Nozzle Drop Research Articles

Biological Insecticides to Control Cabbage Insect Pests, 1985

Abstract ‘Ranger’ cabbage were seeded on 15 Jul to a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were single rows 25 ft long and 5 ft wide replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design; a guard row buffered each treated row. Sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 1 drop nozzle on either side of the row and 1 nozzle over the center calibrated to deliver 41 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied on 6 Sep and 17 Sep. Number of larvae/10 plants was recorded on 26 Sep. Foliage injury ratings were recorded on 20 Sep and are expressed as percent defoliation. Yield (percent marketable heads) were taken on 2 Oct and defined as cabbage heads with no visible feeding and having at least 2 undamaged wrapper leaves.

Efficacy of Mavrik® Formulations on Cabbage for Control of Aphids and Worms, 1983

Abstract ‘Golden Acre’ fresh market cabbage was seeded into 25-ft, 2-row beds having 22-inch row and 18-24 inch interplant spacing on 27 Apr. The Ritzville silt loam soil (Calciorthidic Haploxerolls) had 1.6% organic matter and a pH of 6.2. Mavrik® 2F and 2E were applied at 0.05 and 0.10 lb ai/acre on 22 and 29 Jun and 6, 13, and 20 Jul using a drop nozzle boom mounted on a high clearance sprayer travelling at 2.75 mph. The formulations were applied in 40 gpa at 60 psi through TEEJET® hollow cone nozzles with one nozzle above and one on each side of the row. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Plots were irrigated with sprinklers at 1.0 acre-inch/week. Overall efficacy was determined by the percent of undamaged-insect free heads in 20 examined. The number of insects present was determined 27 Jul, 7 days after the final applications. Phytotoxic effects were determined at the same time.

Efficacy of BTS48011 on Cabbage for Control of Aphids and Larvae, 1983

Abstract ‘Golden Acre’ fresh market cabbage was seeded into 25-ft, 2-row beds having 22-inch row and 18 to 24-inch interplant spacing on 27 Apr ’83. The Ritzville silt loam (Calciorthidic Haploxerolls) had 1.6% organic matter and a pH of 6.2. BTS 48011 was applied at 0.10, and 0.20 lb ai/acre on 22 and 29 Jun, and 6, 13, and 20 Jul using a drop nozzle boom mounted on a high clearance sprayer travelling at 2.75 mph. The insecticide was applied in 40 gpa at 60 psi through TEEJET® hollow cone nozzles with 1 nozzle above and 1 on each side of the row. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Plots were irrigated with sprinklers at 1.0 acre-inches/week. Overall efficacy was determined by the percent of uncontaminated/undamaged cabbage heads in 20 examined. The numbers of insects present was determined 27 Jul, seven days after the final application. Phytotoxic effects were determined at the same time.

Chemigation in Corn: Effects of Nonemulsifiable Oils and Sprinkler Package on the Efficacy of Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Insecticides

Second-generation southwestern corn borer (SWCB), Diatraea grandiosella (Dyar), and European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), were effectively controlled by insecticides applied in irrigation water. In 1983, two applications of fenvalerate (0.17 kg/ha) or chlorpyrifos (0.84 and 1.12 kg/ha) gave 98 and 75% control of SWCB, respectively, and 92 and 97% control of ECB, respectively. There was no advantage to adding oil in this test. In 1984, one application of fenvalerate (0.17 kg/ha), chlorpyrifos (1.12 kg/ha), or encapsulated methyl parathion (1.12 kg/ha) gave 40, 42, and 88% control of ECB, respectively. With the addition of a nonemulsifiable oil (1.18 liters/ha), efficacy of these insecticides was 71, 80, and 87% control, respectively. In two tests, ECB control was significantly higher under high-pressure impact sprinkler packages (350–410 kPa) than under low-pressure drop nozzle packages (140 kPa). In 1984, there was a significant increase in spider mite populations in plots treated with chlorpyrifos or fenvalerate applied without nonemulsifiable oil. However, when these insecticides were applied with nonemulsifiable oil the increase in spider mite populations was not significant. Spider mite populations were significantly higher in treatments applied with low-pressure drop nozzles than in treatments applied with high-pressure impact sprinklers.

Foliar Spray for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle in Potatoes, 1984

Abstract Potatoes were planted on 12 Apr, ’84, in a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were 20 ft long, 5 ft wide and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with 1 drop nozzle on each side of the row and 1 over the center calibrated to deliver 83 gal/acre at 2(X) psi. Treatments were applied on 20, 27, Jun, 10, 17 and 25 Jul. Plant % defoliation was recorded on 3, 13 and 30 Jul. Number of Colorado potato beetle (CPB) larvae per 5 hills were recorded on 2 Jul. Number of European corn borer (ECB) damaged stems per 5 hills were recorded on 2 Jul. Yields (ewt/A) were recorded on 14 Aug. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal.

Rotenone to Control the Colorado Potato Beetle in White Potatoes, 1984

Abstract Potatoes were planted on 12 Apr, ’84, in a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were 20 ft long, 5 ft wide and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with 1 drop nozzle on each side of the row and 1 over the center calibrated to deliver 83 gal/acre at 200 psi. Treatments were applied on 19, 26, Jun, 3 and 12 Jul. Plant % defoliation was recorded on 28 Jun, 5, 9 and 16 Jul. Number of Colorado potato beetle (CPB) larvae per 5 hills were recorded on 28 Jun. Number of stems/10 hills damaged by European corn borers (ECB) were recorded on 16 Jul. Yields (cwt/A) were recorded on 31 Jul. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal.

Control of Colorado Potato Beetle in Eggplant, 1984

Abstract Eggplant were transplanted to a Sassafras sandy loam field on 7 Jun. Single-row plots were 15 ft long and 5 ft wide; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar sprays were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with a drop nozzle on either side of the row and 1 nozzle over the center calibrated to deliver 83 gal/acre at 200 psi. Treatments were applied 22 Jun, 2, 12, 20 and 31 Jul. Colorado potato beetle (CPB) counts were recorded 3 and 23 Jul. Percent defoliation caused by CPE feeding was recorded on 3 Jul and 1 Sep. Mature fruit were harvested on 2, 15, 28 Aug, 11 and 27 Sep. All fruit were examined for percent damage or scarred fruit caused by CPB feeding. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal.

Control of Colorado Potato Beetle in Eggplant, 1984

Abstract Eggplant were transplanted to a Sassafras sandy loam field on 7 Jun. Single-row plots were 15 ft long and 5 ft wide; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar sprays were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with a drop nozzle on either side of the row and 1 nozzle over the center calibrated to deliver 83 gal/acre at 200 psi. Treatments were applied 22 Jun, 2, 12, 20 and 31 Jul. Colorado potato beetle (CPB) counts were recorded 3 and 23 Jul. Percent defoliation caused by CPE feeding was recorded on 3 Jul and 1 Sep. Mature fruit were harvested on 2, 15, 28 Aug, 11 and 27 Sep. All fruit were examined for percent damage or scarred fruit caused by CPB feeding. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal.

Control of Colorado Potato Beetle in Potatoes, 1984

Abstract Potatoes were planted on 12 Apr ’84, in a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were 20 ft long, 5 ft wide and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with 1 drop nozzle on each side of the row and 1 over the center calibrated to deliver 83 gal/acre at 200 psi. Treatments were applied on 13, 21, 29 Jim and 6 Jul. Plant percent defoliation was recorded on 26 Jun, 5 and 9 Jul. Number of Colorado potato beetle CPB larvae per 5 hills were recorded on 22 Jun. Number of stems/10 hills damaged by European corn borers (ECB) were recorded on 16 Jul. Yields (cwt/A) were recorded on 31 Jul. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal.

Fall Cabbage Insect Control, 1984

Abstract Cabbage was transplanted on 17 Jul, near Georgetown, DE. Two-row plots, 20 ft long on 30-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar treatments were applied with a wheelbarrow design, Co2 pressurized sprayer using a drop nozzle system (3 nozzles/row) operated at 40 psi delivering 71 gal/acre. Treatments were applied on 1, 9, 15, 22 and 29 Aug, and 5, 12, and 25 Sept, for a total of 8 applications. Imported cabbage worm (ICW) and cabbage looper (CL) larvae were counted on each of 10 plants within each plot on a weekly basis from 1 Aug to 3 Oct.

Control of Colorado Potato Beetle in Eggplant, 1983

Abstract ‘Florida Market’ eggplant were transplanted to a Sassafras sandy loam field on 3 June. Single row plots were 15 ft long and 5 ft wide; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar sprays were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with a drop nozzle on either side of the row and one nozzle over the center calibrated to deliver 83 gal/acre at 200 lb/in2. Treatments were applied 24 June, 15 and 27 July, and 5 and 22 Aug. Colorado potato beetle counts were recorded 19 July and 24 Aug. Mature fruit were harvested on 25 July, 8 Aug., 8 Sept., and 7 Oct. All fruit were examined for percent damage or scarred fruit caused by Colorado potato beetle feeding. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal.

An Electrodyne Sprayer to Control Colorado Potato Beetle in Eggplant, 1983

Abstract ‘Florida Market’ eggplant were transplanted to a Sassafras sandy loam field on 3 June. Single row plots were 15 ft long and 5 ft wide; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Standard foliar sprays were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 83 gal/acre at 200 lb/in2 with one drop nozzle over the row and one on either side of the row. “Bozzle” sprays were applied with a hand-held electrodyne sprayer calibrated to deliver a constant flow rate of 0.06 ml/sec. Sprays were applied 24 June, 15 and 27 July, and 5 and 22 Aug. Colorado potato beetle counts were recorded 19 July and 24 Aug. Mature fruit were harvested on 25 July, 8 Aug., 6 Sept., and 7 Oct. All fruit were examined for percent damage or scarred fruit caused by Colorado potato beetle feeding. Plants were irrigated when moisture was below normal.

European Corn Borer Control in Hot Peppers, 1982

Abstract Separate blocks of hot cherry and banana peppers were transplanted into two-row plots 20 ft long on 42 in centers on 28 May, near Georgetown, De. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated four times for each pepper variety. Orthene treatments were applied on a 10-day schedule at the 1 lb (All/acre rate then on a 7-day schedule at the 0.5 lb (AI)/acre rate. All other treatments were applied on a 7-day schedule beginning 13 July and ending 29 Sept. for a total of 12 applications. All sprays at a rate equivalent to 41 gal/acre using a wheelbarrow design CO2 pressurized sprayer with a drop nozzle system (3 nozzles/row), at 40 lb./in2 . One Orthene treatment was applied as a drench at a rate equivalent to 300 gal/acre then treated on a 7-day schedule at a rate of 0.5 lb (AI)/acre. Peppers were harvested on 16 Aug., 10 Sep., and 4 Oct. and 50 fruit per plot were evaluated for European corn borer infestations.

Field Test of Piperonyl Butoxide as a Pyrethroid Synergist on Tomato, 1982

Abstract ‘Campbell 28’ tomatoes were transplanted to a Sassafras sandy loam field May 25. Single row plots were 20 ft long and 5 ft wide. A guard row buffered each treated row. Plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied Jun 3, 11; Jul 7; and Aug 4 with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with a drop nozzle on either side of the row and one over the center calibrated to deliver 68 gal/acre at 200 psi. Colorado potato beetle counts were recorded on Jun 11 and Aug 5; percent defoliation caused by beetles on Jun 23 and Aug 19. Mixed red and blush tomatoes were harvested in all plots on Aug 10, 19, 24 and Sep 2. Yields were based on total harvest.

Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Tomatoes, 1982

Abstract ‘Campbell 28’ tomatoes were transplanted to a Sassafras sandy loam field on May 5. Single row plots were 25-ft long and 5-ft wide. A guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar sprays were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with a drop nozzle on each side of the row and one over the center calibrated to deliver 68 gal/acre at 200 psi. Plots were treated Jun 8, 18; Jul 5; Aug 2, 26 and Sep 9. Colorado potato beetles were counted on Jun 23 and 50 tomatoes from each plot were evaluated for beetle damage on Aug 20. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal.

Colorado Potato Beetle Control in Eggplant, 1982

Abstract ‘Florida Hibush’ eggplants were transplanted to a Sassafras sandy loam field on May 14. Single row plots were 12 ft long and 5 ft wide; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar sprays were applied with a self-propelled high-clearance sprayer with 1 drop nozzle on either side of the row and 1 nozzle over the center calibrated to deliver 68 gal/acre at 200 psi. Treatments were applied Jun 21 and 28; Jul 19; Aug 6 and 26; Sep 7. Plant defoliation ratings were recorded Jul 2 and Aug 25. Mature fruit were harvested on Jul 26; Aug 4 and 25; Sep 14; Oct 12. All fruit were examined for percent damage or scarred fruit caused by Colorado potato beetle feeding. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal.

Field Test of Piperonyl But0Xide as a Pyrethr0Id Synergist on Eggplant, 1982

Abstract ‘Harris 468’ eggplants were transplanted to a Sassafras sandy-loam field May 19. Single row plots were 8 ft long and 5 ft wide. A guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer, with 1 drop nozzle on each side of the row and 1 centered over the row, calibrated to deliver 68 gal/acre at 200 psi. Plots were treated Jun 3, 11, 18; Jul 2, 28; Aug 13. Parameters examined included percent defoliation (based on a rating scale of 0 to 10), CPB larval counts and total yield.

European Corn Borer Control, 1981

Abstract ‘Hybelle’ bell peppers were transplanted Jun 1 in Sassafras sandy loam in single rows, 25 ft long plots in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times; a guard row buffered each treated row. Sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with 1 drop nozzle on either side of the row and 1 nozzle over the center calibrated to deliver 85 gal/acre at 250 psi. Granular materials were banded 2 inches deep and 4 inches out from the plant on both sides of the row and lightly incorporated on Jun 15 and Jun 29 with Furadan 10G, 15G and Jun 29 with RH-9358 5G, BAS-263 10G and Vydate 10G. Foliar treatments were initiated Jul 13 on a 7-day schedule until Sep 17. Mixed red and green commercial peppers were harvested and split open to determine corn borer infestations on Aug 13, sep 10 and Oct 10. Statistical analyses were based on the arcsin transformation.

Insecticide Evaluation to Control Colorado Potato Beetle, European Corn Borer and Tomato Fruitworm

Abstract ‘Campbell 28’ tomatoes were transplanted to a Sassafras sandy loam on May 26. Plots were single, 25 ft long rows on 5 ft wide centers. A guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Granular treatments were applied as a sidedress with light incorporation immediately after transplanting; foliar treatments were applied on Jun 8, 20, and 30; Jul 10, 20, and 27 and Aug 13. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with a drop nozzle on either side of the row and one over the center calibrated to deliver 85 gal/acre at 250 psi. Colorado potato beetle counts were recorded on Jul 24; percent beetle-damaged fruit were recorded on Aug 5. Fifty tomatoes from each plot were evaluated for damaged fruit caused by tomato fruitworms and European corn borers on Aug 26. Mixed red and blush tomatoes were harvested in all plots on Aug 11, Aug 25 and Sep 17. Yields were based on total harvest.

Field Test of Piperonyl Butoxide and Synthetic Pyrethroids for Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1981

Abstract ‘Campbell 28’ tomatoes were transplanted to a Sassafras sandy loam Jun 3. Single row plots were 25 ft long and 5 ft wide. A guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a split plot experimental design. Sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer, with a drop nozzle on each side of the row and one centered over the row, calibrated to deliver 85 gal/acre at 250 psi. Plots were treated Jun 17, 24; Jul 3, 8, 15, 22, 24, 27; Aug 7, 14, 18, 25 and Sep 4. Sprays prior to Jul 24 were conducted using a preformuIated mixture of insecticide and piperonyl butoxide. Due to the ineffectiveness of the preformulated sprays, tank mixtures of insecticide and piperonyl butoxide 90% EC were initiated Jul 24. Parameters examined included percent defoliation, Colorado potato beetle larvae and adult counts, fruit damage and yield.