stream and the three-dimensional droplet distribution were estimated by assimilating the velocity distributions measured by PIV. This technique predicts the spray angle and droplet size distribution from the two-dimensional velocity field of the PIV only and is expected to contribute to the development of injectors and atomizers.

Microstructural evaluation and recommendations for face masks in community use to reduce the transmission of respiratory infectious diseases

Background and ObjectiveRecommendations for the use of face masks to prevent and protect against the aerosols (≤5µm) and respiratory droplet particles (≥5µm), which can carry and transmit respiratory infections including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), have been in effect since the early stages of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The particle filtration efficiency (PFE) and air permeability are the most crucial factors affecting the level of pathogen transmission and breathability, i.e. wearer comfort, which should be investigated in detail. MethodsIn this context, this article presents a novel assessment framework for face masks combining X-ray microtomography and computational fluid dynamics simulations. In consideration to their widespread public use, two types of face masks were assessed: (I) two layer non-woven face masks and (II) the surgical masks (made out of a melt-blown fabric layer covered with two non-woven fabric layers). ResultsThe results demonstrate that the surgical masks provide PFEs over 75% for particles with diameter over 0.1µm while two layer face masks are found out to have insufficient PFEs, even for the particles with diameter over 2µm (corresponding PFE is computed as 47.2%). Thus, existence of both the non-woven fabric layers for mechanical filtration and insertion of melt-blown fabric layer(s) for electrostatic filtration in the face masks were found to be highly critical to prevent the airborne pathogen transmission. ConclusionsThe present framework would assist in computational assessment of commonly used face mask types based on their microstructural characteristics including fiber diameter, orientation distributions and fiber network density. Therefore, it would be also possible to provide new yet feasible design routes for face masks to ensure reliable personal protection and optimal breathability.

Explosion behaviors of IPN/air mixture at high temperature and high pressure

PurposeThe reaction dynamics of combustible clouds at high temperatures and pressures are a common form of energy output in aerospace and explosion accidents. The cloud explosion process is often affected by the external initial conditions. This study aims to numerically study the effects of airflow velocity, initial temperature and fuel concentration on the explosion behavior of isopropyl nitrate/air mixture in a semiconstrained combustor.Design/methodology/approachThe discrete-phase model was adopted to consider the interaction between the gas-phase and droplet particles. A wave model was applied to the droplet breakup. A finite rate/eddy dissipation model was used to simulate the explosion process of the fuel cloud.FindingsThe peak pressure and temperature growth rate both decrease with the increasing initial temperature (1,000–2,200 K) of the combustor at a lower airflow velocity. The peak pressure increases with the increase of airflow velocity (50–100 m/s), whereas the peak temperature is not sensitive to the initial high temperature. The peak pressure of the two-phase explosion decreases with concentration (200–1,500 g/m3), whereas the peak temperature first increases and then decreases as the concentration increases.Practical implicationsChain explosion reactions often occur under high-temperature, high-pressure and turbulent conditions. This study aims to provide prevention and data support for a gas–liquid two-phase explosion.Originality/valueSustained turbulence is realized by continuously injecting air and liquid fuel into a semiconfined high-temperature and high-pressure combustor to obtain the reaction dynamic parameters of a two-phase explosion.