Drone Attacks Research Articles

Legalitas Drone (Pesawat Tanpa Awak) Sebagai Alat Melakukan Mata-Mata Dalam Perang

Introduction: The use of drone technology as a weapon of war raises several problems, both in terms of action and consequences. In terms of action, when drones are used as weapons, participants in armed conflict are no longer just humans fighting each other, but between (non-living) robots against living (humans). Apart from the legality of war and the use of drones as weapons of war, drone attacks can be carried out secretly, at any time and without the knowledge of the enemy.Purposes of the Research: This writing aims to examine and find out the use of drones (unmanned aircraft) as a tool for espionage in International Humanitarian Law and more specific rules regarding the use of drones (unmanned aircraft) as a tool for spying in war.Methods of the Research: The type of research used in this paper is normative legal research. As for answering the problems in this study, the authors use three approaches to the problem, namely the statutory approach (statute approach), conceptual approach (conceptual approach) and case approach (case approach). The procedure for collecting legal materials carried out by the author is by searching for and collecting laws and regulations related to the legal issues at hand. Legislation in this case includes both legislation and regulation. Analysis of legal material uses qualitative methods, namely studies related to legal norms contained in international law legislation and legal norms that exist in society.Results of the Research: The results of this study indicate that the use of drones (unmanned aircraft) as a tool to carry out espionage in International Humanitarian Law, is contained in Article 36 of Additional Protocol I to the 1977 Geneva Convention. Article 36 intends to maintain the development of weapons used both by countries and international organizations to continue to respect, maintain and not cross the boundaries of existing international humanitarian law principles. The current arrangement is too old and cannot be definitively binding. The use of drones as weapons has been carried out in the absence of an adequate legal regulation on this matter, Article 36 of Additional Protocol I of 1977 only contains general matters regarding the development of weapons technology and methods of warfare, but does not specifically and specifically regulate the use of drones. The absence of legal rules that specifically and specifically regulate the use of drones, which relate to their use as weapons, this will open up enormous opportunities for misuse and violations of international humanitarian law.

EP41 - A Terrorist drone attack: A tragic experience with learning potential

Abstract Introduction A drone strike struck at the Homs Military Academy on October 2023. The strike injured over 277 persons and killed at least 89. One nearby public hospital was the first to receive the first wave of casualties. With a very limited staff and resources, huge efforts were employed to save as many lives as possible even if this meant breaking common protocols. Purpose to remind doctors, especially surgeons that desperate times call for desperate measures and wise judgment is critical in the darkest times. Overview Right after receiving the tragic news of the incident, the hospital declared to give up paperwork, discharge observational admissions, stop non-life-threatening admissions, assign non-clinical staff to assist clinical staff, and call for off-duty workers. As injuries started to present, the hospital prioritized head, thorax, and abdominal injuries. The nurse workforce was assigned to manage the minor injuries while doctors focused on the major ones. While treating and operating on patients, the healthcare providers overlooked sterilization protocols. Due to a shortage of operation rooms, surgical teams have performed operations on some patients in non-operative rooms without monitors, relying solely on IV anaesthesia and portable oxygen cylinders. Some have died, some have suffered from a lifetime disability, yet the prioritizing mentality has saved a lot of lives that day. Conclusion Adhering to protocols is essential. However, many experienced surgeons have come across numerous puzzling situations for which there are no clear standards. We stress the need for a surgeon to take action during these challenging periods and act with their wise judgment.

Composite Ensemble Learning Framework for Passive Drone Radio Frequency Fingerprinting in Sixth-Generation Networks.

The rapid evolution of drone technology has introduced unprecedented challenges in security, particularly concerning the threat of unconventional drone and swarm attacks. In order to deal with threats, drones need to be classified by intercepting their Radio Frequency (RF) signals. With the arrival of Sixth Generation (6G) networks, it is required to develop sophisticated methods to properly categorize drone signals in order to achieve optimal resource sharing, high-security levels, and mobility management. However, deep ensemble learning has not been investigated properly in the case of 6G. It is anticipated that it will incorporate drone-based BTS and cellular networks that, in one way or another, may be subjected to jamming, intentional interferences, or other dangers from unauthorized UAVs. Thus, this study is conducted based on Radio Frequency Fingerprinting (RFF) of drones identified to detect unauthorized ones so that proper actions can be taken to protect the network's security and integrity. This paper proposes a novel method-a Composite Ensemble Learning (CEL)-based neural network-for drone signal classification. The proposed method integrates wavelet-based denoising and combines automatic and manual feature extraction techniques to foster feature diversity, robustness, and performance enhancement. Through extensive experiments conducted on open-source benchmark datasets of drones, our approach demonstrates superior classification accuracies compared to recent benchmark deep learning techniques across various Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNRs). This novel approach holds promise for enhancing communication efficiency, security, and safety in 6G networks amidst the proliferation of drone-based applications.

The Red Sea Crisis: Implications of The Houthi Attack on Maritime Trade and Global Security

The study explores the impact of the Houthi group's missile and drone attacks on Israeli commercial ships in the Red Sea, focusing on the broader implications for regional stability, maritime and global trade security. The strategic position of the Red Sea as an important trade route connecting the Middle East with Asia and Europe has made it an important area of international attention, especially after the Houthi attacks in November 2023. The research uses a qualitative approach, analysing data from a variety of sources including academic literature, official reports, and news articles. The findings highlight that the Houthi attacks have caused significant disruptions in maritime trade, with the capacity of container ships in the Red Sea decreasing by 80 percent as ships moved around Africa, resulting in higher costs and longer travel times. In addition, the attacks have exacerbated regional tensions and required increased military patrols by international forces. The study concludes that the ongoing Houthi aggression poses a serious threat not only to regional stability but also to global trade and security, and calls for coordinated international efforts to mitigate this impact.

The Iranian-Israeli conflict is one of the main threats to international security

The article analyzes a brief history of the relationship between two regional powers — Iran and Israel, the roots and causes of their confrontation, and the features of waging the so-called “hybrid war” between them at the present stage. The author pays attention to describing the situation of the relatively small Jewish community of Iran, the activation of all Tehran's proxy forces in the Middle East (Palestinian Hamas, Yemen's Ansar Allah, Lebanese Hezbollah, etc. anti-Israel groups in the region). Particular attention is paid to the fi rst ever direct military confrontation between Iran and Israel, which resulted in an exchange of missile and drone attacks in April 2024. Restraint in the actions of Israel's allies represented by Washington and other Western countries during the Iran-Israeli confl ict and the mutual disinterest of Tehran and Tel Aviv in inciting large-scale hostilities are noted. The author believes that the level of confrontation between Iran and Israel could be signifi cantly reduced if the IDF military operation in the Gaza Strip were stopped and peace negotiations on a Middle East settlement were resumed. The article provides a comparative analysis of the military potentials of Iran and Israel and examines possible scenarios for further developments in the region. The author believes that Tehran has become the greatest beneficiary of the latest aggravation of the situation in the Middle East. The process of recognition of the State of Israel, which had been outlined in previous years, was practically thwarted; Iran strengthened its authority as a fi ghter for a just solution to the Palestinian problem in the Arab and Muslim world, and noticeably weakened Israel’s position in the region and in the international arena. In conclusion, the author concludes that the Iran-Israeli confl ict represents one of the main threats to regional and international security. This is explained by a number of factors, the most important of which is the presence of nuclear missile weapons in Israel and a triad of means of delivering them to targets, as well as the fact that Iran is armed with ballistic and cruise missiles, long-range drones and can also create nuclear weapon. The Iran-Israeli confl ict presents an equation with many unknowns. The threshold of tension between these countries could be reduced by the cessation of Israel's military operation in the Gaza Strip, the resumption of peace negotiations on resolving the Palestinian problem in various formats, and a return to the nuclear deal with Iran (JCPOA) by Washington.

An Empirical Study of Factors Influencing Drone Terrorist Attack Casualties

Recognizing the pivotal role of casualties as a metric for assessing the success of terrorist acts, this study endeavors to unravel the underlying factors shaping the casualty count in drone terrorist attacks across the globe. By applying Zero Negative Binomial Regression Analysis on data sourced from the Global Terrorism Database, we discern significant factors influencing the number of terrorist casualties. Our findings reveal the paramount importance of the target facility's significance, the attack type, the utilization of remote-controlled drones, the deployment of suicide drones equipped with explosive payloads, and the audacious strategy of swarming drone attacks.

Analyzing unmanned aerial vehicle (drone) attacks; a disaster medicine perspective

IntroductionUnmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), more commonly known as drones, have rapidly become more diverse in capabilities and utilization through technology advancements and affordability. While drones have had significant positive impact on healthcare and consumer delivery particularly in remote and austere environments, Violent Non-State Actors (VNSAs) have increasingly used drones as weapons in planning and executing terrorist attacks resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. We aim to analyze drone-related attacks globally against civilians and critical infrastructure for more effective hospital and prehospital care preparedness. MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) from 1970 to 2020 to analyze the worldwide prevalence of drone-related attacks against civilians and critical infrastructure. Cases were excluded if they had insufficient information regarding a drone involvement, and if attacks were conducted by the government entities. The trends in the number of attacks per month, as well as the number of fatalities and injuries, were examined using time series and trend analysis. ResultsThe database search yielded 253 drone-related incidents, 173 of which met inclusion criteria. These incidents resulted in 92 fatalities and 215 injuries with civilian targets most commonly attacked by drones (76 events, 43.9%), followed by military (46 events, 26.5-%). The Middle East region was most affected (168 events, 97% of attacks) and the Islamic state of Iraq was the most common perpetrator (106 events, 61.2%). Almost all attacks were by explosive devices attached to drones (172 events, 99.4%). Time series with linear trend analyses suggested an upward trends of drone attacks by VNSAs, resulting in a greater number of injuries and fatalities, that became more frequent over the years. ConclusionsOvertime, there were upward trends of drone attacks, with higher lethality and morbidity. There were more injuries compared to fatalities. Most common region affected was the Middle East, and most common type of weapon employed by drone technology was explosive weapon. Investment in medical personnel training, security, and research is crucial for an effective mass-casualty incident response after the drone attacks.

Watch the Skies: A Study on Drone Attack Vectors, Forensic Approaches, and Persisting Security Challenges

In the rapidly evolving landscape of drone technology, securing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) presents critical challenges and demands unique solutions. This paper offers a thorough examination of the security requirements, threat models, and solutions pertinent to UAVs, emphasizing the importance of cybersecurity and drone forensics. This research addresses the unique requirements of UAV security, outlines various threat models, and explores diverse solutions to ensure data integrity. Drone forensics, a field dedicated to the investigation of security incidents involving UAVs, has been extensively examined and demonstrates its relevance in identifying attack origins or establishing accident causes. This paper further surveys artifacts, tools, and benchmark datasets that are critical in the domain of drone forensics, providing a comprehensive view of current capabilities. Acknowledging the ongoing challenges in UAV security, particularly given the pace of technological advancement and complex operational environments, this study underscores the need for increased collaboration, updated security protocols, and comprehensive regulatory frameworks. Ultimately, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of UAV cybersecurity and aids in fostering future research into the secure and reliable operation of drones.

Sea blindness in grey zone preparations

ABSTRACT Although grey zone and hybrid threats, such as cyberattacks, information campaigns, and sabotage against critical infrastructure, are becoming increasingly common in the contemporary world, relatively little attention has been directed to similar threats in the maritime environment. The recent global pandemic, Russian aggression against Ukraine, the Nord Stream sabotage in 2022, the sabotage of the Finnish-Baltic pipeline in 2023 in the Baltic Sea, as well as drone attacks on shipping in the Persian Gulf are but a few examples that illustrate the fragility of international maritime communications. The present article explores the topic of grey zone and hybrid threats within the maritime environment. Based on an analysis of recent security events, particularly hybrid threats in the maritime environment, the article proposes that it is essential to seek a broader role for naval forces in supporting national sovereignty and international law and order regarding the Open Seas. The article aims to conceptualize and explore the foundations of maritime grey zone threats and the new roles of naval forces operating within this new context, asking whether the UN, through the International Maritime Organization, NATO, and the European Union, suffer from “sea blindness” concerning how they are preparing for the new world order.

Research models of transportation logistics in the period of martial law

The task of modeling and planning logistics processes of transportation during the period of the country's martial law is set and solved. The features of the transportation of goods and people are separated, which are connected with the presence of military threats (shelling, missile attacks, drone attacks, etc.). The relevance of the research topic is due to the creation of original optimization models for planning transportation in special conditions. Much attention is paid to the time and risks of transportation in conditions of military threats. The scientific novelty of the study is related to the creation of original optimization models that allow for the analysis and planning of the logistics of transporting military cargo to the front and evacuating the population to the rear.

Skip the corsets, we’d rather have childcare: gendering spycraft in genre fiction and memoir

ABSTRACT In ‘Skip the Corsets’ I ask how female former operatives writing about their work at CIA have responded to the post-9/11 era in both memoirs and fiction. I analyse texts that offer a vision of the post-9/11 world order as one in which the qualities of a good intelligence specialist may include empathy and maternal instinct. As the Agency has come under criticism for torture, illegal extraditions, and drone attacks, I look at how depictions of women intelligence specialists created by women writers have negotiated with that criticism, and also suggested other ways of envisioning the role of American intelligence.

Protection of the upper hemisphere of a critical information infrastructure facility

Objective. Structuring of publicly available information regarding the protection of the upper hemisphere of CII objects.Method. The following methods of scientific cognition are used: systematization, description, analysis, deduction. The article consists of three sections. First, an analysis of the current state of the issue of the need for protection from UAVs is carried out. Accounting is not only military infrastructure, but also civil. In addition, for analysis, the separation of drone attacks is carried out in order to physically destroy the CII object / its part or attack the technical component. In the second part of the work, the analysis of the regulatory framework of Russia and the EU countries is carried out. The greatest emphasis is placed on domestic legislation and the identification of problem areas in relation to the research topic. In the third part of the work, a draft of proposals for the protection of CII objects from threats emanating from UAVs is presented. To do this, the analysis of drone varieties is carried out, the requirements for the system of protection and search for intruders are determined.Result. The article investigates the problems of protecting CII objects from drone attacks. A constant increase in UAV attacks on civilian and military infrastructure was noted, problems of the regulatory framework of Russia in the direction were identified, a proposal for the protection of the upper hemisphere was developed.Conclusions. The conducted research is of an overview nature. The materials presented in the paper can serve as a basis for further research in the direction and for the development of relevant regulatory documents.

Conflicts in the Middle East and Prospects for their Resolution

The article analyzes the origins, causes, a brief history, participants, external players of regional confl icts in the Middle East, development dynamics and prospects for their resolution. The author comes to the conclusion that by now most of the Middle East protracted confl icts have been frozen, but there are sporadic outbreaks of violence and provocations, accompanied by mutual rocket and artillery strikes and shelling. Mostly, such incidents take place on Israel's borders with the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, Lebanon and Syria. The Israeli Air Force is carrying out missile and bomb strikes against military facilities and pro-Iranian military groups in Lebanon and Syria. The Turkish authorities, under the pretext of fighting terrorism, carry out military punitive operations in northern Syria and Iraq, as a result, there are casualties among the Kurdish militias and civilians in the border areas. Local skirmishes and exchanges of blows between US military personnel and Iranian proxy forces in Syria and Iraq do not stop. Missile and drone attacks also target oil and gas production facilities, tankers of Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Persian and Oman Gulfs. In general, a fairly high level of terrorist threat remains in the region. The author believes that the weakening of the position of the United States and its Western allies in the Middle East, the course taken by the countries of the region to diversify their external relations through rapprochement with China, India, and Russia creates good prerequisites for the peaceful resolution of protracted confl icts. This is also facilitated by the normalization of relations between Turkey and Israel, Saudi Arabia with Iran, the establishment of relations with an increasing number of Arab countries with Israel, the return of Syria to the League of Arab States, etc. At the same time, sharp disagreements and fundamental contradictions remain between the State of Israel and the State of Palestine, in particular, over the status of Jerusalem, the occupied Palestinian territories and Israeli settlement activity. Lebanon and Syria have territorial claims to Israel. So far, the process of a Middle East settlement under the auspices of the UN and the quartet of international mediators has been frozen. And if Riyadh and Tehran were still able to overcome the confrontation and, with the mediation of China, Iraq and Oman, began to restore previously broken relations, then the confrontation with elements of a hybrid war between Iran and Israel remains and is fraught with escalation into an armed conflict. In recent years, the unresolved Kurdish problem has become more and more acute. Deprived by Western politicians of the right to establish their own state, the multi-million Kurdish people found themselves divided by the borders of four states, whose authorities are pursuing a clearly discriminatory policy towards their Kurdish minorities. On the agenda is the struggle of the Kurds for equal rights and freedoms with the so-called titular nations (Turks, Arabs, Persians), and in the future the creation of Kurdish autonomous regions or subjects of federations. The author comes to the conclusion that the growing trend towards a multipolar world order dictates the need for a peaceful resolution of regional conflicts and long-term enmity of peoples, creates objective prerequisites for establishing their mutually beneficial cooperation, regardless of national, ethnic, confessional affiliation.The time of domination in the countries of the third world of the colonial principle "divide and conquer" is coming to an end.

드론테러의 현황과 특성 분석 연구

Recently, drones have been used as a major means of terrorism and interest in drone terrorism has increased through the North Korean drone incident and the war in Ukraine, but empirical research on drone terrorism is lacking. In this regard, this study analyzes current status and characteristics of drone terrorism around the world using GTD data from the START in the United States. From the data collected from 1970 to 2021, only 315 cases of drone terrorism using drones as a means of terrorism were extracted and analyzed. According to the analysis, the number of drone terrorism incidents by year has been increasing since 2018, with the highest level of 131 incidents in 2021. By region, the Middle East and North Africa region is the most concentrated with 291 incidents, and by country, Saudi Arabia is the highest with 148 incidents, followed by Yemen and Iraq. Among drone terrorist organizations, Houthi extremists have attempted the most drone attacks (211), while ISIL has the highest success rate (91.7%). More than 90% of drone attacks utilized explosives. Finally, in terms of targets, ISIL had the highest percentage of attacks against military, civilian, and property targets. Based on this study, we hope that various studies on drone terrorism and active discussions on drone terrorism prevention and response will be conducted.

SCMD suspicious cryptographic message detection

The proposed framework aims to prevent global crimes, specifically terrorist attacks, bomb blasts, and drone attacks, by using the Suspicious Cryptographic Message Detection (SCMD) system to detect and decrypt suspicious messages. Terrorists often use encrypted messages to communicate with their teammates in different parts of the world, making it difficult for authorities to monitor their activities. The framework addresses this issue by detecting with gradient boosting algorithm and cryptanalyzing by using Simple Substitution Cipher techniques to decrypt suspicious messages and predict potential criminal activity. The framework utilizes various emerging trends in information technology, including machine learning techniques, pre-defined decision rules, wordnet, and semantic web ontology, to predict the type of crime, the criminal's name and location, and other criminal details. It comprises multiple components, including Semantic web Ontology, Suspicious Database, and machine learning techniques, to facilitate the detection and reporting of criminal activity. When the server receives a suspicious encrypted message, the framework detect and decrypts it and predicts the type of crime based on microblogs before it can be executed by the criminals. The details of the criminals are then alerted to the cybercrime department, reducing the burden on security departments and enhancing public safety. In summary, the framework provides a comprehensive solution to the challenges posed by encrypted messages in criminal activities. It uses advanced technologies to identify and predict potential criminal activities, enabling law enforcement agencies to take preemptive actions to prevent major and minor attacks, including terrorist attacks.

CyberDrone: a cybersecurity platform for drone attack detection

Se presentó el desarrollo de una plataforma de ciberseguridad para vehículos aéreos no tripulados (UAV, por sus siglas en inglés) o drones según la tecnología cyber-deception. Esta tecnología tiene como fundamento la creación deliberada de señuelos (honeypots) de fácil acceso y detección para detectar potenciales intrusos en el perímetro de una infraestructura crítica. Se explicó el modelo conceptual de la solución propuesta y la descripción detallada de cada uno de los procedimientos desarrollados, se implementó una metodología de desarrollo tecnológico, se llevaron a cabo procedimientos para la creación de señuelos en redes inalámbricas wifi y en bandas de radiofrecuencia (RF), y se incluyó la aproximación al desarrollo de un procedimiento de GPS Spoofing. Este último fue explorado usando un equipo de radio definido por software (SDR, por sus siglas en inglés) para la suplantación de señales GPS que permite la implementación de estrategias de defensa contra drones atacantes. Finalmente, se describe la plataforma web para monitorear los señuelos activos y para registrar los intentos de penetración. Estos registros de intento de penetración se almacenan en una blockchain desarrollada según la tecnología Ethereum. Se encontró que las redes inalámbricas wifi y de RF poseen vulnerabilidades que pueden ser explotadas por potenciales atacantes. También que el procedimiento GPS Spoofing es mucho más complejo que los procedimientos por redes inalámbricas, pero que permitiría tomar acción sobre drones atacantes.

Implications of Drone Strikes on Pakistan during USA War on Terror: An Analysis

USA strategists dwelled strategy of drone strikes to kill terrorists in War on Terror. The effectiveness of drone strikes remained debatable both in defense and academic circles. Some have of the opinion that it paid a lot for USA with minimum collateral damage and it helped US forces in locating and targeting terrorists. While some found this strategy ineffective to achieve any noticeable goals Pakistan was effected with this counterterrorism strategy of USA forces. This work is aimed at digging out that how this strategy of tracing and targeting terrorists with drone attacks resulted in severe short as well as long term implications for Pakistan. Data for this work has been collected from different available sources like research articles, books and reports of government agencies. Qualitative data analysis technique has been used for accumulated data to understand the phenomenon in better way.

Learning Swarm Interaction Dynamics From Density Evolution

In this article, we consider the problem of understanding the coordinated movements of biological or artificial swarms. In this regard, we propose a learning scheme to estimate the coordination laws of the interacting agents from observations of the swarm's density over time. We describe the dynamics of the swarm based on pairwise interactions according to a Cucker–Smale flocking model, and express the swarm's density evolution as the solution to a system of mean-field hydrodynamic equations. We propose a new family of parametric functions to model the pairwise interactions, which allows for the mean-field macroscopic system of integro-differential equations to be efficiently solved as an augmented system of partial differential equations. Finally, we incorporate the augmented system in an iterative optimization scheme to learn the dynamics of the interacting agents from observations of the swarm's density evolution over time. The results of this work can offer an alternative approach to study how animal flocks coordinate, create new control schemes for large networked systems, and serve as a central part of defense mechanisms against adversarial drone attacks.

Russia's Hybrid Warfare in Ukraine Threatens Both Healthcare & Health Protections Provided by International Law.

Hybrid Warfare is on display because of the unjustified Russian invasion of Ukraine. This is characterized by numerous crimes against civilians as seen vividly during the occupation of the town of Bucha where rape, torture, murder, and looting seem to reflect Russian military policy, leadership, and command guidance. Of particular concern is the threat to hospitals and health care as well as vital life support. Numerous hospitals have been damaged and destroyed. Hospitals are not tactical military targets and targeting health care facilities and personnel ignores traditional jus in bello and ignores numerous conventions established to stabilize the global order. The Russian-proclaimed "special operation" in Ukraine has been characterized by barbarian warfare in which the Russian military uses weapons against the civilian population and civilian infrastructure. The aggressors have embarked on a purposeful terror campaign through infrastructure attacks, which are of little military value except to demoralize the nation's people. This is evident with Russian missile and drone attacks on electric, water, and health care in Ukraine. Warfare now and in the future may be increasingly aimed at demoralizing civilian populations and reducing the will of the people and their government to resist. The Ukrainian invasion clearly shows that this use of hybrid warfare should be met with a strong reaction of the international community at the earliest possible stage, especially the supposedly peace-loving neutral countries, or else the future is expanded unlawful and barbaric military conflict.

Drone attacks during armed conflict: quest for legality and regulation

Drone attacks during armed conflict: quest for legality and regulation