Driver Side Research Articles

Active elimination of DC bias current of a SiC based dual active bridge by controlling the dead time period

AbstractDual active bridge (DAB) is an isolated DC‐DC converter gaining wider attention in power electronics applications. The high frequency (HF) transformer is an integral part of the DAB which is prone to saturation. Silicon carbide (SiC) based DAB are generally preferred for highly efficient power conversions, calling for an extremely low DC resistance of the transformer. This aggravates the DC bias issue significantly. The DC bias current generally flows due to the mismatch in static and transient switching of active devices, leading to eventual saturation of the transformer. This paper proposes an active method to precisely control the dead time of the devices (8–100 ns) without sacrificing the voltage utilization of the converter. This method does not require a sophisticated DC offset current measurement technique. The field programmable gate array (FPGA) based control platform on the gate driver side executes the proposed algorithm. The proposed control is experimentally verified in a 5 kW SiC based converter. The control implementation methodology is discussed with the support of necessary experimental results.

Should I Just Stick to the Wall? Evaluating the Social Acceptance and Preferred Driving Side of Wall Following

The need for safe, predictable, and reliable robot navigation is fundamental for mobile robots to move around in home and office environments. Shortest-path navigation is a popular robot navigation method that uses the most efficient path to get to the desired goal. This behaviour is not always easy to interpret, understand, and avoid in a congested hallway. Instead, more predictable navigation methods, such as a robot following a wall, can help increase social acceptance and help avoid the robot crossing the pedestrian path. If a robot follows along a wall, a key variable to consider is the preferred driving side of the robot (left or right) in areas such as in narrow passages, and its perceived impact on social acceptance. This international user study (n = 143) involved an online video-based test to compare robot evaluation and social acceptance for two types of mobile navigation (Wall-Following and Shortest Path), including the preferred driving side for Wall-Following. A Fetch robot navigated from start to goal position in a series of indoor scenarios with a pedestrian. Select scenarios included a hallway, doorway, and intersection. Independent Sample T-Tests results found that Wall-Following was rated significantly higher than Shortest Path for being perceived as more comfortable and predictable, regardless of robot driving side. The preference for the driver side of the robot did not match the country of residence, nor did it have a significant impact on robot ratings. There were significant interaction effects for comfort, safety and predictable scores across two timepoints. Given the popularity of Shortest Path navigation, the findings indicate that this approach might not be the most appropriate for human settings. Additional investigation into Wall-Following behaviours is recommended for social acceptance, even if the method compromises the efficiency of the robot to acheive its objective.

Sharing the Shared Rides: Multi-Party Carpooling Supported Strategy-Proof Double Auctions

Multi-party carpooling emerges as a burgeoning shared transportation scheme whereby the trip shared by each driver is shared among multi-party riders whose itineraries coincide. Confronting the information asymmetry and the voluntary self-interested nature of bilateral participants in matching and pricing operations, this study designs Multi-party cArpooling SupporTed stratEgy-pRoof (MASTER) double auction mechanisms considering personalized carpooling constraints. First, in a scheduled carpooling scenario, two [Formula: see text] mechanisms that masterfully blend the ideas of the famed trade reduction method and multi-stage approach are proposed which implement distinct group bid determination approaches for responding to different market conditions. Second, in an on-demand carpooling scenario, two parameterized [Formula: see text] mechanisms that integrate frustration-based promotion to proactively prioritize matching and deferentially compensate riders based on their waits are contrived which also endow the platform with operational flexibility to agilely pursue alterable operational objectives by adjusting promotion strength. We prove theoretically that the proposed mechanisms satisfy strategy proofness, budget balance, individual rationality, and asymptotic efficiency under mild conditions. Experimental results reveal that multi-party carpooling constitutes a multi-win solution under higher rider-driver ratios whilst it could be detrimental to drivers otherwise, which can be ameliorated by favoring the driver side in determining promotion strength. Simulation studies manifest that our proposed auction mechanisms could bring benefits concerning allocation efficiency and service responsiveness compared with their academic and practical counterparts. We also shed light on choosing among alternative mechanisms according to market conditions and operational orientations.

The MISLI-Drive, a modular sterilizable robotic driver for steerable laparoscopic instruments.

Introduction: Based on the success of the former "Shaft-Actuated, Tip-Articulated" SATA-Drive, a prototype robotic instrument driver for modular, steerable, laparoscopic instruments, a new driver is designed and tested to improve previously lacking features concerning cleanability, instrument adaptation, practical application and control. The design of the driver engages these issues with a modular design aimed at re-use of both the instrument and the driver, for which a set of design requirements are established. Methods: A new modular design has been developed to improve cleanability through separation of the electro-motors and the instrument mechanism which clutches the instrument. Contamination of the driver's robotic side is prevented though a combination of a drape and a Sterile barrier interface, while the instrument side is made sterilizable. A novel instrument clutching mechanism enables quick-release features, while a motor-axis latching mechanism enables plug-and-play assembly. Embedded sensors allow precise and fast control. A user-experiment was conducted on instrument exchange and assembly time, while mechanical and electrical tests were conducted on the driver's responsiveness. Results: The driver has proven its ability to control the instrument, after which it can be disassembled for cleaning and inspection. The driver is designed for re-use through disassembled sterilization where all possibly contaminated surfaces are exposable for cleaning and inspection. The new standardized instrument clutches allow easy instrument (dis-)assembly. Instrument exchange is possible in two methods, the fastest of which is a median of 11 (6.3-14.6) seconds. The driver's instrument mechanism is separated in a median of 3.7 (1.8-8.1) seconds. After assembly, the driver is operational in less than 2 s. Discussion: Instrument exchange times are similar to the semi-reusable Da Vinci systems, yet the MISLI-Drive is designed for sterilization, inspection and continual re-use. The modular build of the driver also allows easier parts replacement during maintenance, and requires minimal adaptation to different future scenarios, which is expected to reduce the overall cost of use.

Multiple Trauma with Severe Brain Injury Cause by Impression Fracture : Case Report and Literature Review

Background : Multiple trauma one of trauma caused by huge traumatic force involves many organs and tissues. AIS and ISS is scoring for multiple trauma diagnosis and classification. In this Case Report discuss about multiple trauma patient with Severe Brain Injury cause by Impression Fracture with open fracture in regio cruris sinistra and close fracture femur sinistra. Case presentation : The following is a case report of a 63-year-old female patient came to the emergency room of Soegiri Lamongan with decreased of consciousness due to a traffic accident. Mechanism of injury the patient's head hit the chair and the driver's side of the car pillar and the patient's legs were pinched by the car seat. Since 25-year-old patient has a history of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus but the patient regularly takes anti-diabetic drugs (OAD). Patient was diagnosed with multiple trauma with severe brain injury with suspected DAI with open fracture grade 3A middle 1/3 tibia and close fracture middle 1/3 distal femur.Conclusion : Multiple Trauma has a bad prognosis. The most important from Multiple trauma management is prehospotality management. Additional Severe Brain Injury make the diagnosis become worse.

Driver Injury from Vehicle Side Impacts When Automatic Emergency Braking and Active Seat Belts Are Used.

As an advanced driver assistance system, automatic emergency braking (AEB) can effectively reduce accidents by using high-precision and high-coverage sensors. In particular, it has a significant advantage in reducing front-end collisions and rear-end accidents. Unfortunately, avoiding side collisions is a challenging problem for AEB. To tackle these challenges, we propose active seat belt pretensioning on driver injury in vehicles equipped with AEB in unavoidable side crashes. Firstly, records of impact cases from China's National Automobile Accident In-Depth Investigation System were used to investigate a scenario in which a vehicle is impacted by an oncoming car after the vehicle's AEB system is triggered. The scenario was created using PreScan software. Then, the simulated vehicles in the side impact were devised using a finite element model of the Toyota Yaris and a moving barrier. These were constructed in HyperMesh software along with models of the driver's side seatbelt, side airbag, and side curtain airbag. Moreover, the models were verified, and driver out-of-position instances and injuries were evaluated in simulations with different AEB intensities up to 0.7 g for three typical side impact angles. Last but not least, the optimal combination of seatbelt pretensioning and the timing thereof for minimizing driver injury at each side impact angle was identified using orthogonal tests; immediate (at 0 ms) pretensioning at 80 N was applied. Our experiments show that our active seatbelt with the above parameters reduced the weighted injury criterion by 5.94%, 22.05%, and 20.37% at impact angles of 90°, 105°, and 120°, respectively, compared to that of a conventional seatbelt. The results of the experiment can be used as a reference to appropriately set the collision parameters of active seat belts for vehicles with AEB.

What Patients with Epilepsy and Their Families Want in Daily Life

Patients with epilepsy have various concerns of daily living, such as procuring a driver's license, work, pregnancy, childbirth, and side effects of medications, but they strongly hope that the severity of the seizures they experience can be reduced. Reducing the severity of seizures using antiepileptic drugs is important for leading a social life. Therefore, accurate seizure management is required to improve the quality of life (QOL) of patients with epilepsy. To help solve this problem, we created a smartphone application named "nanacara" that easily records epileptic seizures.

Does Vehicle Intrusion Alone Still Predict Injury: A Retrospective Analysis of Mechanism as Trauma Activation Criteria.

Automobile collisions with driver side intrusion >12inches or >18 elsewhere meet criteria for trauma activation. However, vehicle safety features have improved since this inception. We hypothesized vehicle intrusion (VI) alone as mechanism-of-injury (MOI) criteria inadequately predicts trauma center activation. A retrospective, single-center chart review of adult patients involved in motor vehicle collisions presenting to a level 1 trauma center from July 2016 to March 2022 was performed. Patients were divided by MOI criteria: VI vs. multiple MOI criteria. 2940 patients met inclusion criteria. The VI group reported lower injury severity scores (P = 0.004), higher incidence of ED discharge (P = 0.001), lower ICU admissions (P = 0.004), and fewer in-hospital procedures (P = 0.03). Vehicle intrusion was found to have a positive likelihood ratio of 0.889 for predicting trauma center need. According to current guidelines, these results suggest that VI criteria alone may not be an accurate predictor for trauma center transport and require further investigation.

Exploring the influence of driver affective state and auditory display urgency on takeover performance in semi-automated vehicles: Experiment and modelling

As semi-automated vehicles become more available to the general public, it is important to investigate human factors, including both the driver side and the interface side. Despite much research on semi-automated vehicles, little research has conducted considering both driver states and takeover request display design. The present study investigated the effects of drivers’ affective states and auditory display urgency on takeover response time and performance quality. Thirty-six participants experienced takeover scenarios in a semi-automated vehicle using a driving simulator, while playing an online game. For takeover quality, angry drivers drove faster, took longer to change lanes and had lower steering wheel angles than neutral drivers, which made riskier driving. However, there was no difference in eye glance behaviors. Higher frequency and more repetitions of the auditory displays led to faster takeover reaction times, but there was no time difference between angry and neutral drivers. Drivers’ response time to takeover displays from both affect groups was modelled using the QN-MHP framework, which resulted in a R2 of 0.505 with the empirical data collected. In sum, results suggest that drivers’ anger state influenced takeover quality, while display urgency influenced takeover response time. This study is expected to make a significant contribution to research on the influence of emotion, specifically, anger on takeover performance in semi-automated vehicles as well as to the takeover display design.

ROBUST AND SCALABLE REAL-TIME VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION AND TRACKING: A CASE STUDY OF THAILAND

Abstract. An accurate detection, classification, and tracking of vehicles are highly important for intelligent transport systems (ITS) and road maintenance. In recent years, the deep learning (DL)-based approach is highly regarded for real-time vehicle classification from surveillance cameras. However, the practical implementation of such an approach is affected by the adverse lighting conditions and positioning of the cameras. In this research, we develop a DL-based method for near real-time multi-vehicle counting, classifying, and tracking on individual lanes of the road. First, we train a DL network of the You Only Look Once (YOLO) family on a custom dataset that we have curated. The dataset consists of nearly 30000 training samples to classify the vehicles into seven classes, which is more than in the existing benchmark datasets. Second, we fine-tune the trained model into another small dataset collected from the surveillance cameras that are used during the implementation process. Third, we connect the trained model to a tracking algorithm that we have developed to produce a per-lane report with the calculation of the speed and mobility of the vehicles. We test the robustness of the system on different faces of the vehicles and in adverse lighting conditions. The overall accuracy (OA) of classification ranges from 91% to 99% in four faces of vehicles (back, front, driver side, and passenger side). Similarly, in an experiment on adverse lighting conditions, OA of 93.7% and 99.6% is observed in a noisy and clear lighting conditions respectively. The implications of these results will assist in road maintenance with spatial information management and sensing for intelligent transport planning.

The Great Zucchini War

The Great Zucchini War

Vehicle-ride sensation sharing system with stereoscopic 3D visual perception and vibro-vestibular feedback for immersive remote collaboration

In this study, using a personal vehicle (i.e. Segway) and a wheelchair-type motion display, we proposed a vehicle-ride sensation sharing system to enable a local rider to collaborate with a remote driver immersively. The local rider sitting in the motion display can receive both the 3D visual perception and the vibro-vestibular sensation. The remote driver side of the system was developed by attaching the Segway with two 360-degree cameras and a stabilizer to capture stereoscopic 3D images and send them to each eye of a head-mounted display worn by a local rider. By modifying a conventional wheelchair with a simple, lightweight mechanism for actuation and vibration by two DC motors, we developed the prototype of the vibro-vestibular display for local riders. Then, we investigated the effectiveness of a vibro-vestibular wheelchair. The result showed that the acceleration/deceleration of the wheelchair proportional to that of visual cue could significantly reduce virtual reality (VR) sickness by approximately 54% and increase the sense of riding a vehicle by approximately 2.25 times. Moreover, we conducted a demo experience in SIGGRAPH ASIA 2019 for 3 days and 89 participants filled the questionnaire related to our system validation. The results suggested that vibro-vestibular feedback by the wheelchair is important for remote collaboration that uses a mobile vehicle.

The Government Policy on Online-Based Transportation in the Era of Disruption

The purpose of this study is to analyze the challenges and constraints of government policy on online-based land transportation in the era of disruption. This research uses qualitative research design. The type of data used in this research is seconddary data. Sufficient data is needed as material for analysis in the discussion of this article. The data collection method used in this research is a literature study. Based on the analysis results, it can be concluded that the implementation of online transportation system policies in Indonesia has been able to improve the social welfare of some Indonesian people. However, there are still some obstacles in the social sphere in its implementation, such as government organizational structure, umbrella act, facilities, human resources, and the process. Meanwhile, blocks were also found from the driver's side, such as mobility gaps, differences in inaccessibility, the potential for accidents, and congestion, which can be a waste of energy.

A Human Space.

A Human Space.

Applicability analysis and integrated optimization of an overhead airbag for full frontal crash

This research aims to analyze and optimize the performance of a driver side overhead airbag designed for the intelligent cockpit. First, the basic restraint system simulation model for 50 km/h full frontal crash was established and validated. Second, the restraint system model with overhead airbag for the intelligent cockpit was built based on the validated model, the kinematics and injury indexes for both Hybrid III 50th male and Hybrid III 05th female dummies were analyzed to evaluate the applicability of the overhead airbag for different size dummies. Finally, taking into account both Hybrid III 50th male dummy and Hybrid III 05th female dummy, the comprehensive weighed injury criterion (WIC) was set as the optimization goal. The DACE-Kriging model was constructed and the MOGA-II genetic algorithm was introduced for integrated optimization. The simulation results indicated that the overhead airbag could satisfy the requirements of different dummies among the full frontal crash. The optimized restraint system with overhead airbag had improved the overall protection performance for male and female dummies. The WIC values for Hybrid III 50th male dummy and Hybrid III 05th female dummy were reduced by 16.67% and 12.5% respectively. The comprehensive weighed injury criterion WIC was decreased by 15.52% after the integrated optimization.

Optimal dispatch for reversible solid oxide cell-based hydrogen/electric vehicle aggregator via stimuli-responsive charging decision estimation

The ongoing growth of green vehicles had led to an increase in demand of cost-effective and driver-satisfactory hydrogen/electric vehicle aggregators (HEVAs). However, existing approaches for cost minimization of HEVA can lead to poor performance due to the inaccurate modelling of power–gas exchange system and neglection of schedulable characteristics of loads. Furthermore, the behaviour of drivers was rarely considered from a psychological perspective. To resolve these limitations, the optimal dispatch scheme of HEVA, equipped with reversible solid oxide cell (rSOC), is investigated by quantifying drivers’ charging decision response toward pricing stimuli. As the core of the bi-directional energy conversion, rSOC is modelled by considering the climbing power constraints and time-dependent restart-up cost. At the driver side, EVs are aggregated as clusters for efficient computation. Two charging modes are designed for drivers with incentive discounts. To measure the relationship between external factors and charging decision response, the stimuli-responsive charging decision estimation is proposed by introducing Weber–Fechner law (W–F Law). To minimum operation cost, a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINP) method is presented. The results validate that the operation cost of HEVA can be decreased by 19.37%, and the maximum utilization of energy is realised in the proposed scheme. Additionally, the impacts of sizes of power–gas exchange devices are investigated for practical reference. Under a given charging demand, the proposed dispatch scheme can realise installation of smaller devices, and thereby, resulting in lower construction cost.

Comparative analysis of driver’s motion using different headrest positions during the rear-end collision

The biggest problem regarding the safety of occupants during the rear-end collision is the occurrence of “Whiplash” phenomenon, which means that the human head moves backwards in relation to the thorax movement which is in the sitting position. In this case, only the headrest opposes the head movement. An important role in the attenuation of this phenomenon is played by the correct position of the headrest relative to the head position. If the headrest is adjusted correctly, to limit the angle and movement of the head and neck during a rear-end collision, it should reduce the injury risk caused by “Whiplash”, a phenomenon that can cause easy to dangerous injuries. This paper presents a comparative analysis during the rear-end collision between a driver with the headrest adjusted in optimal and wrong position. The analysis is based on the front quarter driver side of body car, using an anthropomorphic dummy. The quarter of car was positioned on a sledge that was located on the test stand. The data acquired during the tests were processed in order to evaluate the most common injury criteria, called HIC (Head Injury Criteria).

Factors associated with car safety seats’ use

Abstract Background Road traffic injuries are the number one cause of death in children aged 5-14 years. The evidence shows that, if correctly installed and used, child restraints can reduce infants' death by approximately 70%, and deaths among children by up to 80%. In the absence of compulsory car safety seat (CSS) legislation in Armenia, parents play the decisive role in child passenger safety. This study aimed to investigate the practice of CSS-s among Armenian parents and to find the determinants of CSS use. Methods In 2018, the study team conducted a self-administered survey among parents of children 0-6 years old living in Yerevan, the capital of Armenia. Using two stage cluster sampling, 33 kindergartens were chosen as clusters by simple random sampling and from each cluster 10 parents received a questionnaire. The study team applied a multivariable logistic regression model using the backward elimination approach to finalize the independent predictors of CSS-s use. Results Overall, 263 parents returned completed questionnaires, of which 26.2% (69) were CSS users. The CSS non-users included those who did not have a CSS (163) or had a CSS but used it sometimes, seldom or never (31). The study results showed that the factors associated with the CSS-s use among Armenian parents in the adjusted analyses were age in children (OR = 0.61, p = 0.003), attitude score (OR = 1.53, p = 0.003), knowledge score (OR = 1.45, p = 0.011) regarding CSS-s, consistent driver's side seatbelt compliance (OR = 3.4, p = 0.005), and monthly expenditures (OR = 3.35, p = 0.024). Conclusions This study was the first exploration of Armenian parents' practice of CSS-s. Our findings might serve as a starting point for further research on proper use of CSS among Armenian parents not only in Yerevan, but across all regions of the country. The revealed predictors of parental CSS-s use might be used for the development of fruitful interventions to enhance the practice of CSS-s in Armenia. Key messages This was the first-time exploration of CSS-s practice and predictors of CSS-s use in Armenia, where there is no CSS law and parents play the sole role in child passenger safety. Educational interventions for children and their parents on the importance of age and size appropriate CSS-s usage will help increase CSS-s use among Armenian parents.

Mechanism and Position Tracking Control of a Robotic Manipulator Actuated by the Tendon-Sheath

To achieve a manipulator that is lighter and more anthropomorphic, a 7-DOF robotic manipulator driven by the tendon-sheath is designed. Its mechanical system and control system are both introduced in this paper. An encoder is installed on both the driver side and the joint side to realize double closed-loop control. Considering the transmission characteristics of the reducer and the tendon-sheath, a position transmission model of a single joint is constructed. Furthermore, the correctness of the transmission model is verified based on the prototype joint four. A proportional-integral-differential (PID) controller and fuzzy PID controller with time-delay estimation (TDE) are designed based on double encoders, and some experiments on the position tracking control are carried out for the robotic joints. The experimental results show that each joint can rotate normally and there is no interference between the different tendon-sheaths. When the drive motor moves to follow the position command of the sinusoidal signal, the TDE-based fuzzy PID controller can reduce the maximum tracking error compared with the traditional PID controller. According to the experimental results, it is feasible to apply the tendon-sheath transmission to the manipulator, which provides a reference for the development of other equipment based on the tendon-sheath.

Reliability-based optimization of a novel negative Poisson's ratio door anti-collision beam under side impact

Anti-collision beam of front door has significant influence on occupant protection and side crashworthiness. In order to improve the comprehensive side impact performance of vehicle, this work proposes a novel negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) door anti-collision beam based on star-shaped cellular structural material, and optimizes it by a reliability-based optimization scheme. First, the parametric model of NPR anti-collision beam, vehicle model assembling NPR beam, occupant restraint system model and side collision model are established. Then, the basic mechanical properties of the NPR structure are investigated under considering the axial normal force, transverse shear force and bending moment of each rod, and the macro performance of NPR beam are analyzed. Next, a deterministic optimization integrating optimal Latin hypercube sampling (OLHS) method, response surface model (RSM) and NSGA-II algorithm is conducted to improve the performance of novel NPR beam. Finally, considering the uncertainties of design variables, a reliability-based optimization is further executed to enhance the robustness of the deterministic optimization by using Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) method. Simulation results show that the ultimate optimized NPR anti-collision beam can not only ameliorate driver's protection and side crashworthiness, but also ensure the reliability and lightweight effect. • An NPR beam is proposed to protect occupant safety and structural integrity. • The performance of star-shaped NPR beam is investigated. • Reliability-based optimization is conducted to improve the overall performance.